Every day the garrifon was leffened by disease, and the wretched furvivors more and more enfeebled by fatigue end hunger. Baker, one of their governours, died: they chofe an officer of the name of Mitcheburne to fucceed him. When numbers of them, were scarcely able to fupport their arms, they threatened death to any who fould mention a furrender. General Hamilton endeavoured to move them by perfuafion; they reproached him with his own treachery. Rofen, who was fent to command the fiege, and conducted it with vigour and addrefs, thundered out dreadful menaces against them; and thus by convincing them that no mercy was to be expected, confirmed their refolution. Outrageous at this obftinacy, he declared, that if the town were not surrendered by the first day of July, all of their faction through the whole country to Ballyshannon, Charlemont, Belfast, Innifowen, protected and unprotected alike, fhould be given up to plunder, and driven under their walls, there to perifh, unless relieved by a furrender of the town. The appointed day arrived, but the garrifon continued their defence. On the next morning a confufed multitude was feen hurrying towards the walls. At a distance they were mistaken for enemies; the garrifon fired on them, but happily without any damage to the thousands of miferable proteftants, of all ages and conditions, infirm, old, young, women, infants, goaded on by foldiers whofe ears were tortured with their fhrieks, and who executed their hideous orders with tears. The afflicting fpectacle tranfported the garrifon to fury. Numbers of the wretched fufferers thus driven to perish beneath their walls, conjured them with bended knees and lifted hands, by no means to confider their diftrels, but to defend their lives bravely against an enemy who fought to involve them all in one common laughter. A gallows was now erected in view of the befiegers; they were af fured, that all the prisoners taken by the garrison should be inftantly executed, unless their friends were allowed to depart. Confeffors were even admitted to prepare them for death; but Rofen was still unmoved. Happily the intelligence of his barbarous intentions flew to Dublin. The proteftant bishop of Meath remonftrated to James; he answered, that he had already ordered these captives to be released, obferving, that fuch severities were ufuali in foreign fervice, however fhocking to his fubjects. Those who furvived a confinement of almoft three days without fuftenance or helter, were thus permitted to return to their habitations, where the ravages of the foldiery had left them no means of comfort. Some of their ableft men were ftolen into the town, and five hundred ufeless people crowded among them, and passed undiscovered, notwithstanding the vigilance of the enemy.

The garrison, with a confirmed horrour of the befiegers, continued their obftinate defence, and even made defperate and fuc cessful fallies when they were too much weakened by hunger to pursue their advantage. The flesh of horses, dogs, and vermin, hides, tallow, and other nauseous fubftances, were purchased at extravagant prices, and eagerly devoured Even fuch miferable refources began to fail, and no means of fuftenance could be found for more than two days. Still the languid and ghastly crowds lif tened to the exhortations of Walker; ftill he affured them from the pulpit that the Almighty would grant them a deliverance. While their minds were yet warm with his harangue, delivered with all the eagerness of a man infpired, they difcovered three fhips in the lake making way to the town. Kirk, who had abandoned

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them from the thirteenth day of June to the thirtieth of July, at length thought fit, in their extreme diftrefs, to make an hazardous attempt to relieve them; an attempt which he might have made with lefs danger at the moment of his arrival, and which poffibly might ftill have been deferred, had he not received fome intimations of a treaty for furrendering. Two fhips laden with provifions, and convoyed by the Dartmouth frigate, advanced in view both of the garrifon and the befiegers. On this interesting object they fixed their eyes in all the earnestnefs of fufpence and expectation. The enemy, from their batteries, from their musketry, thundered furiously on the fhips, which returned their fire with fpirit. The foremost of the victuallers ftruck rapidly against the boom, and broke it, but rebounding with violence, ran aground, The enemy burft inftantly into fhouts of joy, and prepared to board her; on the crowded walls the garrifon ftood tupified by defpair. The veffel fired her guns, was extricated by the fhock, and floated. She paffed the boom, and was followed by her com panions. The town was relieved and the enemy retired.'

It is now time that we close our obfervations on this interefting work, the uncommon merit of which has induced us to continue them through four fucceffive Numbers of our Review,

To point out the various paffages in thefe volumes, where Dr. Leland has corrected the mifreprefentations of former writers, where the narration is animated, and the fentiments philofophical and inftructive, would be a fuperfluous undertaking, and give to the most faithful account the air of panegyric. We fhall therefore conclude with obferving, that till a revolution of ages fhall afford materials for future annals, this work, in all probability, will remain the standard history of Ireland. In extent of information, with perfpicuity and elegance of ftyle, it is not inferior to any production of the kind in the English language.

V. A Differtation on the XVIIth Article of the Church of England: wherein the Sentiments of the Compilers, and other contemporary Reformers, on the Subject of the Divine Decrees, are fully deduced. from their own Writings, &c, 8vo. 25. Payne.

THE

"HE defign of this Differtation is to prove, that the 17th article of the church of England, which treats of Predeftination, was not drawn up by the compilers of our Arti cles in conformity to the doctrine of Calvin on this fubject.

In this difquifition the learned author ftates the doctrine of Calvin, producing feveral paffages from his writings, by which it appears, that he refolved predeftination into the fole will of God, both as to the elect and the reprobate; that, as to the former, he afferted the decrees of God to be abfolute, without any refpect to faith in Chrift or a good life; and with re

gard

gard to the latter, he fuppofed, that by the fame abfolute and irrespective decree of God, they are predeftined and determined to fin, and 'fo to damnation *.-How he kept clear of making God the author of fin, it behoves his followers to explain.

The author next proceeds to the article, and endeavours to evince from its defign and hiftory, and the fentiments of Cranmer, the principal compiler of it, that it gives no countenance to fuch doctrines as thofe of Calvin.

The fentiments of Cranmer he collects from the three laft chapters of The Neceffary Erudition (which, he fays, were added by Cranmer in 1543), and from Cranmer's book on the Sacrament, 1550. He then confiders the sentiments of bishop Ridley, and Melanchon, Cranmer's friend and corref pondent; and by feveral extracts from their writings, makes it appear, that they were very far from fhewing any attachment to the rigid doctrines of Calvin.

Thirdly, in order to confirm the fenfe of the 17th Article, as to its containing a caveat against the rigid doârine, and the abuses too naturally following from it, he cites at full length, the chapter, de Prædeftinatione, from the Reformatio Legum, in which archbishop Cranmer is faid to have had a principal hand.

Under the fourth head, he produces the teftimonies of Hooper and Latimer, against the rigid doctrine of the gofpellers, and the ill ufe they too naturally made of it. Laftly, he confiders the difference in opinion on this subject between fome of those who were imprisoned by queen Mary.

The fubftance of what he has advanced is contained in the following extract.

• The firit notice that is taken of the rigid doctrine of predeftination is in the Neceffary Erudition, &c. where it is carefully guarded against, by establishing a different doctrine.. This work was a publick act of the church at that time, confirmed by act of parliament. The fame perfons that were concerned at this period of the Reformation, were the principal agents in the more happy one of Edward VI. Here the work went on with the full concurrence of the crown. The articles, homilies, and liturgy were now framed and established. Cranmer was the great fuperintender of the whole. The articles were principally his work, aided and affifted with

Quod igitur fibi patefacto Dei verbo non obtemperant reprobi, probè id in malitiam pravitatemque cordis eorum rejicietur, modò fimul adjiciatur, ideo in hanc pravitatem addictos, quia jufto et infcrutabili Dei judicio fufcitati funt, ad gloriam ejus fuâ damna-` tione illuftrandum. Calv. Inftit. 1. iii. c. 23. § 7.

the

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the learning and abilities of Ridley. The article under confideration was first suggested to them by Melanchon, and the shocking confequences drawn from the rigid doctrine by the Gospellers here, made it more immediately neceffary to be taken notice of in the confeffion drawn up, for the use of the church of England. The 17th article therefore was intended as a guard both against their doctrine and the confequences they drew from it. The moderation with which it was drawn is admirable. Calvin was now carrying on the Reformation with great vigour, and at the fame time establishing his doctrine of the divine decrees with no lefs. His great ufe in lowering the power of the church of Rome, and forwarding the Reformation, obliged our reformers to exercise their ufual moderation in framing this article. They define the doctrine in the words of fcripture, without any comment of their own, With great address diftinguish out two different fenfes of the doctrine; show us the way how we are to judge ourselves included under the one, and point out the fatal confequences of the other; and at laft refer us to God's promifes as generally fet forth in the holy fcripture, and direct us to the proper rule of our lives and conversation.

• Concurrent with the Articles the reformation of the ecclefiaftical laws was carried on, Cranmer was at the head of this work likewife. After laying down the pofitive doctrineş of the gospel, the Reformatio Legum proceeds to guard a gainft the herefies. Several of them are particularly mentioned. Amongst the rest the rigid doctrine of predeftination, with the confequences drawn from it, has a place. Here the whole is more explicit than in the Article. By the manner of drawing up this chapter, it appears that our Reformers were more intent upon guarding against the fatal confequences of this doctrine, than in delivering one of their own. In fhort, it is probable that they were more particular in this digeft of the ecclefiaftical laws, as it was intended for the internal regimen of the church; whereas the Articles were confidered not only in that light, but as a declaration to the church of Rome, and the rest of the Christian world, that when we threw off her yoke, we profeffed the doctrine of the gofpel.

Both before and during the time of drawing up the Articles and ecclefiaftical laws, Latimer and Hooper, in their popular discourses, were guarding the people against the rigid doctrine and its fatal confequences.-Laft of all, when Bradford, in confequence of the difputes amongst the prisoners in queen Mary's time, drew up a state of this doctrine to be laid before them, and applied to Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer

te

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to give their fanction to it, thefe three bishops refused to fign it, judging, no doubt, that he had gone too far.

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Upon the whole, it cannot be imagined that our Article was drawn up agreeable to the principles of Calvin.'

The dean of Gloucefter, in his Letters to Dr. Kippis, has confidered the doctrine of the church of Rome, at the time juft preceding the Reformation, and fhewn, that, in refpect to predeftination, grace, free-will, and perfeverance, it was truly Calviniftical. The author of this Differtation enquires into the fenfe of our reformers in the times of Henry VIII. and Edward VI. Dr. Waterland, in the Supplement to the Cafe of Arian Subscription, has confidered the difputes on this fubject, which happened in the reigns of Elizabeth, James I. and Charles I. Many of our divines, fays the prefent differtator, during their exile under queen Mary, were strongly tinctured with Calvin's doctrines, which occafioned at length great difputes at Cambridge in the year 1595. They who maintain that the Article is Calviniftical, have generally chofen to fix upon this latter period. But the evidence drawn from thofe times, whatever it may amount to, cannot be equal to that which arifes from the apparent fentiments and defign of the compilers themselves, and their contemporaries."

To this Differtation is added a fhort tract, in which the author produces many authorities * to prove, that the declara tion before the XXXIX Articles was firft fet forth by Charles I. and not James I. as fome writers have afferted. See Confef. Ed. 1770. p. 132.

* Dr. Hammond's Works, vol. i. p. 670. Prynne's Canterb.' Doome, p. 160. Laud's Speech in the Star Chamber against Baftwick, &c. published in the second vol, of his Remains. Heylin's Hift. Quinq. 2d part. p. 110. Pearson's Anfw. to Dr. Burges. Plaifere's Appeal. K. Charles's Declarat. on the Diffol. of the Parliament, 1628. Rushworth's Coll. vol. i. Append. L. Rehearsal Tranfp, p. 174, &c.

VI. The Young Geographer and Aftronomer's beft Companion ; containing, the Elements of modern Geography, a comprehenfive Syftem of ancient Geography, the Defcription and Ufe of the celestial and terreftrial Globes, and the Elements of Aftronomy, illustrated qwith the neceffary Engravings. By E. Jones, Teacher of the Claf fies and Geography, at Bromley in Kent. zmo, 3. d. Baldwin. ALTHOUGH it be not neceffary that every one should be

thoroughly filled in geography and aftronomy, yet in the occurrences of life, fome acquaintance with them becomes fo frequently neceffary, that no man fhould be without it. Indeed, independent of this confideration, we ought to blush 尋味