...as energy surplus (Überfluss) and modifies it to suit his own evolutionary purposes: "Play is ... an artificial exercise of powers which in default...their play consists of mimic chase and mimic fighting. . . . And so with the kitten running after a cotton-ball ... we see that the whole sport is a dramatizing...

...(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1892), ch. 8. According to Spencer's (masturbatory) model, play is "an artificial exercise of powers which, in default...themselves by simulated actions in place of real actions" (Tlie Principles of Psychology [New York: Appleton, 1873], 2:630). A competing "instinct theory of...