(c) To express condition :

Morte luam poenas iudice victa dea.-XXIII. 58.

(d) To express cause:

Dicta quoque est Latium terra, latente deo.-XXIV. 152.
(e) To express relation of time:

At cur pace lates, motisque recluderis armis ?-XXIV. 191.
Recordanti plura magisque placent.-XXI. 84.

This use is commonest in the ablative absolute.

(f) Concessively :

Cernere non moto corpore bina licet.-XXIV. 58.

The gerundive is similarly used to express purpose, fitness, and possibility, as

Colla rudes operum praebent ferienda iuvenci.-XXIV. 19.

Heu loca felici non adeunda viro !-XXXI. 76.

8. Clearness is obtained by distributive narration, in which the parts are separately enumerated by the aid of such phrases as hic...hic; hic...ille; pars...pars; alter...alter; nunc...nunc ; sive...sive; or the repetition of the relative or interrogative, or their particles. Good instances are I. 17—24; XVIII. 69-82.

9. A picture is made more vivid, and variety is produced by the figure called Apostrophe, in which the poet addresses, in imagination, that which he describes, as in Î. 21:

Has, hyacinthe, tenes, illas, amarante, moraris.

(Cp. II. 65; IX. 45; XV. 3; XVIII. 19, and many others.)

10. The same effects of vividness and variety are obtained by the frequent use of the historic present. A sudden break from past tenses into present is often very effective. XI. contains some good examples of this. The opening picture, 23-32, has only one verb in the perfect, and that is rather a present perfect than a past :

Ipsa Iovis coniunx cessit ab urbe sua.

Then the narrative begins more quietly, and imperfects are used, till the critical moment comes, when after hesitating betwixt affection and fear, Hypermnestra attempts to fulfil her father's commands:

Erigor, et capio tela tremente manu.

And, later, her husband's scared waking is emphasized by a sudden change to the present (1. 73).

II. The limitations of the metre, as well as the art of the storyteller, lead to the use of direct rather than oblique forms, even in short sentences, as in XXI. 24 :

Filius " Agnosco iussa parentis" ait.

12. The fondness of the Latins for a definite rather than a general picture is shown by such expressions as corpora Graia, IX. 24; Libyca de rupe, XXII. 11; silvis Laurentibus, XXII. 34, and the allusions in XXVIII. 18-20.