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CHOLERA-CHOLESTERINE.

truly an appalling pestilence,* too easily recognised
by a few leading features. After some hours or days
of simple relaxation of the bowels, vomiting com-
mences, and occurs again and again, accompanied by
frequent and extremely copious discharges down-
wards, at first of matters coloured with bile as usual,
but in the end of colourless and turbid fluid resem-
bling water in which rice has been boiled. These
discharges (often to the extent of gallons of liquid),
succeeding each other with the most alarming
rapidity, act as a drain upon the fluids of the body
generally; and by the changes they effect upon the
blood, contribute to bring about the state called
collapse. In this condition, the patient lies motion-
less and apathetic, except when tormented by
cramps, which are of frequent occurrence; the sur-
face is cold; the finger-ends, lips, and tip of the
nose become livid; the eyes are deeply sunk in
the sockets, and often bloodshot; the tongue is
clammy; the breath without any sensible warmth
when caught on the hand; the pulse is suppressed
at the wrist, the breathing extremely slow and
feeble, the heart just audible through the stetho-
scope. Purging and vomiting have ceased; even
the urinary secretion is dried at its source.
fact, all the vital processes are nearly brought to
a stand, and unless reaction comes, a few minutes,
or at most a few hours, suffice to bring life to a
close. Reaction in the most favourable cases is
gradual and without accident; it is not unfrequently,
however, accompanied by fever, closely resembling
typhus, and constituting, at least in the temperate
zone, one of the chief dangers of the progress of
cholera.

being derived perhaps from cholē, bile, or from
cholera, a water-spout or gutter. It is now uni-
versally employed in medicine as indicating one
of two or three forms of disease, characterised by
vomiting and purging, followed by great prostration
of strength, amounting in severe cases to fatal
collapse. The variety called cholera sicca (dry C.)
by ancient writers (in which collapse and death take
place without discharges) is comparatively rarely
observed. The milder forms of C. occur almost every
summer and autumn, even in temperate latitudes,
and are hence termed by some-in reference to this
country, and by way of contrast-British or Summer
C.; while the more devastating and fatal forms of
the disease are generally supposed to originate only
in tropical countries-especially in India and thence
to be propagated epidemically over vast populations,
and in a somewhat regular geographical course,
reaching this country usually through Persia, the
steppes of Tartary, Russia, and the Baltic, at the
same time extending to Egypt, Turkey, and the south
of Europe. These very fatal forms of the disease are
commonly called Asiatic, Oriental, or Epidemic C.;
sometimes Cholera Morbus, or Pestilential Cholera.
The milder forms are sometimes also called Bilious
C.; and the severer, Spasmodic C., from the character
of the symptoms in each. Some writers of great
authority are inclined to consider the two forms as
one disease, varying in individual cases and according
to season. It is certain that it is not always possible
to distinguish the one form from the other in parti-
cular instances; but the marked difference between
the mortality of groups of cases of British C. on the
one hand, and of Oriental or Asiatic C. on the
other, renders it probable that there is something
in the latter disease which amounts to a distinction
in kind. Whether in the milder or severer form, C.
is usually ushered in by a period of premonitory
symptoms, when the more distinctive characters of
the disease are not established, the case resembling
one of common diarrhoea (q. v.) or looseness of the
bowels. At this stage, it is very apt to be neglected,
and unfortunately, in the severer epidemic forms of
the disease this is the only stage much under con-
trol. Whenever, therefore, there is a reasonable
suspicion that Epidemic C. is threatened, every per-
son attacked with diarrhoea should make a point of
placing himself under medical advice, and, if possible,
of escaping from any situation in which epidemic
disease is known to be prevalent. He should also be
particularly attentive to diet, and especially to the
purity of the water he drinks, and to its absolute
freedom from contamination by animal matters
filtering through the soil, or thrown into water-
courses by sewers, &c. If water absolutely cannot
be had in a pure state, it should be boiled before
being used for drink, or indeed for any domestic pur-
pose. Many cases of C., and several local epidemics,
have been traced in the most positive manner
to organic impurities of the drinking-water; and no
single cause of the disease has been established by so
much evidence as this. Hence, in all probability,
arises the well-known preference of C. for low situ-
ations, and particularly for the low-lying flats on
the banks of rivers, especially where the inhabitants
are supplied with water from streams polluted by
sewerage, and wells into which the contents of
drains are permitted to filter from a superior eleva-ous
tion.-See Dr Snow's work on the Communica-
tion of Cholera, 2d edition, 1855; also the Report
of the Registrar-general of England on the Cholera
of 1848-1849, and his 17th Annual Report, for
1854.

It is hardly within the scope of a work such as this to present a minute description of fully developed C. in its severer or Asiatic variety. It is

In

Medicine is almost powerless against C., except in the earliest stages, in which the treatment usually pursued in diarrhoea (q. v.) has sometimes been found useful. Very remarkable temporary restor ative effects have been found to follow the injection into the veins of dilute solutions of saline matter, resembling as nearly as possible the salts of the blood which are drained away in the discharges. Unhappily, these experiments have as yet only very imperfectly succeeded. The patient is restored to life, as it were, from the very brink of the grave; but he revives only for a few hours, to fall back into his former condition.

The true medicine of C., so far as we yet know, is preventive medicine. The measures to be adopted have been partly pointed out above; in addition, it may be said that personal cleanliness is of the first importance; and that all unnecessary contact with the sick should be avoided, as the disease is probably to some extent contagious, though by no means in the highest degree. In short, all the precautions are to be taken which are recommended in the case of Epidemic Disease (q. v.).

CHOLE'STERINE is one of those bodies which are termed by chemists lipoids, or non-saponifiable but is now recognised as an ordinary constituent fats. It was originally discovered in gall-stones, (although occurring in very minute quantity) of bile, blood, and the tissue of the brain. It likewise morbid fluid products. occurs in pus, the contents of cysts, and other

It separates from its solutions in glistening nacrescales, which, when examined under the microobtuse angles are 100° 30', and whose acute angles scope, appear as very thin rhombic tablets, whose are 79° 30. Different formula have been assigned

*The epidemic of 1848-1849 carried off 53,293 persons in England and Wales; and that of 1854, 20,097 persons. See the Registrar-general's Report for the latter year. This estimate is exclusive of cases of fatal diarrhoea.

CHOLET-CHORALÉ.

for its composition, the one generally accepted being were as much as half a yard high; and in Venice, CHO. It is not always very easy of detection where they were universally worn, their height in animal fluids, but if, by its insolubility in water, distinguished the quality of the lady. The C. is acids, and alkalies, and its solubility in hot alcohol mentioned by Shakspeare in Hamlet. The accomand ether, it has been recognised as a fatty sub-panying representation of a C. is copied from stance, it may be readily distinguished from all Douce's Illustrations of Shakspeare. similar substances by the measurement of the angles of its rhombic tablets. The best method of preparing C. is by boiling gall-stones containing it in alcohol, and filtering the solution while hot. From this hot filtered solution it crystallises as the fluid cools.

Chemists have obtained substances known as cholesterilins and cholesterones from the decomposition of cholesterine.

CHOLET, a town of France, in the department of Maine-et-Loire, on the right bank of the Maine, 32 miles south-west of Angers. Here, during the Vendean war, two actions were fought in 1793, in both of which the royalists were defeated. In the first, they lost their brave general Bonchamps; and the second drove them across the Loire, thus virtually deciding the war against them. It has manufactures of fine woollen and mixed fabrics, and leather, and a trade in cattle. Pop. 9638.

CHOLU'LA, a once flourishing, but now decayed, town of Mexico, 60 miles to the east-south-east of the capital, and 15 to the west-north-west of La Puebla Cortes found in it 20,000 houses, and as many more in the suburbs, and also 400 temples. Now the place contains only about 10,000 inhabitants. Its most remarkable memorial of aboriginal times is a pyramid of clay and brick, surmounted on the top by a chapel of Spanish origin. height is 177 feet, while the side of its base measures 480 yards. C. stands on the table-land of Anahuac, at an elevation of 6912 feet above the level of the sea.

Its

CHO'NDA, a town of Gwalior, 18 miles to the north-west of the fort of the latter name, in lat. 26° 27' N., and long. 78° E. It claims notice merely as the scene of a decisive victory gained by Sir Hugh, afterwards Lord Gough, over the Mahrattas, on 29th December 1843.

CHO'NDRINE. See GELATINE.

CHONDROPTERY'GII. See CARTILAGINOUS

FISHES.

CHONETES, a genus of fossil brachiopodous mollusca, nearly allied to the well-known genus Productus. It is characterised by its transverselyoblong shell, and by having the long margin of

CHORA'GIC MONUMENTS. The choragus or person at Athens who, on behalf of his tribe, had supported the chorus (q. v.), and who, in competition with the other tribes, had exhibited the best

the ventral valve armed with a series of tubular Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens, restored. spines. Twenty-nine species have been described from the Palæozoic formations.

CHO'NOS ARCHIPELAGO, a group of islands lying off the west coast of Patagonia, South America, in lat. 44°-46° S., and long. 74° 75° W. With the exception of a few of the most westerly, all are bare and scantily peopled, though several of them are of considerable extent.

CHO'PIN (Scotch, chappin), the name of a Scotch liquid measure equivalent to the English quart.

CHO'PINE (Spanish, chapin), a high clog, or slipper, deriving its name, as is supposed, from the sound chap, chop, made by the wearers in walking. Chopines were of Eastern origin, but were introduced into England from Venice during the reign of Elizabeth. They were worn by ladies under the shoes, and were usually made of wood covered with leather, often of various colours, and frequently painted and gilded. Some of them

Chopine.

musical or theatrical performance, received a tripod for a prize; but he had the expense of consecrating it, and of building the monument on which it was placed. There was at Athens a whole street formed by these monuments, called the 'Street of the Tripods.' The figure represents the monument of Lysicrates, popularly known as the 'Lantern

of Demosthenes."

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CHORAL SERVICE, the musical service of the English Church, celebrated by a full complement of clergymen and choristers in a cathedral church, and when all those parts of the service are sung as ordered in the rubrics.

CHORA'LÉ, a musical term adopted from the German, means a melody to which sacred hymns or psalms are sung in public worship by the whole congregation in unison. The melody of the C. moves in notes of a slow and strictly measured progression, and of a solemn and dignified character that

CHORD-CHORÉA.

disposes the mind to devotion. Although the term C. is now always applied to the music of the Protestant Church, it belonged to the Christian Church at all times, as melodies still in use can be traced with certainty to have been sung by the congregations in the first centuries of Christianity. Among these is the song of praise by St Ambrose, still retained in the Lutheran Church, to the words 'Herr Gott, dich loben wir.' The C. is intimately connected with the history of music, as vocal music was the only kind used in worship until far on in the middle ages. The C. is precisely what our psalmtune is, or rather what it formerly was, and ought again to become. The pure, simple C. has, in a great degree, been cast aside in the British Isles, and its place occupied by tunes of a comparatively puerile style, which are frequently only adaptations of operatic songs and other profane pieces.

A

28

40

30

20

F

D

B

This

CHORD. The C. of an arc of a curve is a straight line joining its two extremities. A SCALE OF CHORDS is used in laying off angles. It is thus constructed: Let AB be the radius of the circle to which the scale is to be adapted. With centre A and radius AB describe a quadrant BEC. Divide the E quadrantal arc BEC into nine equal parts BD, DE, &c. may be done by taking a radius equal to AB, and from the centres B and C cutting the arc in G and F. As the radius is always equal to the chord of 60° or of a quadrant, the arc CB is thus divided into three equal parts, BF, FG, GC, and each of these parts may then be trisected by trial, as no direct method is known. Draw the chord of the quadrant BC; from B as a centre, and the chord of BD as a radius, describe an arc cutting BC at 10; with the chord of BE as a radius, describe an arc cutting BC in 20; with the chord of BF, describe an arc cutting BC in 30; and in a similar manner, find the divisions 40, 50, 60, 70, 80. Then the arcs BD, BE, BF, being arcs of 10°, 20°, 30°, &c., respectively, the distances from B to 10, 20, 30, &c., are the chords of arcs of 10°, 20°, 30°, &c.; so that BC is a scale of chords for every 10°, from 0° to 90°. To lay down or measure angles with such a scale, the arc of measurement must be described

with the chord of 60°.

CHORD, in Music, is the simultaneous and harmonious union of different sounds, at first intuitively recognised by the ear, and afterwards reduced to a science by the invention of the laws or rules of harmony. See HARMONY. Chords may consist of from two to five parts. Absolute chords of two parts are produced only by thirds Chords of more than two parts are either fundamental chords or inversions of them,

or sevenths.

and are divided into concords and discords. The union of sounds in all chords will be found, on

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Fundamental Chord. 1st inversion. 2d inversion.

By adding another third above the common C., a C.
of four parts is produced, which is called the chord
of the seventh, because the highest note is a seventh
above the bass. When the C. of the seventh is
produced on the fifth of the scale, it is then called
the dominant seventh, which is the most perfect
It then consists of a major
species of the C.
third, perfect fifth, and seventh, the minor, which is
the next harmonic produced by nature above the
fifth. The C. of the seventh may also be formed
on any of the notes of the major or minor scale
taken as a bass note, which produces the varieties
of major, minor, and diminished sevenths, thus:

Dominant 7th. Major 7th. Minor 7th. Diminished 7th. The C. of the seventh admits of three inversions, according as the notes above the fundamental note are used as bass notes. From its nature, it requires a resolution, and is therefore always followed by a common C. whose fundamental bass is a fifth below that of the seventh. For the C. of the ninth, see HARMONY. The first proper arranged system of chords is by Rameau, in 1720, which has from time to time been extended and improved by Marpurg, Kirenberger, G. Weber, F. Schneider, Marx, and the late Professor S. W. Dehn of Berlin.

CHORE'A (Gr. choreia, a dancing or jumping), a disease popularly called St Vitus's Dance, and consisting of a tendency to involuntary and irregular muscular contractions of the limbs and face, the mind and the functions of the brain generally being quite unaffected. The spasms of C. differ from those of most other convulsive affections in being unaccompanied either by pain or by rigidity; being, rather a want of control of the will over the muscles, in fact, momentary jerking movements, indicating than any real excess of their contractions. In some cases, the disease resembles merely an exaggeration of the restlessness and 'fidgetiness' common among children; in others, it goes so far as to be a very serious malady, and may even threaten life. Fatal cases, however, are fortunately very rare, and in the analysing their component parts, to be an admix-large majority of instances the disease yields readily to treatment carefully pursued, or disappears sponture of major and minor thirds. The common C. is a disease chord, or Trias harmonica perfecta, is the basis of taneously as the patient grows up. all harmony, and consists of a bass note, or prime, old, and upwards, than at any other period of life: much more common among children of six years it is also more common among female children than among males. The treatment generally pursued is the use of metallic tonics, such as zinc, copper, iron, and arsenic (the last, perhaps, the best), sometimes preceded or accompanied by purgatives. Exercise in the open air is also to be recommended; and gymnastics afford material aid in the cure. It is to be observed that the name St Vitus's Dance (Dance of St Weit) was applied originally in Germany to a different form of disease from that C. is called a minor chord. A chord of two minor above referred to-one closely approaching in its

with its third and fifth above, thus:

These three sounds are at the distance of a third from each other. When the lowest third is the greater third, as above, the C. is a major chord; but when

the lowest third is the lesser, thus:

the

CHORLEY-CHOUANS.

characters the epidemic dancing mania,' which, the C. far exceed anything attempted a century in Italy, was called Tarantism (q. v.).

CHO'RLEY, a town in Lancashire, on a hill on the Chor, 9 miles south-south-east of Preston. It has an ancient parish church, supposed to be of Norman origin, and manufactures of cotton-yarn, jaconets, muslins, fancy goods, calicoes, and ginghams. In the vicinity are several coal-mines, a lead-mine, besides mines and quarries of iron, alum, slates, millstones, &c. Pop. in 1851, 8907.

CHORUS, among the ancients, meant a band of singers and dancers employed on festive occasions of great pomp, and also in the performance of tragedy and comedy on the stage. In the time of the Attic tragedy, the C. consisted of a group of persons, male and female, who remained on the stage during the whole performance as spectators, or rather as witnesses. When a pause took place in the acting, the C. either sang or spoke verses having reference to the subject represented, which served to increase the impression or sensation produced by the performers. At times, the C. seemed to take part with or against the persons in the drama, by advice, comfort, exhortation, or dissuasion. In early times, the C. was very large, sometimes consisting of upwards of fifty persons, but afterwards it was much reduced. Its leader was termed the Coryphæus. The charge of organising it was considered a great honour among the citizens of Athens. The person appointed for this purpose was called the choragus. The honour was very expensive, as the choragus had to pay all the expenses incurred in training the members of the C. to perform their parts efficiently. They were, besides, fed and lodged by him during training-time, and he had also to provide for them masks and dresses. At times, the C. was divided, and spoke or sang antiphonally. These divisions moved from side to side of the stage, from which movement originated the naming of the single songs or stanzas, such as Strophe, Antistrophe, and Epode. How the musical element of the ancient C. was constituted or composed, is not known with any certainty. Possibly, it was only a kind of rhythmical declamation, and doubtless very simple. It was accompanied by flutes in unison. With the decline of the ancient tragedy, the C. also fell into disuse; and only lately has there been an attempt to produce the same on the stage in the manner of the ancients, as, for example, in Schiller's Bride of Messina. The music which has been set in modern times to some of the Greek tragedies, does not give the least idea of the original music.

ago; but this is not always an advantage, for the which has a sluggish effect; while increase in the tempi must necessarily be taken much more slowly, number of voices does not always produce a greater voices from the pope's chapel, who sang at the power of sound. The C. of thirty-five well-trained coronation of Napoleon I., in the cathedral of Notre wonderful effect when they entered singing the Dame, Paris, produced a far greater and more Tu es Petrus, than another Č. of hundreds of voices, and eighty harps, that had been assembled and trained for the same occasion, in expectation of surpassing all that man could imagine. The greater the number, the greater is the difficulty in obtaining unity.-C., in organ-building, is the name given to stops of the mixture species, some of which contain 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more pipes to each note, tuned at consonant intervals in relation to the fundamental stops.

CHOSE IN ACTION, in the law of England, is that kind of property which consists not in possession, but in the legal right to possess. As this right can, in general, be vindicated and made available only by means of an action, the property to which it relates, whether real or personal, is called a thing (res or chose) in action, to distinguish it from a thing already in possession. Money due upon bonds and bills, goods bought and not yet delivered, are examples of choses in action, as is also the right to compensation for damage occasioned by breach of contract. By the strict rule of the ancient common law, no chose in action could be assigned or granted over, because it was thought to be a great encouragement to litigiousness, if a man were allowed to make over to a stranger his right of going to law. [See CHAMPERTY.] But this nicety is now not so far regarded as to render such a transaction really ineffectual. It is, on the contrary, in substance, a valid and constant practice; though, in compliance with the ancient principle, the form of assigning a chose in action is in the nature of a declaration of trust, and an agreement to permit the assignee to make use of the name of the assigner, in order to recover possession. The king is an exception to this general rule, for he might always either grant or receive a chose in action by assignment; and our courts of equity, making the rule itself give way to the expediency, in a commercial point of view, of facilitating the transfer of property, allow the assignment of a chose in action as freely and directly as the law does that of a chose in possession.'-Stephen's Commentaries, ii. p. 45. One would imagine that the more convenient and philosophical arrangement would be, by the interposition of the legislature, to make law conform at once to equity and expediency.

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In modern times, by C. is understood the union of singers or musicians for the joint performance of a musical work. C. is also the name given to a musical composition for numerous voices, either CHO'TA NAGPO'RE, or NAGPORE THE with or without accompaniment, and intended LESS, a district in the sub-presidency of Bengal, to express the united feelings of a multitude. between lat. 22° 28′-23° 40′ N., and long. 83° 54' The musical C. is the only artistic means by-85° 56′ E. It contains about 5300 square miles, which a simultaneous movement or sentiment of and is estimated to have about 250,000 inhabitants. a multitude can be represented in the drama, The country is chiefly an undulating plateau 3000 the language or text being always of a simple feet above the sea. Coal and iron are found, but are rhythm, permitting only of a limited movement suited to the combination of a multitude. It is, however, not always necessary that every part of the C. should manifest the same feeling or sentiment. Two or more parts of the C. may act against each other, as suits the purport of the drama. Double, triple, and quadruple choruses are found in the old Italian compositions for the church. modern times, the C. is much used, and with great effect, in operas, especially those of Meyerbeer and Wagner. In the oratorio, the C. is of the greatest importance, and the numbers now employed to sing

In

not worked. The natives are little better than barbarians-some of the tribes, females as well as males, going entirely naked. From the elevation of the tract, the temperature varies more considerably than in most parts of India, ranging in winter from 32° to 62°, and in summer from 78° to 98°.

CHOTY'N, or CHO'CZIM. See KHOTIN.

CHOUANS were bands of insurgent Royalists, who, during the French Revolution, organised a reactionary movement in Brittany. They obtained their name from their leader, Jean Cottereau. This

9

CHOUGH-CHRIST.

person, who had been a smuggler, went by the name nostrils covered with stiff bristles directed forward, of Chouan-a corruption, it is said, of chat-huant and in their habits. The beak is longer than the ('screech-owl')-because, while he and his accom- head, strong, arched, and pointed. The tail is plices were engaged in their nocturnal work, they slightly rounded. The only European species is the were wont to be warned of their danger by some common C., sometimes called the Cornish C., or one on the watch imitating the cry of this bird. Red-legged Crow (F. graculus), a widely distributed At the period of the revolt, however, he followed but very local bird, inhabiting the Swiss Alps, the the humble occupation of a clog-maker. The first high mountains of Spain, of Greece, of India, and indications of an anti-revolutionary spirit in Brittany of Persia, the south of Siberia, the north of Africa, manifested themselves in the beginning of 1791, and some parts of the British sea-coasts; but almost when several trees of liberty were destroyed at exclusively confined to situations where there are night, and other more serious outrages committed. high cliffs. In these it generally makes its nest; These disturbances were fomented by seditious sometimes, however, in ruined towers. Its long priests. In 1792, an insurrection was planned by hooked claws enable it to cling easily to a rough the Marquis de la Rouarie, with the sanction and rock, but it seems unwilling even to set its feet on approval of the two brothers of Louis XVI. The turf. It lives in societies like the rook. It feeds on agents of the marquis entered into communications insects, berries, grubs, and grain. It is easily tamed, with Jean Cottereau-well known for the reckless becomes very familiar and forward, and exhibits audacity of his character and other smugglers; in the highest degree the curiosity, the pilfering but having the misfortune to be arrested, the carry-disposition, and the delight in brilliant or glittering ing out of the insurrection devolved upon the latter. objects, which also characterise others of the crow The Chouanerie, as the insurrection was called, at family.-Other species of C. are known, natives of first disgraced itself, both by the drunken licence Australia, Java, &c. Some naturalists unite the and the cruelty which marked it. After several suc- chocards and the choughs into one genus. cessful exploits of the guerrilla sort, Jean Cottereau CHOYA. See CHAY ROOT. perished in an engagement which took place on the 28th July 1794, near the wood of Misdon, the theatre of his first efforts. Before this, however, other and more illustrious leaders had appeared in Brittany to direct the movement, the chief of whom were Georges Cadoudal (q. v.) and Charette. Through their endeavours it was more widely extended, and for a time seemed likely to imperil the security of France, but was suppressed towards the close of 1799. Petty spurts of insurrection, however, broke out till about 1803, when the Chouanerie ceased for awhile. In 1814-1815, it again made its appearance on both banks of the Loire; and after the July revolution, was once more excited by the Duchess of Berry on behalf of the Duke of Bordeaux, but crushed by the energetic measures taken by M. Thiers.

CHOUGH (Fregilus), a genus of birds of the crow family (Corvida), but approaching to the characters and appearance of the starlings (Sturnida).

Chough.

The length of the bill has induced some naturalists, among whom was Cuvier, to place them beside the hoopoes, but this is now generally regarded as an error; they agree with crows in having their

CHRISM (Gr. chrisma, ointment) is the name given to the oil consecrated on Holy Thursday, in the Roman Catholic and Greek Churches, by the bishop, and used in baptism, confirmation, orders, and extreme unction. There are two kinds of C.-the one, a mixture of oil and balsam, is used in baptism, confirmation, and orders; the other, which is merely plain oil, is used in extreme unction.

CHRI'SOME, the name of the white vesture laid by the priest on the child in former times at baptism, to signify its innocence. It was generally presented by the mother as an offering to the church, but if the child died before the mother was 'churched' again, it was used as a shroud. By a common abuse of words, C. came to be applied to the child itself. A C. child is a child in a C. cloth. As late as Jeremy Taylor (Holy Dying, c. i., s. 2), we have the following: Every morning creeps out of a dark cloud, leaving behind it an ignorance and silence deep as midnight, and undiscerned as are the phantasms that make a chrisome child to smile,'

CHRIST, a title of our Saviour (see JESUS), now in general use almost as a name or as part of his name. It is originally Greek, signifies anointed, and corresponds exactly in meaning and use with the Hebrew word MESSIAH (q. v.); so that this title given to Jesus of Nazareth, is an acknowledgment of him as the Saviour long promised to the house of Jacob and to the human race. As prophets, priests, and kings were anointed on being called to their several offices (1 Kings i. 34, 39; 1 Sam. xvi. 13; Exod. xxix. 7), so the Saviour was anointed as at once prophet, priest, and king; the Holy Spirit, often represented under this figure, being given to him to qualify his human nature for all that belonged to his mediatorial office and work.

The whole system of Christianity depends on the doctrine of the PERSON OF CHRIST. An essential difference necessarily exists on almost every point between the systems of doctrine maintained by those who do and by those who do not acknowledge a union of the divine and human natures in his person. Some of the early heretics maintained an opinion, which has long ceased to have any supporters, that the body of C. was not a real body, but a mere visionary appearance. See DOCETE and GNOSTICS. The opposite extreme is that of Socinians (q. v.), by whom C. is regarded as a mere man; whilst Arians (q. v.) regard him as in his

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