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of his published articles on the subject of his work. The other monument is a fragment of a limestone bas-relief of the time of Khunaten (Amen-hotep IV), about 1450 B. C., in which the sun disk is depicted. in true Mesopotamian style as a rosette, from which rays depend. The whole treatment of this piece of sculpture differs from the conventional artistic methods of other Egyptian epochs.

The industrial arts are represented by small but absolutely authentic and classified series of objects covering a vast period of time. Among these a series of copper and bronze implements from the twelfth dynasty, about 2500 B. C., down to Ptolemaic times offers an opportunity for the accurate testing of ancient metals, of which it is hoped that advantage will be taken.

Similar series of glass and porcelain-glaze beads cover the same period. A very handsome bowl of turquoise blue porcelain-glaze, characteristic of the eighteenth or nineteenth dynasty (1650–1200 B. C.), decorated with a border of lotus-buds traced in dark outline, and in the center with a free-drawn representation of a girl poling a boat laden with fowls-has been mentioned by Mr. Petrie in one of his articles as a fine specimen of industrial art.

The series of pottery is very interesting. The potsherds from TelDefenneh and Naukratis are more than usually instructive. These sites were Greek settlements founded in the seventh century B. C., and Psammetichus I. established at Daphnae the camp of his Ionian and Carian mercenary troops. Political events narrated by Herodotus closed Daphnae to foreign trade about one century after the Greek camp had attracted Greek colonists, whilst Naukratis, on the contrary, became then the great emporium of Egypt, and indeed acquired the monoply of Egyptian commerce with the Mediterranean. The painted vases of Greek and mixed forms recovered by Mr. Petrie at Daphnae can therefore be assigned an exact date B. C., 665–565, and it is interesting to find the events of those troublous times reflected, as it were, upon these potsherds in the various decorative designs borrowed from widely different sources, and in the adaptation of which the Greek artists established upon Egyptian soil exercised their ingenuity. The contributions of Egypt and of Mesopotamia, treated singly or blended together and idealized by the Greeks, are plainly discernible, and the handsome pottery of Naukratis tells a similar story and completes that of Daphnae; it takes up the thread and carries it down to our era. The sepulchral series is also well represented by sepulchral amulets and scarabs, fine ushabtis of various periods-mummy wrappings inscribed with chapters of the Book of the Dead, and mummy-cases and cartonnages of different epochs-among these a fine portrait-panel of a woman of Roman times, painted in encaustic and found at Hawara, is still beautifully fresh, notwithstanding the 1700 years which have elapsed since it was buried.

A valuable collection has lately been presented to the Museum by Mrs, E. W. Lehman. It was gathered together in 1858 in the neighbor.

hood of Ghizeh, Sakkarah, and Karnak, and includes not only mummified human remains, but mummied ibises and crocodiles. Several 'pieces of bread from food offerings made to the dead, a number of scarabs, not only the engraved ones used by the Egyptians as amulets or seals, but the real beetles which they revered as a symbol of immortality through transformation.

A piece of the "petrified woods," near Cairo, forms also an interesting feature of this collection, of which, however, the gem is a fragment of a fine limestone bas-relief from the Serapeum of Memphis, fresh in color and of excellent workmanship, representing Egyptians in the act of poling a boat.

Several good bronze statuettes of gods complete what is certainly a most valuable contribution to the Egyptian Department.

ASSYRIAN SECTION.

The Assyrian collection presents a large variety of objects collected in the valley of the Euphrates, and illustrating the ancient civilization of the Babylonian and Assyrian dynasties. The number of cuneiform tablets is large, and the majority of them have not yet been read, thus offering fresh subjects of study to the specialist in this field. The greater number of them appear to be "contract tablets," but all deserve careful transcription, as even these examples of ordinary business documents frequently offer new or corroborative forms which help to explain records of greater importance.

The explorations of Niffir, which have been carried on by the Assyrian Exploration Commission attached to the University, are represented by a large relief of that ancient site, illustrating the character and extent of the excavations and the appearance of the surrounding country. The extensive collections obtained by the labors of this commission as conducted under the efficient administration of the Rev. John P. Peters, will, it is expected, soon be added to this portion of the Museum, which will then rival any of its scope in the United States.

GLYPTIC COLLECTION.

The collection of Maxwell Sommerville, esq., to which reference has been made, merits especial attention both from the antiquary and the artist. It consists of a number of amulets drawn from all ages and all parts of the world and throwing a curious light on the religious or superstitious sentiments of many peoples. The field thus entered is a singularly extensive one, the belief in charms or "lucky stones" belonging to the earliest, as it also does to the latest, stadia of human culture. It is frequently seen in the social life of our own day and is quite familiar to students of contemporary folk lore; hence the peculiar value of this collection.

His collection includes many engraved gems, and is unique from the fact that it has one peculiarly interesting feature not characterizing most known glyptic cabinets. The author and collector has arranged his speci

mens in an order classifying all the epochs, representing the qualities of glyptic execution by what may be termed a geometrical progression commencing with the rudest and earliest known examples of the work of incisori; the sculptured scarabaei of the Egyptians, the seals and seal cylinders of the Babylonians and the Assyrians, the exquisite intaglios and cameos of the first and purely Greek epoch, the GræcoRoman, the Roman, the Abraxas and other Gnostic gems, the Christian, the Byzantine, the decline in gem-engraving and its degeneracy in the Medieval epoch, the first Renaissance, the subsequent decline, and finally the wonderful class of gem artists who appeared and flourished in the close of the eighteenth century.

Mr. Sommerville's collection is not one only of curious engraved stones, but, being thus methodically arranged, represents the glyptic branch of art industry throughout the entire history of the world, displaying various grades of civilization always exemplified by art culture. It contains the most perfect specimens of the better epochs and the greater incisori, charming in their masterly execution, and interesting from their beauty and the sentiment portrayed. It also to a large extent represents those gems rude in execution, coarse and curious in design, embodying the grossest superstition of ancient times, coupled with a mass of token stones representing scenes and incidents of the events of the Christian epoch, and thereon exhibiting the religious fervor of the centuries following the birth and acceptation of Christ, and the coeval mysticisms of those who really knew not in what they believed.

It would not be possible in this connection to do justice to this admirable collection, all of which is admirably displayed and catalogued; but some idea of its riches may be formed from the fact that it numbers over 1,500 specimens, many of them equally valuable for their material as for the work which is upon them. Among these are 500 Greek and Roman cameos, deftly incised on chalcedony, onyx, jasper, sardonyx, agate, alabaster, and other precious stones; there are more than 30 Assyrian and Babylonian cylinders, with inscriptions in the characteristic cuneiform writing; large numbers of Persian, Etruscan, Sassanian, and Byzantine gems, with mysterious figures; gold and silver rings, bearing hieratic devices; gems of the Gnostics, with their occult and significant devices; Abraxas from the early centuries of Christianity, and relics of medieval superstition impressed upon objects of personal adornment. Added to these are many curious small idols, the household gods of various nations, especially of the Hindoos and Chinese.

In order that the public might be profited as much as possible by these interesting collections, a system of afternoon conferences was inaugurated during the winter, for which cards were distributed to those believed to be appreciative of such studies. An informal lecture was delivered by one or another officer of the museum and the meaning of the various objects pointed out in familiar language.

CHAPTER XXI.

THE GRADUATE DEPARTMENT FOR WOMEN.

When the Academy and Charitable School, in the Province of Pennsylvania, was founded in 1751 by Franklin and others, the Charitable School consisted of two departments, one for boys and the other for girls. While the academy grew into the College and this afterwards into the University, the continuous corporation steadily maintained the charitable schools until June 5, 1877, when a judicial opinion was given that under the modern public school system there was no longer a need for their maintenance and that the obligations of the trusts concerned would be fully met by the liberal policy of the trustees in the matter of free scholarships for deserving young men, and by the free admission of young women to certain lectures in the college department. In 1879 Mrs. Bloomfield H. Moore presented to the University as a memorial to her deceased husband $10,000, the income of which was to be used to enable women who were or desired to become teachers, not exceeding six at any one time, to avail themselves of such courses as might be open to them in the University. At that time the course in music was the only one formally open to them, but without definite system a few were permitted to attend certain lectures and work in some of the laboratories without being matriculated as regular or special students. At various times within the last fifteen years vigorous efforts were made to secure the admission of women to the undergraduate courses on the same footing as men, and the subject was brought before the college faculty and the trustees in such a manner as to demand careful consideration and decision. At one time the faculty by a bare majority favored the so-called coeducational movement, but the trustees, the ultimate authority, after the most careful consideration decided that the undergraduate courses could not be opened to women until endowments and equipments were provided for a separate college. Just at this time the question took a new form through the opportune generosity of Col. Joseph M. Bennett, who addressed the following letter to the provost:

TO WILLIAM PEPPER, M. D.,

Provost of the University of Pennsylvania:

1112 GIRARD STREET.

DEAR SIR: I hereby donate to the trustees of the University of Pennsylvania the two adjoining properties on the southeast corner of Thirty-fourth and Walnut streets, clear of incumbrances, to be occupied for the purpose of a college for women

in connection with said University, said college to be under the direction of a Board of Managers to be appointed by the Board of Trustees.

I do this because I am desirous of promoting the higher education of women, yet recognize the difficulties connected with complete coeducation.

Yours, truly,

and

Jos. M. BENNETT.

November 2, 1889.

These two properties, easily converted into one capacious hall of residence, are worth some $30,000, and the trustees at once saw that there was an opportunity of work for women of a character entirely within the policy and resources of the University. The Faculty of Philosophy had by this time developed its lines of university as distinguished from college studies, and was prepared to offer an unusually large choice of graduate studies leading to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The obstructions and difficulties which beset the admission of women to the undergraduate courses did not obtain here. The opportunities for undergraduate studies elsewhere were quite ample for the local demand, while the facilities and opportunities here offered were but rarely attainable. It was therefore decided to establish a Post-graduate Department for Women, to be opened so soon as eight fellowships should be open to students and sufficient progress made in securing an endowment. In 1890 an organization was effected on a plan which has been found useful in several other departments of the University; that is, of enlisting in the work earnest men and women who are not of the body corporate, but to whom as managers a large authority is delegated for the practical government of the department. A board of managers was created, of whom seven are trustees of the University, one the dean of the department, and eleven women of recognized force and ability who are deeply interested in the higher education of their sex. The provost is, as always, the president of this board. One of the managers, Miss Ida Wood, was made secretary, and practically the executive officer of the department.

By order of the trustees, the Faculty of Philosophy was assigned to the department as its faculty, and thus the whole scope of post-graduate instruction afforded by the University, and complete eligibility to the degrees of Master of Arts, Master of Science, or Doctor of Philosophy were thrown open to the students of this department on precisely the same terms as to men in the Department of Philosophy. To be a candidate for either of these degrees, the student must be a baccalaureate graduate, either in Arts, or Science, of an American College whose degrees are accepted by the University as equivalent to its own, or must satisfy a committee of the faculty, by examination or otherwise, that she possesses an equivelent preparation for the advanced work of the department. At least two years must be spent in graduate studies, one of which must be in residence at this University, but the work is such that generally a longer period than two years will be required to prepare for the examinations in three subjects which are necessary to 1180-25

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