think of madness by having windows that look to Bedlam, than you think of death by having windows that look to a church-yard. Mrs. Burney. We may look to a church-yard, Sir; for it is right that we should be kept in mind of death. Johnson. Nay, Madam, if you go to that, it is right that we should be kept in mind of madness, which is occasioned by too much indulgence of imagination. I think a very moral use may be made of these new buildings: I would have those who have heated imaginations live there, and take warning. Mrs. Burney. But, Sir, many of the poor people that are mad, have become so from disease, or from distressing events. It is therefore not their fault, but their misfortune; and, therefore, to think of them, is a melancholy consideration.

Time passed on in conversation till it was too late for the service of the church at three o'clock. I took a walk, and left him alone for some time; then returned, and we had coffee and conversation by ourselves.

I stated the character of a noble friend of mine, as a curious case for his opinion :-He is the most inexplicable man to me that I ever knew. Can you explain him Sir,? He is, I really believe, noble-minded, ge nerous, and princely. But his most intimate friends may be separated from him for years, without his ever asking a question concerning them. 'He will meet them with a formality, a coldness, a stately indifference; but when they come close to him, and fairly engage him in conversation, they find him as easy, pleasant, and kind, as they could wish. One then supposes that what is so agreeable will soon be renewed; but stay away from him for half a year, and he will neither call on you, nor send to enquire about you. Johnson. Why, Sir, I cannot ascertain his character exactly, as I do not know him; but I should not like to have such a man for my friend. He may love study, and wish not to be interrupted by his friends; Amicifures temporis. He may be a frivolous man, and be so much occupied with petty pursuits, that he may not want friends. Or may have a notion that there is a dignity in appearing indifferent, while he in fact may not be more indifferent at his heart than another.

We went to evening prayers at St. Clement's, at seven, and then parted.

On Sunday, April 20, being Easter-day, after attending solemn service at St. Paul's, I came to Dr. Johnson, and found Mr. Lowe, the painter, sitting with him. Mr. Lowe mentioned the great number of new buildings of late in London, yet that Dr. Johnson had observed, that the number of inhabitants was not increased. Johnson. Why, Sir, the bills of mortality prove that no more people die now than formerly ; so it is plain no more live. The register of births proves nothing, for not one-tenth of the people of London are born there. Boswell. I believe, Sir, a great many of the children born in London die early. Johnson. Why, yes, Sir. Boswell. But those who do live, are as stont and strong peo

ple as any; Dr. Price says, they must be naturally strong to get through. Johnson. That is system, Sir. Agreat traveller observes, that it is said there are no weak or deformed people among the Indians; but he with much sagacity assigns a reason for this, which is, that the hardship of their life as hunters and fishers, does not allow weak or diseased chil

dren to grow up. Now had I been an Indian, I must have died early; my eyes would not have served me to get food. I indeed now could fish, give me English tackle; but had I been an Indian, I must have starved, or they would have knocked me on the head, when they saw I could do nothing. Boswell. Perhaps they would have taken care of you; we are told they are fond of oratory,-you would have talked to them. Johnson. Nay, Sir, I should not have lived long enough to be fit to talk; I should have been dead before I was ten years old. Depend upon it, Sir, a savage, when he is hungry, will not carry about with him a looby of nine years old, who cannot help himself. They have no affection, Sir. Boswell. I believe natural affection, of which we hear so much, is very small. Johnson. Sir, natural affection is nothing; but affection from principle and established duty, is sometimes wonderfully strong. Lowe. A hen, Sir, will feed her chickens in preference to herself. Johnson. But we don't know that the hen is hungry; let the hen be fairly hungry, and I'll warrant she'll pick the corn herself. A cock, I believe, will feed hens instead of himself; but we don't know that the cock is hungry. Boswell. And that, Sir, is not from affection but galantry. But some of the Indians have affection. Johnson. Sir, that they help some of their children is plain; for some of them live, which they could not do without being helped.

I dined with him: the company were, Mrs. Williams, Mrs. Desmoulins, and Mr. Lowe. He seemed not to be well, talked little, grew drowsy soon after dinner, and retired; upon which I went away.

Having next day gone to Mr. Burke's seat in the country, from whence I was recalled by an express, that a near relation of mine had killed his antagonist in a duel, and was himself dangerously wounded, I saw little of Dr. Johnson till Monday, April 28, when I spent a considerable part of the day with him, and introduced the subject, which then chiefly occupied my mind. Johnson. I do not see, Sir, that fighting is absolutely forbidden in Scripture; I see revenge forbidden, but not self-defence. Boswell. The Quakers say it is; "Unto him that smiteth thee on one cheek, offer him also the other." Johnson. But stay, Sir; the text is meant only to have the effect of moderating passion: it is plain that we are not to take it in a literal sense. We see this from the context, where there are other recommendations, which I warrant you the Quaker will not take literally; as, for instance, "From him that will borrow of thee turn thou not away." Let a man whose credit is bad, come to a Quaker and say, "Well, Sir, lend me a hundred pounds;" he'll find him as unwilling a any other man. No, Sir, a man may shoot the man who invades his character, as he may shoot him who attempts to break into his house. So

in 1745, my friend, Tom Cumming the Quaker, said he would not fight, but he would drive an ammunition cart; and we know that the Quakers have sent flannel waistcoats to our soldiers, to enable them to fight better. Boswell. When a man is the aggressor, and by ill-usage forces on a duel in which he is killed, have we not little ground to hope that he is gone to a state of happiness? Johnson. Sir, we are not to judge determinately of the state in which a man leaves this life. He may in a moment have repented effectually, and it is possible may have been accepted of God. There is in "Camden's Remains." an epitaph upon a very wicked man, who was killed by a fall from his horse, in which he is supposed to say,

"Between the stirrup and the ground,

I mercy ask'd, I mercy found."

Boswell. Is not the expression in the Burial service,-" in the sure and certain hope of a blessed resurrection,"-too strong to be used indiscriminately, and, indeed, sometimes when those over whose bodies it is said, have been notoriously profaue? Johnson. It is sure and certain hope, sir; not belief. I did not insist further; but cannot help thinking that less positive words would be more proper.

Talking of a man who was grown very fat, so as to be incommoded with corpulency; he said, He eats too much, Sir. Boswell. I don't know, Sir; you will see one man fat, who eats moderately, and au other lean, who eats a great deal. Johnson. Nay, Sir, whatever be the quantity that a man eats, it is plain that if he is too fat, he has eaten more than he should have done. One man may have a digestion that consumes food better than common; but it is certain that solidity is increased by putting something to it. Boswell. But may not solids swell and be distended? Johnson. Yes, Sir, they may swell and be distended : but that is not fat.

We talked of the accusation against a gentleman for supposed delinquencies in India. Johnson. What foundation there is for accusation I know not, but they will not get at him. Where bad actions are committed at so great a distance, a delinquent can obscure the evidence till the scent becomes cold; there is a cloud between, which cannot be penetrated therefore all distant power is bad. I am clear that the best plan for the government of India is a despotic governor; for if he be a good man, it is evidently the best government; and supposing him to be a bad man, it is better to have one plunderer than many. A governor, whose power is checked, lets others plunder, that he himself may be allowed to plunder; but if despotic, he sees that the more he lets others plunder, the less there will be for himself, so he restrains them; and though he himself plunders, the country is a gainer, compared with being plundered by numbers.

I mentioned the very liberal payment which had been received for reviewing; and as evidence of this, that it had been proved in a trial, that Dr. Shebbeare had received six guineas a sheet for that kind of No. 11.

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literary labour. Johnson. Sir, he might get six guineas for a parti cular sheet, but not communibus sheetibus. Boswell. Pray, Sir, by a sheet of review is it meant that it shall be all of the writer's composition? or are extracts made from the book reviewed, duducted. Johnson. No, Sir; it is a sheet, no matter of what. Boswell. I think, that is not reasonable. Johnson. Yes, Sir, it is. A man will more easily write a sheet all his own, than read an octavo volume to get extracts. To one of Johnsons's wonderful fertility of mind, I believe writing was really easier than reading and extracting; but with ordinary men the case is very different. A great deal, indeed, will depend upon care and judgment with which extracts are made. I can suppose the operation to be tedious and diffi. cult; but in many instances we must observe crude morsals cut out of books as if at random; and when a large extract is made from one place, it surely may be done with very little trouble. One, however, I must acknowledge, might be led, from the practice of reviewers, to suppose that they take a pleasure in original writing; for we often find, that instead of giving an accurate account of what has been done by the author whose work they are reviewing, which is surely the proper business of a literary journal, they produce some plausible and ingenious conceits of their own, upon the topics which have been discussed.

Upon being told that old Mr. Sheridan, indignant at the neglect of his oratorical plans, had threatened to go to America ;-Johnson. I hope he will go to America. Boswell. The Americans don't want oratory. Johnson. But we can want Sheridan.

On Monday, April 28, I found him at home in the morning, and Mr." Seward with him. Horace having been mentioned ;-Boswell. There is a great deal of thinking in his works. One finds there almost every thing but religion. Seward. He speaks of his returning to it, in his Ode Parcus Deorum cultor et infrequens. Johnson. Sir, he was not in earnest; this was merely poetical. Boswell. There are, I am afraid, many people who have no religion at all. Seward. And sensible people too. Johnson. Why, Sir, not sensible in that respect. There must be either a natural or a moral stupidity, if one lives in a total neglect of so very important a concern. Seward. I wonder that there should be people without religion. Johnson. Sir, you need not wonder at this, when you consider how large a proportion of almost every man's life is passed without thinking of it. I myself was for some years totally regardless of religion. It had dropped out of my mind. It was at an early part of my life. Sickness brought it back, and I hope I have never lost it since. Boswell. My dear Sir, what a man must you have been without religion! Why you must have gone on drinking, and swearing, aud-Johnson. (with a smile) I drank enough and swore enough to be sure. Seward. One should think that sickness, and the view of death would make more men religious. Johnson. Sir, they do not know how to go about it: they have not the first notion. A man who has never had religion before, no more grows religious when he is

sick, than a man who has never learnt figures can count, when he has need of calculation.

I mentioned a worthy friend of ours whom he valued much but observed that he was too ready to introduce religious discourse upon all occasions. Johnson. Why, yes, Sir, he will introduce religious discourse without seeing whether it will end in instruction and improvement, or produce some profane jest. He would introduce it in the company of

Wilkes, and twenty more such.

I mentioned Dr. Johnson's excellent distinction hetween liberty of conscience and liberty of teaching. Johnson. Consider, Sir; if you' have children whom you wish to educate in the principles of the Church of England, and there comes a Quaker who tries to pervert them to his principles, you would drive away the Quaker. You would not trust to the predomination of right; which you believe is in your opinions: you' will keep wrong out of their heads. Now the vulgar are the children of the State. If any one attempts to teach them doctrines contrary to what the state approves, the magistrate may and ought to restrain him. Seward. Would you restrain private conversation, Sir? Johnson. Why, Sir, it is difficult to say where private conversation begins, and where it ends. If we three should discuss even the great question concerning the existence of a Supreme Being by ourselves, we should not be restrained; or that would be to put an end to all improvement. But if we should discuss it in the presence of ten boarding-school girls, and as many boys, I think the magistrate would do well to put us in the stocks, to finish the debate there.

Lord Hailes had sent him a present of a curious little printed poem, on repairing the University of Aberdeen, by David Malloch, which he thought would please Johnson, as affording clear evidence that Mallet had appeared even as a literary character by the name of Malloch; his changing which to one of softer sound, had given Johnson occasion to introduce him into his Dictionary, under the article Alias. This piece was, I suppose, one of Mallet's first essays. It is preserved in his works with several variatious. Johnson having read aloud, from the beginning of it, where there were some common-place assertions as to the superiority of ancient times;-How false (said he) is all this, to say that in ancient times learning was not a disgrace to a Peer, as it is now. In ancient times a Peer was as ignorant as any one else. He would have been angry to have it thought he could write his name. Men in ancient times dared to stand forth with a degree of ignorance with which nobody would dare now to stand forth. I am always angry, when I hear ancient times praised at the expence of modern times. There is now a great deal more learning in the world than there was formerly; for it is universally dif fused. You have, perhaps, no man who knows as much Greek and Latin as Bently; no man who knows as much mathematics as Newton; but you have many more men who know Greek and Latin, and who know mathematics.