Comparasti ad lecticam homines (lecticarios), Catul. x. 16.
Canes ad venandum (venatici), Ter. Andr. i. 1. 30.

Many expressions of this kind will be met with in course of reading, which do not belong to this head. Thus Propertius, in "Fortes ad prælia turmas," ii. 8. 7. does not mean "turmas bellicas," but "fortes bello."

So, again, "Nunquam venales essent ad munus amice," Prop. ii. 13. 21., must not be understood as if amicæ ad munus were to be taken together in the sense of mercenary; but, venales ad munus, i. e. munere.

i. For quidam, aliquis, nonnulli, we often find est qui, sunt qui. Sunt quos curriculo pulverem Olympicum collegisse juvat, Hor. Od. i. 1. 3.

Est qui nec veteris pocula Massici spernit, &c. Id. ib. 19.

Sunt quibus in satirâ videar nimis acer, Id. Sat. ii. 1. 1.

This is neither unusual, nor confined to poets. But it is not usual, and it is confined to poets, that for the plural nonnulli, aliqui, we should find est qui, est quibus, &c.

Est quibus Eleæ concurrit gloria palme; est quibus in celeres gloria nata pedes, Prop. iii. 9. 17. This is a palpable Græcism. The Attic writers, of whom Propertius was a great imitator, continually put ἔσιν οἳ, ἔσιν οἷς, ἔτιν ës, for τινὲς, τισὶ, τινὰς. Thucydides has ἔσιν ἃ πολίσματα εἷλε, he took some places. τάξιν ἄγων, καὶ ἔσιν ες τῶν ψιλῶν.

Arrian,

Many more periphrases may be added, but enough has been said to direct the student's attention to this poetical peculiarity. By keeping in his mind that poets did not think conciseness necessary or meritorious in their writings, he will be less liable to stumble at unusual and circuitous phrases.

For instance. In the line of Virgil, "Nunc hiemem inter se luxu, quàm longa, fovere," En. iv. 193., he will observe the unusual phrase quàm longa. It means no more than "totam hiemem," but how much more elegant and elevated is it. The same occurs, Æn. viii. 86., "Tibris eâ fluvium, quàm longa est,

nocte tumebat," i. e. totâ nocte.

§ 14. a. The first periphrasis of verbs which we shall notice is,

that the participle with the verb esse is sometimes put for the verb to which the participle belongs. This is an imitation of the Greeks, who constantly put such expressions as τυγχάνω γράφων, εἰμὶ γινώσκων, for γράφω, γινώσκω.

Id ego jam nunc tibi renuncio, here, futurum, ut sis sciens, Ter. Andr. iii. 2. 28. iv. 5. 36. i. e. scias.

Et magis est animus vitaï claustra coercens, et dominantior, &c. (magis coercet, magis dominatur), Lucr. iii. 396.

Omnia sunt hominum tenui pendentia filo (pendent), Ov. Pont. iv. 3. 85.

Quisquis erit tali capiens sub tempore vitam (capiet), Manil. v. 396.

Ignibus usque adeo natura est omnis abundans, Id. i. 856.

Rabie ferâ carens dum animus est, Catul. lx. 56.

Scilicet in vario ne solum lumine coli, aut Ariadneis aurea temporibus fixa corona foret (figeretur) sed vos quoque fulgeremus, &c., Id. lxiii. 59.

Passages have been produced both from poets and prose writers, as belonging to this head, which, in fact, have nothing to do with it. Such as, "Nec tibi talium res est aut animus deliciarum egens," Hor. Od. iv. 8. 9., where the order evidently is, "Nec tibi est (for habes) res aut animus, egens (qui egeat), tal. delic." We may dispose of some passages from Cicero in the same way. "Quoniam semper appetentes gloriæ...atque avidi laudis fuistis,” Manil. iii.; here appetentes is no participle, but an adjective. "Est apud Platonem Socrates, cum esset in custodiâ publicâ, dicens " Ad. Div. i. 25. Here est signifies inducitur. And the same holds good in this passage: Est, ut scis, quasi in extremâ paginâ Phædri, his ipsis verbis loquens Socrates," Or. 13. quis unquam de nostris hominibus à genere isto non abhorrens fuit," must be understood in this order, "si quis unquam de n. h. fuit, à g: i. non abhorrens," i. e. qui non abhorreret. What we have been noticing, then, is not a prosaic phrase. Nor must it be often ventured upon even in poetry.

66

"Si

b. An elegant periphrasis for the future tense is made by the verb eo, with the supine in um.

In tibi laudem is quæsitum (i. e. quæres, quærere, conaris), Ter. Heaut. ii. 3. 74.

Cur te is perditum (i. e. perdes, perdere vis), Id. Andr. i. 108. Ire ereptum aliena bona, Plaut. Pers. i. 1. 12.

Vidimus flavum Tiberin...ire dejectum monumenta regis (dejecturum), Hor. Od. i. 2. 15.

In prose this is not admissible except in the infinitive future passive, as datum iri.

c. Another periphrasis is, the putting of the participle passive of a verb with the verb dare, for the verb itself to which the participle belongs.

Effectum dabo (for efficiam), Ter. Eun. ii. 1. 7.

Jam hoc tibi inventum dabo, Id. Andr. iv. 1. 60.

Ubi prima fides pelago placataque venti dant maria, Virg. Æn. iii. 69.

Hæc ego vasta dabo (vastabo), Id. Æn. ix. 323.

Curo and reddo were used in the same way, but principally by the comœdians.

Inventum tibi curabo et mecum adductum tuum Pamphilum (inveniam et adducam), Ter. Andr, iv. 2. 1.

Hoc ego tibi profecto effectum reddam, Id. ib. 20.

d. The periphrasis of the verb cœpi has been noticed in another place. We must remember that this form is not exclusively poetical, and that it is mose used by the comœdians and Phædrus than more elevated poets. It is of Greek origin, as in the New Testament for instance-ὧν ἤρξατο Ἰησᾶς ποιεῖν τε καὶ διδασκεῖν, for ὧν ἐποίησε καὶ εδίδαξεν.

e. The verb curo is put periphrastically with an infinitive.

Quis udo deproperare apio coronas curatve myrto? Hor. Od. ii. 7. 25. i. e. deproperat.

Nec curat Orion leones aut timidos agitare lyncas, Id. Od. ii. 13. 39. See too Epist. i. 17. 58. A. P. 297.

f. We must not pass over the periphrasis for the imperative in

negation, which the poets produce by means of the verbs mitto, omitto, absisto, parco, fugio; so that for ne fac is said, mitte facere, absiste facere, &c. This form is peculiarly poetical. Prose writers would say ne fac, ne facias, noli facere, cave facias. Mitte orare, Ter. Andr. v. 4. 1., a form of complying with a request.

Mirari mitte, Lucr. vi. 1054.

Pro nobis mitte precari, Ov. Met. iii. 614.

Cætera mitte loqui, Hor. Epod. xiii. 10.

Quem sua culpa premet deceptus omitte tueri, Id. Epist. i.

18.79.

Omitte mirari beatæ fumum et opus strepitumque Romæ, Id. Od. iii. 29. 11.

Nullæ hic insidiæ tales; absiste moveri, Virg. Æn. vi. 399.

Parcite, oves, nimium procedere, Virg. Ecl. iii. 94.

Parce privatus nimium cavere, Hor. Od. iii. 8. 16.

Parce, precor, manes sollicitare meos, Ov. Trist. iii. 11. 32. See Trist. iii. 3. 51. A. A. iii. 457.

Quid sit futurum cras, fuge quærere, Hor. Od. i. 9. 13.
Fuge suspicari, Id. Od. ii. 4. 22.

O fuge te teneræ puerorum credere turbæ, Tibul. i. 4. 9.
Magnos fuge tangere manes, Stat. Th. vi. 75.

Illud in his rebus longe fuge credere, Memmi, Lucr. i. 1050.

g. Verbs of this kind are also used as periphrases for negation, in other moods beside the infinitive.

Fugio facere, for non facio, nunquam facio, as in the Greek φεύγω ποιεῖν.

Mene igitur socium summis adjungere rebus, Nise fugis? Virg. En. ix. 199.

Stilico, quid vincere differs, dum pugnare fugis? Claud. Eutr. i. 501.

Nisi si fugis illa referre (unless you shrink from the recollec tion), Ov. Tr. iv. 3. 55.

Non fugis Alcide, Id. Her. ix. 75.

Quanquam animus meminisse horret luctuque refugit, Virg. En. ii. 12.

Mitto facere, for non facio.

Hunc igitur contra mittam contendere causam, Lucr, iv. 472. Mitto jam dicere, Id. iv. 691.

Omitto facere. Omitte iratus esse, Plaut. Pers. iii. 3. 26.

Parco facere, Gr. φείδομαι ποιεῖν.

Heu me infelicem ! hanccine ego vitam parsi perdere, Ter. Hec. iii. 1. 2.

Parcis diripere horreo amphoram, Hor. Od. iii. 28. 7.

Ac, nisi mutatum, parcit defundere vinum, Id. Sat. ii. 2. 58. Nihil promittere parcunt, Catul. lxi. 146.

Timeo, or metuo facere, is a very elegant periphrasis.

Illum aget pennâ metuente solvi fama superstes, Hor. Od. ii. 2. 7. i. e. with a wing never to be loosened like those of Icarus, but always firm and secure.

Culpari metuit fides, Id. Od. iv. 5. 20.

The

Arctos, oceani metuentes æquore tingi, Virg. G. i. 246. great and little Bears which never fall below the horizon, avavés πεφυλαγμέναι ὠκεανοῖο, Aratus.

Nil metuunt jurare, Catul. Ixi. 146. will swear any thing.

Cur timet flavum Tiberin tangere? Hor. Od. i, S. 8. i. e. why does he not touch it as he used to do.

h. An elegant form of imperative is memento with an infinitive mood.

Tu sapiens finire memento tristitiam, Hor. Od. i. 7. 17.

Equam memento rebus in arduis servare mentem, Id. Od. ii. 3. 1. i. e. semper conserva. See Od. ii. 17. 31. iii. 29. 32. Sat. ii. 4. 12. 89. ii. 5. 52. Epist. i. 8. 16. And Virg. G. ii. 259. En. ii. 549. vi. 851. vii. 126.

Sometimes ut with the conjunctive is substituted for the in