Judges, for ordinary affairs, civil and religious, were appointed by Moses in every city to terminate differences; in affairs of greater consequence, the differences were referred to the priests of Aaron's family, and the judge of the people or prince at that time established. Moses likewise set up two courts in all the cities, one consisting of priests and Levites, to determine points concerning the law and religion; the other consisting of heads of families, to decide in civil matters.

JUDGMENT. In Metaphysics, a faculty of the soul, whereby it compares ideas, and perceives their agreement or disagreement. Thus, the understanding compares the two ideas of the sun and the moon; and, finding the idea of the sun greater than that of the moon, the judgment decides, and the will acquiesces in that decision.

JUGGERNAUT. The chief idol of Hindostan; nearly resembling the Moloch of the ancient Canaanites, and perhaps differing from it only in name. The rites of Juggernaut's worship consist of shocking exhibitions of obscenity, and his chosen libation is human blood. This terrible idol has his principal temple in a town called by his name, situated in the province of Orissa, which is now subject to the British empire. Thither pilgrims resort, not by thousands merely, but by hundreds of thousands, as well from the remotest as from the adjacent parts of India. As you travel towards the temple of Juggernaut, the road is covered with pilgrims, before and behind, as far as the eye can reach; marching slowly, with their wives and children, under a scorching sun. Some you see stooping with age, and others laboring under mortal distempers; yet exerting the utmost of their little remains of strength, that they may reach the temple of their god, and die in his presence. Others perish by the way, and, being left unburied, are fed upon by dogs, jackals, and vultures. Ere you come within fifty miles, you know it to be the road to Juggernaut, by the human skulls and bones strewed over it. When arrived at this region of the shadow of death, the habitation of the idol, you behold the walls of the town surrounded with numberless squalid famishing pilgrims, with clotted hair and painted flesh, practising their various austerities and modes of self-torture. Upon entering the town (if it be the great day of the idolatrous feast) you see a stupendous car or tower, sixty feet in height, resting on wheels, and drawn by men. On the top of the car you see a throne surrounded with priests; and upon the throne, a block of wood, having a frightful visage painted black, with a distended mouth of a bloody color. It is Juggernaut! Instantly the welkin rings with the yell-like acclamations of innumerable multitudes of men; the females joining the chorus in a

the tongue vibrating, as if a serpent were speaking by their organs. The horrors of the scene now thicken. The car that carries the idol moves on, and, as it slowly moves, the wheels, pressed down by the ponderous weight above, deeply indent the ground. And now is the moment for the devotees ceptable homage. They fall prostrate, women as well as men, before the moving wheels which support his throne, and are crushed into the earth. Their dead bodies are cast forth, as a prey to ravenous beasts and birds; polluting the atmosphere, which the worship of Juggernaut renders constantly fetid and loathsome.

What a mercy to enjoy the light of the gospel! What matter of joy that the Prince of Peace is erecting his throne in India, and will finally establish it upon the ruins of Juggernaut's horrid empire.

On

JUGGERNAUT, or JAGANATH. The most celebrated and sacred temple in Hindostan, in the district of Cuttack, on the coast of Orissa. The temple stands near the shore, not far from the Chilka lake, in a waste, sandy tract, and appears like a shapeless mass of stone. The idol is a carved block of wood, with a hideous face, painted black, and a distended, blood-red mouth. festival days, the throne of the image is placed on a tower sixty feet high, moving on wheels, accompanied with two other idols; his white brother, Balaram, and his yellow sister, Shubudra; who likewise sit on their separate thrones. Six long ropes are attached to the tower, by which the people draw it along. The priests and their attendants stand round the throne on the tower, and occasionally turn to the worshippers, with indecent songs and gestures. The walls of the temple and the sides of the car are also covered with obscene images, in large, durable sculpture. While the tower moves along, numbers of the devout worshippers throw themselves on the ground, in order to be crushed by the wheels, and the multitude shout in approbation of the act, as a pleasing sacrifice to the idol.

Every year, particularly at two great festivals, in March and July, the pilgrims flock in crowds to the temple. It is calculated that there are at least one million two hundred thousand of them annually, of whom it is said nine out of ten die on the road, of famine, hardship and sickness; at any rate, it is a well known fact that the country, for miles round the sacred place, is covered with human bones. Many old persons undertake the pilgrimage, that they may die on the holy ground. Not far from the temple is a place called Golgotha by the Europeans, where the corpses are thrown, and dogs and vultures are always feeding on the carrion. The contributions of the pilgrims amount to a considerable revenue (about twelve thousand pounds per annum) which falls to the government, after deducting the expenses of the temple. The English took possession of the province in 1803, and forbore to exact the contribution of the pilgrims, during the marquis of Wellesley's administration; but on his departure from India, the Bengal government passed an ordinance for the management of the pagoda, and the taxing of the pil

name.

JULIAN PERIOD. In Chronology, a period of seven thousand nine hundred and eiglity consecutive years, produced by the multiplication of the three cycles of the sun, moon, and indiction into one another. It was so called because it consists of Julian years.

JULIAN YEAR. A space of time consisting of three hundred and sixty-five days and six hours, so called from Julius Cesar, by whom it was established. The calendar, which contained an account of Julian time, was called the Julian Calendar; and the time when it was first instituted, namely, 46, A. C., the Julian Epocha.

JULY. The seventh month, from the Latin word Julius, said to be derived from Julius Cesar, who was born in this month ; Mark Antony first gave the name Julius to it; it was called before Quintilis, from being the fifth month, according to the old Roman calendar; for the same reason August was called Sextilis or the sixth.

Abundant objects will now excite our pleasure, in our walks through the numerous and variegated fields of nature; whether it be over the lately close shorn meadow, the promising and ripening cornfield, or the uplands and lofty hills, where the heath sheds a purple tint over the swelling undulations; the furze and the broom still wave their beautiful yellow blossoms; and the whortleberry modestly hanging beneath its olive green leaves; or in the shady wood, secluded from the now intense rays of the powerful sun.

The fruits of the garden, gooseberries, currants, raspberries, and cherries, are now fully ripe; the lilies of many kinds are now in their splendor; the hollyhock, the convolvulus, the sunflower, and innumerable cultivated plants, offer their fragrance, or their colors to our senses. The bindweed, with companulate flowers of snowy white, adorns every hedge; the scarlet poppy, the waving corn. Of flowering shrubs, the Spanish broom and syranga may be named. Of the numerous culinary vegetables now scattered before us in profusion, we cannot speak; they offer a rich variety for every taste.

JUNCTIONS. Among the Hindoos, junctions or meetings of many things are deemed holy and mysterious; more especially the junctions of rivers. The junction of the day with night, the forenoon with the afternoon, &c. are duly reverenced, by strict observers, with appropriate prayers and ceremonies; but the junction of rivers, above all, are very mysteriously contemplated. An act performed there, be it ever so good, is rendered vastly more so by this holy locality. Widows who burn themselves with their husbands' corpse, always do it, where practicable, at the junction of two rivers: this horrid sacrifice is called Sati. As well as this

'One of the holiest spots of the Ganga (or Ganges) is where it joins the Yamuna (Jumna) below Delhi. A third sacred river, the Saraswati, is supposed to join them subterraneously, whence the junction is called Triveni, or the three plaited locks. Pilgrims here begin the ceremonies afterwards completed at Gaya. The confluence of rivers is a spot peculiarly dear to Hindoos; and this, more especially of the Ganga and Yamuna, is so highly esteemed, that a person dying there is confident of immediate beatitude, without risk of farther transmigration. Suicide is not only pardonable, but in some cases meritorious with Hindoos. Cutting one's throat at the above holy junction, is, in reference to its immediate result, an instance of the latter. Widows who become sati or pure, by burning themselves with the bodies of their deceased husbands, which is generally done at the sangam, or confluence of rivers, perform an act of meritorious suicide. And all acts in themselves good, are rendered vastly better, if done on such a spot.'

JUNE. The sixth month in the year, called by the Romans, Junius. This month offers to him who is fond of the country-and who with unadulterated taste is not ?-several agreeable sources of pleasure; the air is always bland, generally even hot; and the agricultural operations of hay making and sheep shearing excite, in a sort of festal activity, at once to pleasure, to business, and to employment. Fragrance, in the country may be an appropriate term for this month; whether it be exhaled from the variegated flowers of the meadow, the fields of clover, of beans, or of hay; or whether from the garden with the rose, the jessamine, the sweet William, the sweet pea, and the woodbine; add to these, not indeed of much fragrance, but of various and numerous dyes, the larkspur, the candy tuft, nasturtiums, poppies, canterbury bells, the lychnis, and lilies of many kinds. The pink, carnation, and stocks, of infinite hues embellish the borders of him who is disposed to become a nurse for these beautiful children of nature; and imparts also their varieties of odor along with the flower de luce, one species of which with extreme delicacy of scent, should never in a garden be omitted.

Towards the end of this month, many of the singing birds cease their notes; the nightingale in particular is scarcely, if ever, heard after the thirtieth; nor is the cuckoo often, though occasionally, later in song. Migratory and other birds are now busy in the work of incubation. In this month, also, some fruit are ripe, among which the cherry and the strawberry are the chief.

JUNIPER TREE. A sort of tree or shrub, having long, narrow, and prickly leaves, and bearing a soft pulpy berry. This shrub is common on heaths and barren hills, but the berries which are used medicinally are brought from Germany. From the berries is made, in Holland, the gin called Hollands gin.

JUNKS. Large flat-bottomed vessels, from one hundred to five hundred tons burden, used by the Chinese. They have three masts, and a short bowsprit placed on the starboard bow: the masts are supported by two or three shrouds, which at times are all carried on the windward side. On the fore and mainmast is hoisted a sort of lug-sail, made of cane or bamboo. These sails are confined by iron travellers, that encircle the mast, and fixed to bamboos at several divisions on the sail. The sail is kept to the wind by two ropes, fastened to wood stirrups, fixed to the foot of the sail, and lead to the masthead. The lee part of the sail is hauled aft, by a rope that branches into short legs, that are made fast to each fold of the sail. On the mizenmast is a gaff-sail, made of coarse cotton; a top-sail made of the same is carried on the mainmast; also a jib and sprit-sail, that are set on the bowsprit. Similar to those junks are the Japanese barks, which are eighty or ninety feet long on one deck, but have only one mast, that carries a squaresail, and forward one or two jibs made of cotton. They only use sails when the wind is large.

JUPITER. Jupiter is much the largest planet in the solar system. The diameter of it is eighty

nine thousand miles. It is distant from the sun four hundred and ninety millions of miles, revolving round it in a little less than twelve of our years. It turns on its axis in less than ten hours. Jupiter has nearly fourteen hundred times the bulk of the earth; but its density being only one and a quarter to water, it contains about three hundred times as much matter as the earth. The amount of light enjoyed at Jupiter, is about one twenty-fifth part of what is enjoyed at the earth.

The great bulk of this planet, and the short space of time in which it revolves on its axis, cause the velocity of its equatorial parts to be prodigiously great; being not less than twenty-six thousand miles per hour.

Although Jupiter is about sixteen times farther from us than we are from Venus; and although the solar light on this planet is only about one fiftieth part of what is had at Venus, yet to the naked eye, Jupiter frequently appears as large as Venus. On account of its superiority in size among the planets, this one is called Jupiter; that being the name of the most distinguished of the heathen deities. It is represented by this character, (2) to denote its whiteness, the same being used to denote tin among other metals.

As the axis of this planet has no inclination, there is no change of seasons: in the polar regions there being perpetual winter, and about the equator perpetual summer. Were the axis inclined like that of the earth, one portion of its surface would alternately be deprived of the sun's light, and have constant day for nearly the space of six

of our years.

Jupiter appears to be surrounded with belts, which are supposed to be clouds floating in the atmosphere. These belts are always parallel to his equator, and are interspersed with dark spots, which are supposed to be clouds more dense than the others. By observing these spots through a telescope, the time of Jupiter's rotation on its axis has been ascertained.

As if to compensate, in part, for the want of light occasioned by its remoteness from the sun, Jupiter is constantly attended by four moons or satellites, which revolve round it. These moons are too distant from us to be seen by the naked eye; but with a telescope they present a very ma- . jestic appearance. They were discovered in the year 1609.

JURISDICTION. The legal power or authority of doing justice in cases of complaint; the power of executing the laws and distributing justice. Thus we speak of certain suits or actions, or the cognizance of certain crimes being within the jurisdiction of a court, that is, within the limits of their authority or commission. Inferior courts have jurisdiction of debt and trespass, or of smaller offences; the supreme courts have jurisdiction of treason, murder, and other high crimes. Jurisdiction is secular or ecclesiastical. Power of governing or legislating. The legislature of one state can exercise no jurisdiction in another. The power or right of exercising authority. Nations claim exclusive jurisdiction on the sea, to the extent of a marine league, from the main land or shore. The limit within which power may be

exercised.

Jurisdiction in its most general sense, is the power to make, declare or apply the law; when confined to the judiciary deparment, it is what we denominate the judicial power, the right of administering justice through the laws, by the means which the laws have provided for that purpose. Jurisdiction, is limited to place or territory, to persons, or to particular subjects.

JURISPRUDENCE. Properly, a knowledge of the laws, or skill in interpreting and applying them; also the laws themselves, together with all that relates to their administration. English jurisprudence comprehends the common and statute law, together with such parts of the civil and

canon law as have been admitted into their courts.

JURY, GRAND. Twenty-three men sworn to investigate fully and truly any charge against another, preparatory to an open trial. Twenty-three persons are always summoned on a grand jury, and from sixteen to twenty uniformly sit, the remainder being absent on leave; twelve only being requisite for a decision, from which there is no appeal.

JURY, PETIT. Twelve men sworn to make, severally, a true decision in regard to any question at issue, according to the evidence, and in accordance with the law.

JUSTICE. Consists in an exact and scrupulous regard to the rights of others, with a deliberate purpose to preserve them on all occasions sacred and inviolable. It is often divided into commutative and distributive justice. The former consists in the equal exchange of benefits; the latter in an equal distribution of rewards and punishments.

JUXTAPOSITION. A placing or being placed in nearness or contiguity; as the parts of a substance or of a composition. The connexion of words is sometimes to be ascertained by juxtaposition.