TIERNEY-TILDEN.

rapidly a conspicuous place in the front ranks of the profession, and amassed by his earnings and a judicious investment of them the largest fortune ever accumulated by any American barrister. During the most laborious period of his professional life he was one of the leaders and most trusted counsellors of the Democratic party. He was a member of the convention for a revision of the constitution of the State in 1846, and again in 1867. He also served two terms in the lower branch of the State legislaturefirst in 1846, and second in 1872. He took a controlling part in the overthrow of the "Tweed Ring," in the establishment of a reformed city government, and by the successful impeachment of one judge and the compulsory resignation of others in the purification of the judiciary. In 1874 he was nominated and chosen governor of the State of New York by a majority of more than 50,000 votes, defeating Gen. Dix, a Republican candidate, who had been elected two years before by a majority of 55,451. The convention which nominated him was the first State convention which took a firm stand against "soft money" and against the bad ambition of a third term," declarations against both of which were inserted at his special instance. His messages were national sensations. He exposed the iniquities of the " Canal Ring" and crushed its sway over the legislative, administrative, and judicial departments of the State. Wasteful and corrupt systems were destroyed, State taxation was reduced nearly or quite one-half, and new remedies for official malversation were enacted. The standard of official life was elevated. The chief executive and administrative trusts of the State were committed to gentlemen eminent not only for personal probity, but for capacity and high ideals of official duty, thus realizing a genuine reform in the civil service. In 1876 he was nominated by the National Democratic Convention for the Presidency without considerable opposition. At the election he received a much larger popular vote than any other candidate, and 184 uncontested electoral votes. Only one additional electoral vote was required for his election, while twenty additional votes were required for the election of the rival candidate. A special tribunal unknown to the Constitution was created by Congress to count the electoral votes. This tribunal refused to admit evidence impeaching the right of the Republican claimants to be considered the lawful electors, and counted for the

Tile [Fr. tuile; Lat. tegula], a flat plate of baked clay, used for roofing, for flooring, and for various ornamental purposes in architecture. The more highly-ornamental varieties are called ENCAUSTIC TILES (which see). The earthenware pipes used in the drainage of land are also called tiles. They are of various patterns and sizes, are extensively manufactured by machinery, and are burned in the same way as bricks.

Tilgh'man (LLOYD), b. in Maryland 1816; was graduated from the U. S. Military Academy July 1, 1836, when commissioned brevet second lieutenant 1st Dragoons, receiving his full commission to that grade July 4; but without service resigned Sept. 30, 1836, to become a civil engineer, and in that capacity was engaged in the construction of railroads in various sections and of works of public improvement in Baltimore. In the war with Mexico he served as volunteer aide to Gen. Twiggs at the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma; commanded a volunteer company Oct., 1846; superintended the construction of the defences at Matamoras in June, 1846; and in command of company of light artillery (Maryland and District of Columbia Vols.) 1847-48. Returning to his profession at the close of the war, he was principal assistant engineer of the western division of the Panama R. R. and chief engineer of several Western railroads in the U.S. He became a general in the Confederate army in 1862, and in Feb., 1862, surrendered at Fort Henry, giving himself up rather than abandon his command; exchanged in July, he served afterward in the South-west, and was killed in the battle of Baker's Creek, Miss., May 16, 1863.

Tilghman (TENCH), b. in Talbot co., Md., Mar. 25, 1810; graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1832, when appointed brevet second lieutenant 4th Artillery; resigned Nov. 30, 1833. Locating upon the family estate at Oxford, though thenceforward actively engaged otherwise, he devoted his spare time to agricultural pursuits. From 1841 to 1851 was commissioner of State public works, president Talbot Insurance Co. 1846-49, superinAcademy 1847-57, U. S. consul at Turk's Island 1849, tendent of military department of Maryland Military Maryland and Delaware R. R., projected and carried to and same year at Mayaguez: was president (1855-61) of successful completion by him; also U. S. collector of State militia 1837-60, and major-general 1860-61, when customs at Oxford 1857-61; was brigadier-general of he entered the service of the Southern Confederacy. For many years he was president of the Society of the Cincinnati of Maryland, and treasurer-general of the Society of the U.S. D. at Baltimore Dec. 22, 1874.

Tilghman (WILLIAM), LL.D., b. in Talbot co., Md., Aug. 12, 1756, son of James, secretary of the proprietary land-office; removed to Philadelphia in childhood; studied law under Benjamin Chew; practised at the Maryland bar 1783-93, and was a member of the legislature several years; was chief-justice of the U. S. circuit court 1801-02; became president of the court of common pleas July, 1805, and chief-justice of the supreme court of Pennsylvania Feb., 1806; was president of the American Philosophical Society 1824, and published several occasional addresses. D. at Philadelphia Apr. 30, 1827.

Tilghman's Sand-Blast. See SAND-BLAST, by G. F. BARKER, M. D.

Republican candidate twelve votes deliberately certified by the governors of Louisiana and Florida on the fraudulent returns of the returning boards of those States. It counted among the votes from Louisiana three votes upon certificates one set of which was irregular and illegal, and the other set, intended to repair this irregularity and illegality, was forged. It counted nine votes of persons disqualified from being electors by the Constitution of the Ú. S. by reason of their holding Federal offices. By contradictory rulings upon the same questions arising in different cases, and by a strictly partisan vote, the Commission decided in favor of the Republican electors in every contested case, and certified to the election of Rutherford B. Hayes, the Republican candidate for the Presidency. Impressed with the conviction that Mr. Tilden had been lawfully elected to the Presidency, the Democratic party continued to regard him as its candidate for the succeeding election, in 1880. Before the meeting of the convention for the nomination of the candidates at that election, Mr. Tilden's health-for the benefit of which Tilia'ceæ [from Tilia, one of the genera], a natural he passed the summer of 1877 in Europe-had become so order of exogenous trees, shrubs, and herbs, mostly tropprecarious that he felt unwilling to assume the burdens of ical, and allied to Malvacea. The well-known basswood the chief magistracy, and in a letter to the New York and linden trees belong to this order, as do the jute-plant delegates to the convention of 1880 formally withdrew and a number of timber and fruit trees of tropical refrom public life. Notwithstanding this letter and his ab-gions. The lime or the linden tree, the well-known Eurostention from all active interference in public affairs, and notwithstanding the repeated protestations of his most intimate friends that he would not listen to any proposals, which contemplated his return to official life, it seemed to be the determination of his party to renominate him for the Presidency in 1884, public opinion refusing to concentrate upon any other candidate. Most of the States had gone so far as to instruct their delegates to vote for his renomination. To avoid the confusion that might result from permitting delegates to be elected under the delusive impression that he might yield to such a national manifestation as seemed to be impending, Mr. Tilden addressed another letter to the chairman of the Democratic State committee on the 10th of June, 1884, setting forth anew his reasons and unalterable determination not to return to public life. Mr. Tilden spends most of his time at "Graystone," his charming country home on the banks of the Hudson, indulging his literary and rural tastes so far as his health will permit, and occasionally sharing with those who enjoy his confidence the benefits of his ample stores of wisdom and experience. (See his Writings and Speeches, 1885.)

JOHN BIGELOW.

pean representative of the order, yields a light and useful timber, and its bast is invaluable from its fibrous character. The most important fibrous plants of the order, however, are the species of Corchorus, which yield jute. A few species are found in the temperate parts of the northern hemisphere, but the most useful species belong to the tropical region.

Tillamook, cap. of Tillamook co., Or. (see map of Oregon, ref. 6-A, for location of county, on Tillamook Bay, about 9 miles from the Pacific Ocean. P. not in census of 1880.

Tilland'sia [named by Linnæus in honor of Dr. Elias Tillands, a Finnish botanist], a genus of epiphytic airplants of the order Bromeliaceae. There are many species, eight of which are natives of the Southern U. S. Of these, T. sneoides, the long or Spanish moss (so called), is the best known. It is abundant in the more humid districts of the South, where it hangs in long festoons from the trees. Its central fibre is extensively used in stuffing mattresses. The plant is used in making an ointment asserted to be a cure for hæmorrhoids, and in winter it is eaten by

cattle.

TILLEMONT, DE-TILTON.

Tillemont', de (LOUIS SÉBASTIEN LE NAIN), b. at Paris Nov. 30, 1637; was educated by the Jansenists of Port Royal; studied theology at the seminary of Beauvais; took holy orders in 1672, and became subdeacon at the St. Lambert; retired in 1677 to the monastery of Port Royal, and, when the government closed this institution in 1679, to his estate of Tillemont, between Vincennes and Montreuil, where he d. Jan. 10, 1698. He wrote Mémoires pour servir a l'Histoire ecclésiastique des six premiers Sièeles (16 vols., 1693-1712), Histoire des Empereurs et des autres, Princes qui ont régné durant les six premiers Siècles de l'Eglise (6 vols., 1692-1738). His Vie de St. Louis was first published by the French Historical Society (6 vols., 1847-51).

Tilley (SAMUEL LEONARD), C. B., b. in Queen's co., New Brunswick, May 8, 1818, descended from a loyalist family of Massachusetts; received a good English education; settled at St. John's; took an active part in organizing temperance associations; engaged in politics on the temperance issue; was elected to the provincial assembly 1851; became a member of the cabinet and provincial secretary Nov., 1854; resigned May, 1855; again held the same office from July, 1857, to Mar., 1861; was leader of the government 1861-65; was a commissioner to confer with the governments of Canada and Nova Scotia on intercolonial trade and railways 1861, and on the project of confederation 1864; was a delegate to the British government on the railway question 1861-62, and on that of confederation 1866-67; was prominert in effecting the settlement of the latter question, and for several years from the organization of the Dominion government in 1867 was minister of customs in the Dominion cabinet.

Tillinghast (JOSEPH LEONARD), b. at Taunton, Mass., in 1791; graduated at Brown University 1819; became a lawyer at Providence; was many years a member of the State assembly, and often Speaker of that body; was chiefly instrumental in promoting improvements in the judiciary and common-school systems, and was a member of Congress 1837-43. D. at Providence, R. I., Dec. 30, 1844. Author of An Oration on Gen. Greene (1813), A Eulogy on Adams and Jefferson (1826), and other published speeches on political subjects.

Tillman (SAMUEL D.), A. M., LL.D. See APPENDIX. Tilloch (ALEXANDER), LL.D., b. in Glasgow Feb. 28, 1739; was a practical mechanic, and in 1781 conceived the ides of the production of stereotype plates for printing, and for that purpose entered into partnership with Mr. Foulis, a noted printer in Glasgow, and patents for his invention were taken out. His father was a tobacconist, and for a short time he was engaged with his brothers in that business; but he soon returned to printing, and in 1787 went to London, where he purchased The Star, an evening newspaper, which he conducted for more than thirty years. In 1790 he formed a plan for producing bank-notes which could not be counterfeited, but it was not carried into effect. In 1797 he established the Philosophical Magazine, which he edited with great success, an i just before his death commenced the publication of the Mechanie's Oracle, a weekly journal. He was a minister of the sect known as Sandemanians, devoted much attention to the study of the prophecies, and published a volume of Dissertations introductory to the Study of the Apocalypse (1823). D. at Islington Jan. 26, 1825.

19

tinct. The feet were plantigrade, apparently fitted for digging, and each had five toes. There was a well-marked third trochanter on the femur, and the tibia and fibula were distinct. The best-known species (T. fodiens, Marsh) was about two-thirds the size of a tapir. The first known remains of this order were found in Monmouth co., N. J., and described under the name Anchippodus riparius by Dr. Leidy. This genus, and even species, is now regarded as identical with Trogosus castoridens of the same author, from the Eocene of Wyoming. It is easily distinguished from Tillotherium by the presence of a small pair of incisors in the lower jaw between the large scalpriform ones. The systematic relations of these genera were not known until the discovery of Tillotherium. A second family of this order is represented by Stylinodon, in which the molars are rootless, subquadrate in transverse section, and faced with enamel within and without. S. mirus, Marsh, was about as large as a capybara.

O. C. MARSH.

He

Tillotson (Joux), D. D., b. at Sowerby, Yorkshire, in 1630; was educated at Clare Hall, Cambridge, where he was made a fellow in 1651. He was originally a rigid Puritan, and in 1657 became tutor in the family of Cromwell's attorney-general, but at the Restoration went over to the Established Church, in which he took orders, and became in succession curate of Cheshunt, rector of Keddington, preacher at Lincoln's Inn, dean of Canterbury, prebend of St. Paul's, and finally, in 1691, archbishop of Canterbury, having in the mean while served as clerk of the closet to William III. and as member of the commission appointed in 1689 to revise the English liturgy. took an active part in measures in opposition to popery, opposed the declaration of Charles II. in favor of liberty of conscience, and was an earnest advocate of the exclusion of the duke of York from the succession. He ranks among the foremost of English preachers; published during his lifetime several volumes of sermons, and left many more in manuscript, and for the copyright of these his widow received 2500 guineas. Several editions of his Sermons, in 12 and 14 volumes, were published. His complete works have been published (3 vols. fol., 1707-12, and 10 vols. 8vo, 1820), and many of his sermons have been translated into French and German. D. in London Nov. 22, 1694.

Tilly, von (JOHANN TSERCLAES), COUNT, b. in the castle of Tilly, near Gemblours, province of Brabant, Belgium, in Feb., 1559; was destined for the Church, being a younger

son, and educated by the Jesuits, but preferred the military profession; served under Farnese in the Netherlands, and under Duke Philip Emanuel of Lorraine in Hungary, and was in 1610 appointed field-marshal by Duke Maximilian of Bavaria.

When the Thirty Years' war broke out, he

was made commander-in-chief of the army of the Holy League; suppressed the insurrection in Bohemia after the battle of Prague, Nov. 8, 1620; conquered the Palatinate; defeated Christian IV. at Lutter-am-Barenberg Aug. 27,

1626; was made commander-in-chief also of the Austrian army after the dismissal of Wallenstein in 1630; stormed Magdeburg May 20, 1630, but was utterly defeated by Gustavus Adolphus at Breitenfeld, Sept. 17, 1631, and again on the Lech, Apr. 15, 1632, in which battle he was mortally D. at Ingolstadt Apr. 30, 1632.

wounded.

Til'sit, town of Prussia, province of East Prussia, on the Niemen, is regularly built, and in a fertile and wellcultivated district. It manufactures cloth, hosiery, oil, paper, chemicals, has several sugar-refineries and important cel and salmon fisheries, and carries on a considerable trade in grain, hemp, flax, wool, and horses. P. 21,400.

Til'sonburg, p.-v., Oxford co., Ont., Canada, on Big Otter Creek, 16 miles N. of Port Burwell. It has good water-power, large lumbering interests, and a weekly newspaper. P. 1873.

of nickel, occurring in a regular lode; the copper, however, is in pockets or bunches. The harbor is not very good. P. 770.

Tillodon'tia [Gr. riddew, to tear," and odous, "tooth"], an extinct group of Tertiary mammals, now regarded as forming a distinct order, possessing characters intermediate between carnivores, rodents, and ungulates. In Tillotherium, the typical and best-known genus, the skull resembles in shape that of the bear. It is expanded by aircavities in the frontal region. The orbits are confluent with the large temporal fossæ, which are separated at the Tilt Cove, port of entry on White Bay, Newfoundmid lle line of the skull by an obtuse sagittal crest. The land, 230 miles by steamer N. W. of St. John. It is a nasals are stout, and expanded behind. The dental forpicturesque village, and owes its importance to a rich copmula in the adult is incisors, canines, 1; premo-per-mine which is actively worked. There is also a vein lars, 1}; molars, 3. The anterior incisors both above and below are large, curved, scalpriform, and faced in front with enamel. They grow from persistent pulps, and strongly resemble the corresponding teeth of rodents. The canines are quite small. The upper molars are peculiar, and the lower are of the palæotherium type. The braincavity is small. As in most if not all Eocene mammals, the hemispheres were small, and extended but slightly over the cerebellum or over the olfactory lobes. The latter were large and projected well forward. The hemispheres were evidently somewhat convoluted. The cerebellar fossa is large, expanded transversely, and extends above the cerebral cavity. The vertebræ resemble those of some carnivores: the cervicals were short, the lumbars quite large. The radius and ulna were separate and of nearly equal size. The scaphoid and lunar bones were dis

shire, ref. S-F, for location of county), on R. R. and WinTilton, Belknap co., N. H. (see map of New Hampnipiseogee Lake. P. in 1880, 691.

Tilton (JAMES), M. D., b. in Kent co., Del., June 1, 1745; educated at Nottingham Academy and at Philadel phia Medical School: practised at Dover, Del., until 1776, when he became surgeon to a Delaware regiment, with which he was present at the battles of Long Island and White Plains: was hospital surgeon from 1777 to the end of the war: resumed practice at Dover 1783; served many years in the legislature: was a member of the Continental Congress 1783-85; commissioner of loans 1785-1801; was

appointed physician and surgeon-general to the U. S. army 1812; was many years president of the Medical Society of Delaware; published papers on agricultural subjects, on fruit-growing and the curculio, and was author of Economical Observations on Military Hospitals (Wilmington, 1813). D. near Wilmington May 14, 1822.

Time [Sax. tima] has been characterized as that wherein there is room for events to happen, as in space there is room for things to be placed. "For times and spaces," says Sir Isaac Newton, "are, as it were, the places as well of themselves as of all other things. All things are placed in time as to order of succession, and in space as to order of situation." (Principia, Scholium to Def. vii.) So space and duration (out of which latter time is parcelled out) are to be regarded, in accordance with all experience, as existwhen, and not where, one part or portion of duration ends and another begins, but which does not occupy any portion of duration (does not last at all), such a limit is an instant. It differs from a moment, which is itself a small but indefinite portion of duration. (The busy and hurried man says, "Wait a moment, and I will attend to you.") The analogy, and yet contrast, in this case being thus perfect, it is not strange that an instant should be designated as "a point of time." The instant is that which marks the present, the veritable now; which thus does not last, does not endure. It seems to be in consistency with this that some of the ancient languages have no present tense.

Tilton (THEODORE), b. in New York Oct. 2, 1835; was educated at the New York Free Academy; entered upon journalism at an early age, and in 1856 was employed upon the New York Independent, a weekly religious journaling relations of things actual. The limit which occurs edited by Rev. Henry Ward Beecher; married Elizabeth Richards, himself and his wife becoming active members of Plymouth church, Brooklyn, of which Mr. Beecher was pastor. Mr. Beecher resigning the editorship of the Independent in 1863, was succeeded by Mr. Tilton, who in 1871 also became editor of the Brooklyn Union, a daily newspaper, both being owned by Mr. Henry C. Bowen. In 1872, in consequence of some disputes, his connection with these journals was discontinued, and he established The Golden Age, a weekly journal, which he conducted till 1874. In that year he brought suit against Mr. Beecher, whom he charged with criminal intimacy with his wife, claiming damages of $100,000. The suit lasted six months, and the jury were unable to agree upon a verdict, nine being for the defendant and three for the plaintiff. He was a popular public lecturer, and has published-The American Board and Slavery (1860), Memorial of Mrs. Browning (1862), The Fly (1865), Golden-Haired Gertrude (1865), The Tico Hungry Kittens (1865), The King's Ring (1866), The True Church (1867), The Sexton's Tale, and other Poems (1867), Sanctum Sanctorum, or Proof-Sheets from an Editor's Table (1871), Life of Victoria C. Woodhull (1871), and TempestTossed, a novel (1875).

Timber and Timber Trees. See APPENDIX. Timber, Preservation of. See PRESERVATION OF TIMBER, by H. WURTZ, A. M.

Timber Trees, Culture of. See ARBORICULTURE, by J. J. THOMAS.

Timbre, of the voice. See VOICE, by R. R. RAYMOND.
Timbre, of tones. See ACOUSTICS, by PROF. O. N.

ROOD, A. M.

Timbs (JOHN), b. at Clerkenwell, London, England, Aug. 17, 1801; was for some time amanuensis to Sir Richard Phillips, publisher of the Monthly Magazine, in which he made his first appearance as a writer; was editor of the Mirror, a cheap and popular literary weekly, 1827-38, of the Literary World 1839-40, and one of the editors of the Illustrated London News 1842-58. D. in London Mar. 4, 1875, Author, among other works, of Laconies (1825-26), The Arcana of Science and Art (11 vols., 1828-38), Knowledge for the People (4 vols., 1831-32), Year-Book of Facts in Science and Art (31 vols., 1839-69), The Illustrated Year-Book (2 vols., 1850-51), Things not Generally Known (7 vols., 1856-57), School-Days of Eminent Men (1858), Anecdotic Biography (2 vols., 1859-60), Lives of Wits and Humorists (2 vols., 1862), Walks and Talks about London (1864), Romance of London (3 vols., 1865), Club Life of London (2 vols., 1865), English Eccentrics and Eccentricities (2 vols., 1866), Nooks and Corners of English Life (1866), Wonderful Inventions (1867), London and Westminster, City and Suburb (2 vols., 1867), Notable Things of our own Time (1868), Ancestral Stories and Tradi tions of Great Britain (1869), Abbeys, Castles, and Ancient Halls of England and Wales (2 vols., 1870), and Notabilia (1872).

Timbuc'too, town of Soodan, Central Africa, on a branch of the Niger, near the desert of Sahara, in lat. 18° 4' N., lon. 1° 45' W. It is in an unhealthy and unproductive district; provisions have to be brought to it from distant places. But for the traffic between Northern and Central Africa it is of great importance, and although it has repeatedly suffered severely from being conquered and sacked by the Moors and by neighboring tribes, it has always risen again, and is still increasing. Dates, European manufactures, firearms, gunpowder, tobacco, and paper are brought here through Sahara, and exchanged for gums, ostrich-feathers, gold-dust, and palm oil. The worst hindrance to a rapid development of its commerce is, at present, the rivalry and jealousy between the English and French merchants. The town is poorly built; it consists mainly of mud huts, and contains few buildings worth noticing. It is surrounded with walls, but the walls are in bad repair; it has no manufactures. Its inhabitants, numbering about 13,000, are indigenous negroes, but mixed with them are Tuariks, Foollahs, Bambarras, Mandingoes, Arabs, and representatives of the merchants of Mogadore, Morocco, Fez, and other places in Northern Africa. The city seems to date back to the twelfth century, but was visited by no European until Laing reached it in 1826.

The practical now has the characteristic of the moment, enduring while some specific consideration can be held before the mind; as now we are reading and comprehending this sentence. Yet this same practical now must be a sensible fraction of the life of an ephemera, which lasts only for a single day. And it is then quite conceivable that in the case of beings of a far higher order than ourselves the practical now should include a sensible fraction of a whole human life; while to the infinitely supreme Being all that has taken place in history, and all that is anticipated in the future, will be one vast, comprehensive, ever-during nowe ("the Eternal Now").

"Relative, apparent, and common time," remarks Sir Isaac Newton, in his Principia, "is some sensible and external (whether accurate or unequable) measure of duration by means of motion, which is commonly used instead of true time; such as an hour, a day, a month, a year." In its applications, such relative time, when now used, is almost always corrected by an equation of time;

of which more hereafter.

Next, with regard to the measures of time, whether variable or accurate. A suitable measure of time, and withal

a natural one, is to be found in the earth's rotation about its axis; which measure will be found to possess the three requisites which must belong to every good measure-viz. (1) It must be of suitable size or magnitude; (2) it must be readily accessible, and admit of an easy application; (3) it must, if possible, be invariable.

(1) The sidereal day (see Moox) which is completed in the time occupied by the rotation of the earth about its axis will be found to have in itself all these requisites, though our limits will not admit of the exposition

of that.

But, admitting what has just been stated, we ought next to ascertain how we are to determine when a globe rotating about its axis, and at the same time transferred in space, has just completed one entire rotation. For this purpose, suppose two entirely similar globes to be placed as in Fig. 1, with the meridian P M of the one parallel to the P' M' of the other. Then, if the respective angular velocities of rotation of the globes be equal, the plane P' M' of the

one will continue parallel to P M, and so at the end of one complete rotation P' M' will be found to be parallel to PM in the original position of the latter. Now, if instead of two globes, we suppose one globe, turning still with the same angular velocity, to have advanced during one rotation from the first of the two positions in the figure to the second, then the meridian PM will be in the

position P' M', and itself be parallel to the position which it had at first. Now, if the plane of P M passed through or coincided with the direction of a fixed star, P' M' would also sensibly coincide with the same, since the directions, such as PM and P' M', extending to the same fixed star, would be sensibly parallel. And so between two successive transits of the same fixed star would be accurately accomplished one complete rotation and also one sidereal day.

The sidereal day of astronomers begins when the vernal

TIME.