AMERICAN ACCOUNTS. tion's destinies.-The fate of the Mandan tribes depends upon the oracular responses of another sacred rock, whose commands are believed and obeyed with the most implicit confidence. Sculptured rocks also occur at Tiverton, Rutland, &c. pp. 437, 438.

9. STONE CIRCLES. Three at least are known. One stands on a high rock, upon the banks of the river Winnipigon. The Indians are accustomed to crown this circle of stones with wreaths of herbage and with branches; for this reason, the carrying place, which passes it, has received the appellation of Le Portage de Bonnet, p. 439.

10. CURSUS. The second plate of Mr. Hodgson's Letters (frontispiece of vol. i.) is a Cursus, or oblong work, very narrow, rounded at the ends; above it at one end, a mound or tumulus, which commands a view of the whole. It is on the banks of the Ohio; and was the evident ancestor of the Greek Stadium.

11. IRREGULAR EARTHWORKS. In plate i. annexed to vol. ii. p. 420, are irregular fortifications, connected by an old road with an adjacent tumulus. These earthworks are situate on the east bank of the little Miami river, Warren County, Ohio, about 33 miles north-east of Cincinnati. Both this and the preceding plate, are copied from the Archæologia Americana. There is another work at Salem, near Connaught river (p. 417), round, having two parallel circular walls, with a ditch between them.

12. SHELLS. Nine Murex Shells, the musical instrument of the Tritons, and consecrated in India to Mahadeva have been found, p. 446.

13. ROCKING STONES. Several are mentioned. One NEAR the top of a high hill.[the situation of that near Stanton, Gloucestershire] can be moved by the hand, though the upper stone is thirty-one feet in circumference. In New Hampshire there are two; one at Andover, weighing fifteen or twenty tons; and the other at Durham. This was a short time since a very splendid rocking-stone, weighing between fifty and sixty tons, and so exactly poised, that the wind would move it, and its vibrations could be plainly seen at some distance. pp. 440, 441.

14. VITRIFIED FORTS. Some of the works on Paint Creek are vitrified every ten yards, p. 419. 15. TUMULI are found containing an immense number of skeletons. The "Big Grave," near Wheeling, contains many thousands, 5, pp. 426, 427.

16. HEARTHS AND FIRE-PLACES are occasionally brought to light on the banks of the Ohio, four to six feet below the surface, p. 441.

REMARKS.

Greeks anciently paid veneration to rough stones, as they afterwards did to statues." The same author mentions many other examples'. Borlase and Maurice' speak of rocks, consecrated and worshipped. Of Speaking Stones, see the Encyclopedia, p. 165. Our Coronation stone was an oracular one.

9. Stone Circles occur at Malabar and the Island of Tinian in the Pacifick Ocean1. Herodotus, Strabo, and others, say, that the Persians erected neither temples, statues, or altars; and Strabo adds, that they had great inclosures called Pyrathia, in the middle of which was an altars, called also Pyrathion. Dodwell, Greece, ii. 567. Were the-e stone circles, &c. ?

10. The Cursus at Stonehenge is precisely of the same form; see Sir R. C. Hoare's Anc. Wilts, i, 170. It so resembles the Roman Circus, that it is thought to have been introduced by them (Id. p. 171); but the American Stadium shows the originality.

11. Sir R. C. Hoare's Anc. Wilts abounds with plans of similar irregular earthworks; and a covered way or guarded road to an adjacent fortress on a hill, occurs at the old British town near Chun Castle (see Encyclopedia, i. 77. from Britton's Architectural Antiq. ii. 57). The entrance to the road in the American works is guarded by two tumuli on each side, like the gatehouse towers of a castle. A fac-simile of such a mound and road occurs in Greece (see Walpole's Travels, i. 550), the side tumuli excepted.

12. See what is said in the Encyclopedia, i. 73, of one Etymon of Choir Gaur.

13. In Fawkes's translation of Apollonius Rhodius, Argonaut. B. i. v. 1671, &c. are the following verses; "In sea-girt Tenos, he the brothers slew,

And o'er their graves in heapy hillocks threw The crumbling mould; then with two columns Erected high, the death-devoted ground; [crowned, And one still moves, how marvellous the tale, With every motion of the Northern gale." These stones are of Asiatick occurrence, "Juxta Harpasa, oppidum Asia, cautes stat,horrenda uno digito mobilis; eadem si toto corpore impellatur resistens." Pliny ii. 96. quoted by Shaw, Africa, 66, ed. 1757.

14. VITRIFIED FORTIFICATIONS in Great Britain, are described in Archæologia, and Encyclopædia.

15. In Mexico, at the inauguration or burial of the king, thousands of children were sacrificed, and at the death of any chieftain, wives and servants were buried alive in the sepulchre. Solorzan. 220.

16. A British hypocaust or hearth occurs in Wilts". In one barrow a floor was found on which had been made an intense fire, but the bones of the Briton were found below it 1o.

Dodwell's Greece, ii. 172.

on Stonehenge, p. 28.

6

17. See

• Stark

7 v. 241. vi. 87, 100. x. 147. 8 ii, 511.

AMERICAN ACCOUNT. 17. HILL ALTARS, AND TERRACED hills occur both in North and South America: also tumuli as places of diversion, p. 426–434.

I shall end this account with observing, 1. That the barrows have similar contents to those in this Island. 2. That the wicker human sacrifices of the Druids [rites of Bhuddism. Seeley, 195] obtained in Carolina, with the difference only of brazen statues (Solorzanus, p. 220) for the barrows show that they had a knowledge of metals. 3. That the white robes of the Druids were worn by the Mexican priesthood (Id. 223); that Strabo's ascription to the former of the long gown, and Boadicea's striped petticoat, are given as Phenician Costumes in the Terence and Virgil of the Vatican. 4. That creeping through tolmen or perforated stones obtains in India (Popul. Antiq. ii. 592.) 5. That Cromlechs occur in Greece, and that the Greeks borrowed all their arts from the Barbarians (Athenag. Legat. pro Christianis, p. 111). 6. That the miraculous bells of the early British Christians were borrowed from the Brahmins (Sketches of the Relig. of the Hindoos, i. 234). 7. That April Fool Day, bonfires, &c. at certain periods, and the knowledge of gunpowder, were derived by the Druids from India, Id. ii., 52, 57. Maurice, vi. 71-74. 8. That the Torque, as a decoration, is exclusively of Oriental origin (Tertull. p. 115. Ed. Rigalt). 9. And that the unlucky occursaculum of meeting a woman at certain times, still prevalent here, occurs at Malabar. Popul. Ant. ii.522.

In short, it seems, that what are called CELTICK Antiquities, obtained over the whole globe, in the infancy of society, and only imply primitive states of Heathen superstition: and that (according to Capt. Seeley) the Asiatick Mythology being inexplicable, because older than History, Druidism in its primary features must be so likewise. The rest, according to Cæsar, is analogous to Greek and Roman superstition, to which authors and monuments prove the addition of that of Mithras, in the second century of our æra. The assimilations in style of British and Grecian Fortresses are shown in p. 925.

P. 76. COTTAGES OF WICKER WORK. These occur at Miraka in Greece'.

P. 81. CASTLES. A remarkable instance of a Norman fortification erected in a Roman station, occurs at Pleshy, in Essex, which is well represented in several plates in Mr. Gough's "History." The earthworks of the Keep, &c. are particularly bold and striking. In the same work is a curious view of the Tower of London temp. Richard II. copied from a Royal MS. 16 F. ii, in which the Duke of Orleans, then a prisoner, is represented sending dispatches to his friends abroad. In the same Plate is a representation of London Bridge, &c, illustrative of the article "Bridges," p. 119.

P. 82. Low ROUND KEEPS TEMP. EDWARD III. Stowe mentions these as being called Round Tables?. P. 90. St. Sepulchre's Church at Northampton 'Dodwell, ii. 336.

REMARKS.

17. See the Encyclopedia. ii. pp. 495, 510.

is another fine specimen of a Round Church. It is represented in Schnebbelie's " Antiquaries Museum." P. 120. CONDUITS. A pleasing specimen of one, formerly at Wells, is engraved in Gent. Mag. vol. LXXXI. ii. 9. from a drawing by J. Carter, F.S.A.

P. 121*. The relative proportions of some of the principal Ecclesiastical Structures in Europe, are well contrasted in a Plate in the Gentleman's Magazine, vol. LXXxiv. i. p. 643.

P. 122. SCULPTURE, EGYPTIAN. The illustrations by Belzoni and Colonel Light will be given in the "Foreign Topography."

P. 132. EGINETIC SCULPTURE. This school is prior to the introduction of the Beau Ideal, and is so denominated from the figures found at Ægina. The muscles and the veins, which are anatomically correct, exhibit the soft flexibility of life, and even motion of the body, in scientifick harmony with nature. The limbs are strong, though not Herculean, and elegant without effeminacy. No preposterous muscular protuberance, no unnatural feminine delicacy offends the eye. They are natural without being harsh or rugged, and are composed with Dorick severity mingled with the airy grace of the youthful form. The perfection of the finish is quite wonderful. Every part is in a stile worthy of the most beautiful Cameo. The extremities of the hands and feet merit more particular admiration. Indeed the Ancients thought that elegant fingers and nails were essential ingredients in the composition of the beautiful. The most extraordinary circumstance, however, in these statues is the want of expression, and the sameness of countenance, which is to be observed in all the heads. This approximation to identity is certainly not fortuitous, for the artists who were able to throw so much varied beauty into the forms of the bodies, were no doubt able to infuse a similar diversity of expression into the features. Their talents were probably confined to one style of countenance by some religious prejudice. Perhaps some archaic and much venerated statue served as a model, from which it might not have been consistent with the feeling of reverence, or with the state of opinion to deviate. The formation and postures of the bodies offered a greater scope and a wider field for the talents of the sculptor; for while the Dorick severity of the early Eginetic school is evidently diffused through the whole, yet a correctness of muscular knowledge, and a strict adherence to natural beauty, are conspicuously blended in every statue. An unmeaning and inanimate smile is prevalent in all the faces. Even one of the heroes, who is mortally wounded, is supporting himself in the most beautiful attitudes, and smiling upon death. In short, the conqueror and the conquered, the dying and the dead, have all one expression, or rather none at all. Annals, ed. Howes, p. 239.

The high finish of the hair is particularly worthy of notice. Some of the curls, which hang down in short ringlets, are of lead, and still remain. The helmets were ornamented with metallic accessories; and the offensive weapons were probably of bronze, but they have not been found. All the figures have been painted. The colour is still visible, though nearly effaced. The statues are in the Cabinet of Munich. Pausanias (as does Pliny also, xxxv. 11.) mentions the Eginetic School of Sculpture, and calls the works Αιγιναία εργασια 1.

P. 133. ROMAN STATUES, WHY IN A MILITARY HABIT. Cicero says, the ambition of warlike glory is shewn by this circumstance, that nearly all their statues are in a military habit. Offic. L. i. c. 6.

P. 199. VASES. Mr. Dodwell says, that Etruscan vases have no resemblance to those of Greece. The Graphick and Polychromick kinds of the latter nation are the scarcest. By the former are meant those upon which the figures are mere outlines. The black and dark red are the most ancient. Polychromick are composed of all the different colours which the subjects require; and these are the scarcest and most valuable of all 2.

The

P. 222. The Runick Almanack spoken of in note 1, was used in the Isle of Esel. It was well explained in the Gent. Mag. 1912, vol. LXXII. i. p. 625, by the late Rev. W. Tooke, F. R. S.

P. 227. In Malcolm's London, are two specimens of ancient bedrooms and furniture; one representing the death of Godfrey of Boulogne; the other the death of Whittington, twice Lord Mayor of London; and in Nichols's Leicestershire, is a representation of a carved Bedstead of the 15th century, said to have been the one on which Richard III. slept before the battle of Bosworth Field.

P. 249. CHAIR. Some very curious specimens are engraved in the Voyage Pittoresque de la Grece 3, and the unedited Antiquities of Attica, ch. viii. pl. 5. Mr. Hope has given two others,Costumes, pl. 218,275.

P. 254. CONES OF TERRA COTTA (omitted). Mr. Dodwell (Greece, i. 35, 36) has engraved cones inscribed with A❤POAEITH, &c. about three inches and a half high, and perforated at the top. They are generally painted black and red, or of a similar colour, and presumed to have been attached to the necks of cattle, to show what pasture they belonged to if they strayed.

P. 267. FLOWER-STANDS (omitted). Mr. Hope has engraved a beautiful one, consisting of a Dorick column, supporting a basket full of flowers.

4

P. 294. MORTAR. The Society of Apothecaries of London were formerly possessed of a curious antique mortar, on which were several figures of animals, trees, &c. and an inscription. The representation of this curiosity is preserved in the Gentleman's Magazine, vol. LIX. p. 877.

8

pl. 227.

P. 294. MUMMIES. Belzoni's account will be abstracted in the " Foreign Topography."

P. 299. PANNIERS. The Egyptian substitute represented on the tombs of Thebes, is an immense oblong basket, reaching from the neck to the rump of the ass, and shaped like a dice-box. See the Grande Description de l'Egypte, vol. iv. pl. 68.

P. 304. PLAY-BILLS (omitted). In the "Description d'une Mosaique Antique de Musée Pio-Clementin à Rome, representant des scenes de Tragedies par A. L. Millin, Atlas fol. Paris, 1819," M. Millin says, p. 9. "We find that the Ancients had like ourselves a kind of announcements of plays, and even play-bills (affiches), but instead of writing the names of the characters who were to figure in the piece, they suspended at the entry of the theatre, des cadres (frames) placed in a cartouche, having the form of a small temple, decorated with columns and a front on, or other ornaments. The fine MSS. of the Vatican Terence, and of the Royal Library at Paris, offer examples of it."

P. 307. PULPIT. A fine specimen of the ancient Ambones exists in the Cathedral of Salerno. There are two, one on each side of the nave, before the steps of the chancel. They are both of marble; the largest is covered with beautiful mosaick, and supported by twelve Corinthian columns of granite 6.

P. 326. SNUFFERS. A curious pair of Snuffers found at Corton, Dorsetshire, in 1768, are engraved in Hutchins's History, vol. ii. p. 310. They are of brass, and weigh six ounces; in shape like a heart fluted, and much ornamented. They consist of two equi-lateral cavities, by the edges of which the snuff is cut off, and received into the cavities, from which it is not got out without much trouble. The roughness of the workmanship and the awkwardness of the form, bespeak them of much antiquity. On the same plate is engraved an ancient seal found also at Corton, with the name Jesus three times repeated.

P. 338. TICKET. Tessera of Hospitality originated in the difficulty of travelling; and were hereditary between families living in distant places. Mr. Dodwell found several astragals of lead, cut in halves which he supposes were these συμβολα ξενικα, one half of which was preserved by each contracting party. The Romans cut the tessera in halves in the same manner. In Millin's Voyage, ubi supra, are engraved, p.230. not only GladiatorialTesseræ, but others destined to be placed in the foundations of churches. P. 365. BUTCHERS. The Micatio. This practice was the λayxaVELY of the Greeks, supposed to be the invention of Helen. It is represented on an ancient bas-relief at Rome, and on a Spinthra, once in the Orleans Collection. It is played by two at a time, both crying out, at the same moment, a number not exceeding ten, and at the same time opening suddenly as many fingers as they imagine that the uni

3 Tom. ii. pl. 8. pp. 85, 86. 4 Costumes, 7 Dodwell's Greece, i. 520.

ted numbers of the two players will make. It is a singular circumstance, that this game is known at the newly-discovered island of Loo-Choo'.

P. 374. CONSULS TO FOREIGN PORTS (omitted). Dr. Henry says (x. 241) that a charter of King Hen. IV. in 1404, enabling merchants to chuse Governors of their factories, gave birth to the modern Consuls in the 15th century. This is a mistake. They occur in 1190; and had power over the merchants of their own nations, except in capital crimes. Factories existed both among Greeks and Romans, and they are probably much more ancient.

P.382. EDUCATION. Mr. Dodwell shows the antiquity in Greece of the systems of Bell and Lancaster. P. 423. MELINUM was a white earth used for paint. P. 465. TAPESTRY. Millin says, it appears, that the Median, Persian, and Babylonian tapestry suggested to the Greeks the idea of many imaginary animals. The Pepli, which they exposed in great ceremonies, consisted of tapestry, upon which they embroidered entire fables, that is to say, complete histories of some gods, or heroes; and such tapestry they suspended in the sacred grottoes, the entries of temples, and apertures of doors 4.

P. 498. GAER-DYKES, &c. Lykosoura very much resembles it. Dodwell's Greece, ii. 395. Drymaia (Id.ii. 135) assimilates Trer-cueri; Moulko (presumed Tethronion) Besancon (Id. ii. 136); and Midea, &c. the Welch forts commanding passes. Id. ii. 254, 298.

P. 500. CAMPS. Vegetius in making the Tertiata Castra one third longer than the breadth, has probably misled the Annotator on Hyginus; for General Roy by admeasurement found the breadth to be three fourths of the length.

P. 506. CANALS. Of Greek Canals, see Dodwell, ii. 322. As outlets of water, the most ancient are those of China. Id. i. 242.

P. 516. Greek roads were paved with large square blocks of stone, not polygons like the Roman. Dodwell, ii. 434.

P. 534. At the bottom of the brass of Robert Braunche and his two wives, in Lynn church, Norfolk, date 1364, is a very curious representation of a dinner or feast. It is engraved in Gough's "Sepulchral Monuments," vol. i. pl. 45, p. 118; and at large in Carter's "Specimens of Ancient Sculpture,' &c. vol. 11. p. 13.

'Dodwell's Greece, ii. 37. ubi supr. iii. 308.

P. 566. TRAVELLING. Travellers took with them beds "to cast in an inne or house where they shulde fortune to come." Ellis's Letters on English History, i. 283.

P. 575. ST. DAVID'S DAY. Leeks were worn by our Princesses. Ellis's Lett. Eng. Hist. i. 273.

P. 582. LADY OF THE LAMB. The custom does not prevail at Kidlington, a correspondent acquaints me, though Brand was so informed.

P. 587. CHRISTMAS FESTIVAL, &c. Among the necessary apparatus is mentioned "A ship of silver for an almesdish." Ellis's Lett. Engl. Hist. i. 272.

P. 611. ARCHERY. In Malcolm's London, vol. iv. is a curious Plan of the Butts, &c. in Finsbury Fields, traced by Mr. Ellis of the British Museum, from an old print in the Bodleian Library, inserted in a work on Archery, by William Hole. From this print may be conceived the singular appearance which Finsbury Fields exhibited from the close of the 15th century to the time of Charles II.

P. 629. TRAVERSE, OR GERMAN FLUTE. Shaw, speaking of the mosaic pavement at Præneste, now Palestrina, says, "We there see a person playing upon an instrument, the very same with a German flute of this time." Africa, p. 85. ed. 1757.

P. 730. EAGLE WITH TWO HEADS (Aquila Biceps). The origin of this device has not been traced higher, with certainty, than 1459, but it occurs upon a copper coin of the Turkoman Ortokites of or about the year 1220. Marsden's Numismata Orientalia, p. 153.

P. S37. The armour, dresses, architecture, ships, &c. of the Anglo-Saxons, are well illustrated by a curious roll of paintings in rounds, preserved among the Cottonian MSS. exhibiting the principal events in the life of St. Guthlac. They are expressive of the state of art of the Anglo-Saxons in history-painting; and are engraved and explained in Nichols's History of Leicestershire, vol. iv. pp. 3-6. At the back of the roll is the History of Israel, which also exhibits Anglo-Saxon costume.

P. 866. SCLAVINA. The long coarse robe of Pilgrims.-Brit, Monach. 422.

P. 866. SCROBULA. The robe of female pilgrims with closer sleeves than the preceding, Id. 424.

NOTE. Supplementary Additions of considerable variety and interest, will be given in the " Foreign Topography" before mentioned.

P. 2. 1. 18, r. Radel.

P. 3. 1. 34, r. Ballium.

Ρ. 34. 1. 3, τ. αναμαικτοι,

P. 39. 1. 31, r. Spoliarium.

P. 47. note, 1. 10. r. Edilib.

P. 50. I. i. r. Læstrigons.-1. 12, dele wives, r.

women.

P. 53. 1. 18, r. rogat.

P. 63. 1. 8, for he, r. they.

Pp. 64, 65, 66, the head lines in these pages should

be "Greek Tombs."

P. 69. 1. 5, for doctor, r. lictor.
P. 70, 1. 38, r. Bidentalium.

P. 72, head-piece, for Corbel Bole, r. Corbel Table. P. 73, 1.2, r. Deasuil.-1.5, for Stukeley, r. Aubrey. P. 79. 1. 29. The words "fig. 2." should follow "pattern of á castle," in the preceding line, instead of where they now are.

P. 80. 1. 26, r. Conisborough.

P. 82. 1. 37. After "well," add, See fig. 4, in the Plate of Ancient Castles, p. 79.

P. 84. 1. 8, for Bodenham, r. Bodiam.-1. 13, after "Queenborough," add, See fig. 7, in Plate of Ancient Castles, p. 79.-1. 25. for "Froissart," r. "Roman

d'Alexandre."

ried," add, See fig. 9, in Plate of Ancient Castles,

P. 79.

P. 122. 1. 6, for 27, r. 97.

P. 134. 1. 17, 66

γ. some bronze statues, curls soldered on to them."

P. 213. Bp. Ahlstan's Ring has lately been copied in Gent. Mag. vol. xc. ii. p. 483.

P. 356. note', 1. 1, read Theseus Ambrosius.-1.2, read Eolian.--1. 3, read Pantographia, Nos. 13, 14, 15, p. 120. n. 20, p. 124. n. 21, p. 126.

P. 392. article, Fifteenths.-note 4 should be to Morant's Colchester, p. 47.

P. 441. 1. 25, after "Phrygian bonnet," add, engraved in this work, p. 834, fig. 19.

P. 647. I. 11, r. Knights Grand Crosses, Knights Commanders, and Companions. See London Gazette, Jan. 3, 1815.

P. 882 1.21, A. E. note 5. To this reference belongs explained, p. 881."-line penult. dele "But see Conovium, tab. i."

*** The Reader will have the goodness to pardon any occasional mis-spelling in the Latin, or plurals for singulars, or vice versa, in the English text, as being unfortunate oversights, in the hurry of sending back the proofs, by return of post. See PREFACE, p. vi.