some by his small breeches, being otherwise naked, and drew him through the mud into the upland; and a doleful, great, naked dirty beast, he looked like." Captain Church then said, "Forasmuch as he has caused many an Englishman's body to lie unburied and rot above ground, not one of his bones shall be buried!"

With the great chief, fell five of his most trusty followers, one of whom was his chief captain's son,* and the very Indian who fired the first gun at the commencement of the war.

"Philip having one very remarkable hand, being much scarred, occasioned by the splitting of a pistol in it formerly, Capt. Church gave the head and that hand to Alderman, the Indian who shot him, to show to such gentlemen as would bestow gratuities upon him; and accordingly he got many a penny by it."+

The barbarous usage of beheading and quartering traitors was now executed upon the fallen Philip. Church, "calling his old Indian executioner, bid him behead and quarter him. Accordingly, he came with his hatchet, and stood over him, but before he struck, he made a small speech, directing it to Philip," saying, "You have been a very great man, and have made many a man afraid of you; but so big as you be I will now chop your ass for you." He then proceeded to the execution of his orders.

His head was sent to Plimouth, where it was exposed upon a gibbet for 20 years, and one of his hands to Boston, where it was exhibited in savage triumph, and his mangled body was denied the right of sepulture. It having been quartered, was hung upon four trees, and there left as a monument of shocking barbarity.

Church and his company returned to the island the same day, and arrived with the prisoners at Plimouth two days after, namely, Tuesday, August 15, "ranging through all the woods in their way." They now "received their premium, which was 30 shillings per head," for all enemies killed or taken, "instead of all wages, and Philip's head went at the same price." This amounted to only four and sixpence a-piece, "which was all the reward they had, except the honor of killing Philip."

Having in the year 1824 visited the memorable retreat of the Wampanoag sachems, we can give the reader some idea of its situation. There is a natural angular excavation, in an almost perpendicular rock, about 6 or 7 feet from its base, where it is said Philip and some of his chief men were surprised on the morning of the 12 August. We have in the Life of Massasoit described Mount Hope, and it is at the north part of it that the high rock is situated; variously estimated from 30 to 50 feet in height, and is nearly 2 miles from the village of Bristol. From the seat, or throne of KING PHILIP, as some have called it, a fine view of Mount Hope Bay opens upon us. the foot of the rock is a fine spring of water, known to this day by the name of Philip's Spring.

Near

Mr. Alden, the curious collector of epitaphs, says "the late Lieut. Gov. Bradford, [who died at Bristol in 1808,] in early life, knew an aged squaw, who was one of Philip's tribe, was well acquainted with this sagamore in her youthful days, and had often been in his wigwam. The information, through her, is, therefore, very direct, as to the identical spot, where he fixed his abode. It was a few steps south of Capt. James De Wolfe's summer house, near the brow of a hill, but no vestige of the wigwam remains. The eastern side of this hill is very steep, vastly more so than that at Horse Neck, down which the intrepid Putnam trotted his sure-footed steed, in a manner worthy of a knight of the tenth century." "When Church's men were about to rush upon Philip, he is said to have evaded them by springing from his wigwam as they were entering it, and rolling, like a hogshead, down the precipice, which looks towards the bay. Having reached the lower part of this frightful ledge of rocks, without breaking his bones, he got upon his feet, and ran along the shore in a north-eastern direction, about 100 rods, and endeavored to screen himself in a swamp, then a quagmire, but now terra firma."

* Very probably a son of Uncompoin, or Woonashum.

↑ Philip's War.

228

LIFE OF KING PHILIP.

[BOOK III

How much of the above is apocryphal is uncertain, but that a part of it is I have no doubt. That Philip's camp was near the top of Mount Hope at the time he was surprised, is contrary to rational conclusion, but seems rather to have been fixed there by the imagination of some one, for the pleasure it might afford them in contemplating the manner of the chief's escape by rolling down a rugged precipice.

During the bloody contest, the pious fathers wrestled long and often with their God, in prayer, that he would prosper their arms and deliver their enemies into their hands; and when, upon stated days of prayer, the Indians gained advantage, it was looked upon as a rebuke of Providence, and animated them to greater sincerity and fervor; and on the contrary, when their arms prevailed upon such days, it was viewed as an immediate interposition in their favor. The philosophic mind will be shocked at the expressions of some, very eminent in that day for piety and excellence of moral life. Dr. Increase Mather, in speaking of the efficacy of prayer, in bringing about the destruction of the Indians, says, "Nor could they [the English] cease crying to the Lord against Philip, until they had prayed the bullet into his heart." And in speaking of the slaughter of Philip's people, at Narraganset, he says, "We have heard of two-and-twenty Indian captains, slain all of them, and brought down to hell in one day." Again, in speaking of a chief who had sneered at the English religion, and who had, "withal, added a most hideous blasphemy, immediately upon which a bullet took him in the head, and dashed out his brains, sending his cursed soul in a moment amongst the devils, and blasphemers, in hell forever."†

The low and vulgar epithets sneeringly cast upon the Indians by their English contemporaries are not to be attributed to a single individual, but to the English in general. It is too obvious that the early historians viewed the Indians as inferior beings, and some went so far as hardly to allow them to be human.

Like Massasoit, Philip always opposed the introduction of Christianity among his people. When Mr. Eliot urged upon him its great importance, he said he cared no more for the gospel than he did for a button upon his coat. This does not very well agree with the account of Mr. Gookin, respecting Philip's feelings upon religious matters; at least, it shows that there was a time when he was willing to listen to such men as the excellent and benevolent Gookin. In speaking of the Wampanoags, he says, "There are some that have hopes of their greatest and chiefest sachem, named Philip, living at Pawkunnawkutt. Some of his chief men, as I hear, stand well inclined to hear the gospel: and himself is a person of good understanding and knowledge in the best things. I have heard him speak very good words, arguing that his conscience is convicted: but yet, though his will is bowed to embrace Jesus Christ, his sensual and carnal lusts are strong bands to hold him fast under Satan's dominions." ¶ And Dr. Mather adds, "It was not long, before the hand which now writes, [1700,] upon a certain occasion took off the jaw from the exposed skull of that blasphemous leviathan; and the renowned Samuel Lee hath since been a pastor to an English congregation, sounding and showing the praises of heaven, upon that very spot of ground, where Philip and his Indians were lately worshipping of the devil." **

The error that Philip was grandson to Massasoit, is so well known to be such, that it would hardly seem to have required notice, but to inform the

+ Ibid. page 7.

In his "Prevalency of Prayer," page 10. Such as dogs, wolves, blood-hounds, demons, devils-incarnate, cailiffs, hell-hounds, fiends, monsters, beasts, &c. Occasional quotations will show what authors have used these.

6 The author of "Indian Tales" has fathered all he could think of upon Mr. Hubbard. He may be called upon to point out the passage in that valuable author's works where he has called one or any of the Indians "hell-hounds." Such loose, gratuitous expressions will not do at the bar of history.

Magnalia.

T1 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. i. 200.

**Mr. Lee was taken by the French in a voyage to England, and carried into their country, where he died, in 1691. This event, it was thought, hastened his end. Perhaps the surviving natives did not attribute the disaster to his usurping their territory, and teaching a religion they could not believe; but might they not with equal propriety?

reader of its origin. The following passage from John Josselyn's work * will, besides proving him to be the author of the error, at least the first writer that so denominates him, furnish some valuable information. Speaking of the Indians in general, he says, "Their beads are their money; of these, there are two sorts, blue beads and white beads; the first is their gold, the last their silver. These they work out of certain shells, so cunningly, that neither Jew nor Devil can counterfeit. They drill them and string them, and make many curious works with them, to adorn the persons of their sagamores and principal men, and young women, as belts, girdles, tablets, borders for their women's hair, bracelets, necklaces, and links to hang in their ears. Prince Philip, a little before I came for England, [1671,] coming to Boston, had a coat on and buskius set thick with these beads, in pleasant wild works, and a broad belt of the same; his accoutrements were valued at £20. The English merchant giveth them 10s. a fathom for their white, and as much more, or near upon, for their blue beads." "The roytelet now of the Pocanakets is prince Philip, alias Metacon, the grandson of Massasoit."‡

While Mrs. Rowlandson was a captive in the wilderness with the allies of Philip, she mentions meeting with him; and although she speaks often with bitterness of the Indians in general, yet of him nothing of that nature appears in her journal. The party she was with visited Philip on the west side of the Connecticut, about five miles above Northfield, then called Squakeag. Having arrived at the point of crossing, Mrs. Rowlandson says, "We must go over the river to Philip's crew. When I was in the canoe, I could not but be amazed at the numerous crew of pagans that were on the bank on the other side." She was much afraid they meant to kill her here, but, being assured to the contrary, become more resigned to her fate. "Then came one of them, (she says,) and gave me two spoonfuls of meal (to comfort me,) and another gave me half a pint of peas, which was worth more than many bushels at another time. Then I went to see King Philip; he bade me come in and sit down; and asked me whether I would smoke it; (a usual compliment now a days, among the saints and sinners;) but this no ways suited me." §

"During my abode in this place, Philip spake to me to make a shirt for his boy, which I did; for which he gave me a shilling." "Afterward he asked me to make a cap for his boy, for which he invited me to dinner; I went, and he gave me a pancake, about as big as two fingers; it was made of parched wheat, beaten and fried in bears' grease; but I thought I never tasted pleasanter meat in my life." ||

It is extremely gratifying to hear any testimony in favor of the humanity of a chief who in his time was so much execrated. To say the least of Philip's humanity, it was as great towards captives, so far as we have any knowledge, as was that of any of the English to the captive Indians.

As the Indians were returning from their recesses upon the Connecticut, (in what is now New Hampshire and Vermont,) towards Wachuset, "having indeed my life, (says Mrs. Rowandson,) but little spirit, Philip, who was in the company, came up, and took me by the hand, and said, 'Two weeks more and you shall be mistress again.' I asked him if he spoke true: he said, Yes, and quickly you shall come to your master ¶ again,' 'who had been gone from us three weeks.” **

In bringing our account of this truly great man towards a close, we must not forget to present the reader with a specimen of the language in which he spoke. The following is the Lord's prayer in Wampanoag :

Noo-shun kes-uk-qut, qut-tian-at-am-unch koo-we-su-onk, kuk-ket-as-soo-tamoonk pey-au-moo-utch, kut-te-nan-tam-oo-onk ne nai, ne-ya-ne ke-suk-qut

Account of two Voyages to New England, 142, 143.

Of this he was misinformed. There was much spurious wampum, which became a subject of legislation. See Hazard's Hist. Col. vol. ii.

Account of two Voyages to New England, 146. He is also called grandson of Massasoit, in the work entitled Present State of New England, in respect to the Indian War, fol. London, 1676; the author of that work doubtless copied from Josselyn.

Narrative of her Captivity, 38, 39.

Quinnapin. See his Life

|| Ibid. 40.

** Narrative of Mrs. Rowlandson, 63.

230 LIVES OF PHILIP'S CHIEF CAPTAINS.-NANUNTENOO. [Book III. kah oh-ke-it. As-sa-ma-i-in-ne-an ko-ko-ke-suk-o-da-e nut-as-e-suk-ok-ke petuk-qun-neg. Kah ah-quo-an-tam-a-i-in-ne-an num-match-e-se-ong-an-on-ash, ne-wutch-e ne-na-wun wonk nut-ah-quo-an-tam-au-o-un-non-og nish-noh pasuk noo-na-mon-tuk-quoh-who-nan, kah ahque sag-kom-pa-gin-ne-an en qutch-e-hettu-ong-a-nit, qut poh-qua-wus-sin-ne-an wutch match-i-tut.*

Since we are upon curiosities, the following may very properly be added. There is to be seen in the library of the Mass. Hist. Society a large skimmer, which some have mistaken for a bowl, cut out of the root of ash, that will old about two quarts. On this article is this historical inscription, in gilt letters: "A trophy from the wigwam of KING PHILIP; when he was slain in 1676, by Richard; presented by Ebenezer Richard, his grandson." †

000

CHAPTER III.

LIVES OF PHILIP'S CHIEF CAPTAINS.

NANUNTENOO-Reasons for his aiding Philip―His former name-Meets the English and Indians under Captain Peirse-Fights and destroys his whole company at Parotucket-Incidents relating to that fight-Notice of Captain Peirse-Nanuntenoo surprised and taken-His magnanimity-Speech to his captors-Is executed and his body burnt Cassassinnamon Catapazet-Monopoide- ANNAWON - His escape from the swamp when Philip was killed-Captain Church sent out to capture him— Discovers his retreat-Takes him prisoner-His magnanimous behavior-His speech to Church-Presents him with Philip's ornaments-Description of them— Church takes Annawon to Plimouth, where he is put to death-QUINNAPIN-His connections and marriage-At the capture of Lancaster-Account of his wives— Weetamoo-He is taken and shot-TUSPAQUIN-His sales of lands-His operations in Philip's War-Surrenders himself, and is put to death-Reflections upon his executioners-TATOSON-Early notices of Captures a garrison in Plimouth-Trial and execution of Keweenam-Totoson dies of a broken heart-BARRow cruelly murdered-TYASKS.

NANUNTENO0, son of Miantunnomoh, "was chief sachem of all the Narragansets, and heir of all his father's pride and insolency, as well as of his malice against the English." Notwithstanding this branding character, drawn by a contemporary, we need only look into the life of Miantunnomoh, to find excuse for "malice and insolency" tenfold more than was contained in the breast of Nanuntenoo.

The English had cut to pieces the women and children of his tribe, burned them to death in their wigwams, and left their mangled bodies bleaching in the wintry blast! The swamp fight of the 19 Dec. 1675, could not be forgotten! Nanuntenoo escaped from this scene, but we cannot doubt that he acquitted himself agreeably to the character we have of him.

The first name by which he was known to the English was Canonchet, though, like others, his name was written with many variations. In 1674, he was styled "chief surviving sachem of Narraganset," and in a deed in which he was so styled his name is written "Nawnawnoantonnew alias Quananchit, eldest son now living of Miantomomio."§ He had been in Boston the October before the war, upon a treaty, at which time he received, among other presents, a silver-laced coat. Dr. Mather says, speaking of the Narragansets, "their great sachem called Quanonchet, was a principal ringleader in the Narraganset war, and had as great an interest and influence, as can be said of

Eliot's Indian Bible, Luke xi. 2-4.

No mention is made to whom, or when it was presented. It does not appear to us to be of such antiquity as its inscription pretends; and the truth of which may very reasonably be questioned, in this particular, when the more glaring error of the name of the person said to have killed Philip, is staring us in the face.

Hubbard, 67-Mr. Oidmixon calls him "the mighty sachem of Narraganset."—Brit Empire.

Potter's Hist. Narraganset, Coll. R. Hist. Soc. iii. 172.

any among the Indians;" and that, "when he was taken and slain, it was an amazing stroke to the enemy."†

The name of Canonchet stands first to the treaty, to which we have just alluded, which was entered into at Boston, 18 Oct. 1675. By that treaty, the Narragansets agreed to deliver to the English in 10 days, "all and euery one of the said Indians, whether belonging vnto Philip, the Pocasset Sqva, or the Saconett Indians, Quabaug, Hadley, or any other sachems or people that haue bin or are in hostillitie with the English, or any of their allies or abettors." The names to the treaty are as follows:

Witnesses. RICHARD SMITH, JAMES BROWNE, SAMUEL GORTON, Jr.

Interpreters.

"QUANANCHETT's mark, sachem in behalf of himself and Conanacus and the Old Queen and Pomham and Quaunapeen, (seal)

JOHN NOW HENETT's X mark,
Indian interpreter.

MANATANNOO counceller his +

mark, and Cannonacus in his behalf, (seal) AHANMANPOWETT's+mark, counceller and his (seal) CORNMAN, cheiffe counceller to Ninnegrett, in his behalfe, and a seal (S.)"

The Indians having carried their whirlwind of war to the very doors of Plimouth, caused the sending out of Captain Peirce, (or as his name is uniformly in the records, Peirse,) to divert them from these ravages, and destroy as many of them as he was able. He had a large company, consisting of 70 men, 20 of whom were friendly Indians. With these, no doubt, Peirsc thought himself safe against any power of the Indians in that region.

Meanwhile this most valiant chief captain of the Narragansets, Nanunte noo,§ learning, we presume, by his spies, the direction the English were tak ing assembled his warriors at a crossing place on Pawtucket River, at a point adjacent to a place since called Attleborough- Gore, and not far distant from Pawtucket falls. It is judged that Nanuntenoo was upon an expedition to attack Plimouth, or some of the adjacent towns, for his force was estimated at upwards of 300 men.

On arriving at this fatal place, some of Nanuntenoo's men showed them selves retiring, on the opposite side of the river. This stratagem succeeded,-Peirse followed. || No sooner was he upon the western side, than the warriors of Nanuntenoo, like an avalanche from a mountain, rushed down upon him; nor striving for coverts from which to fight, more than their foes, fought them face to face with the most determined bravery.

A part of Nanuntenoo's force remained on the east side of the river, to prevent the retreat of the English, which they most effectually did, as in the event will appear. When Captain Peirse saw himself hemmed in by numbers on every side, he drew up his men upon the margin of the river, in two ranks, back to back,¶ and in this manner fought until nearly all of them were slain. Peirse had timely sent a messenger to Providence for assistance, and although the distance could not have been more than six or eight miles, from some inexplicable cause, no succor arrived; and Mr. Hubbard ** adds, “As Solomon saith, a faithful messenger is as snow in harvest."

This dreadful fight was on Sunday, 26 March, 1676, when, as Dr. Mather says, "Capt. Peirse was slain and forty and nine English with him, and eight, (or more,) Indians, who did assist the English." The Rev. Mr. Newman of Rehoboth wrote a letter to Plimouth, dated the day after the slaughter, in

* Brief Hist. 26.

Prevalency of Prayer, 11.

It may be seen at large in Hazard's Collections, i. 536, 537. That Nanuntenoo commanded in person in the fight with the force under Capt. Peirse has been a question; indeed, our only authority is not very explicit upon the matter, (Hubbard, Postscript 7.) who observes that when Denison surprised him, he "was, at that moment, divertizing himself with the recital of Capt. Peirse's slaughter, surprized by his men a few days before."

Dr. Mather (Brief Hist. 24.) says, "a small number of the enemy who in desperate subtlety ran away from them, and they went limping to make the English believe they were lame," and thus effected their object.

T Deane's Hist. Scituate, 121.

** Narrative, 64.