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of organic poisoning, animal or vegetable, taken into the system as food or drink. Educate observers, and the remedies, heroic or simple, may be applied.

A great advance was made in the efficiency of the Veterinary Department when its hospital was placed under the direction of a board of managers, all gentlemen who have great interest in the work, who meet monthly, and who take both great and small things under their notice. The gentlemen who constitute this board are: Joseph E. Gillingham, president; J. Bertram Lippincott, secretary and treasurer; S. Weir Mitchell, M. D., Richard Wood, William Hunt, M. D., John C. Sims, H. Pratt McKean, jr., John Marshall, M. D., Archibald Montgomery, Walter R. Furness, Charlemagne Tower, jr., William L. Zuill, M. D., D. V. S., Arthur V. Meigs, M. D.

They second all reasonable efforts of the hospital staff and make the appropriations for it.

The hospital of the Veterinary Department of the University of Pennsylvania is supplied with every possible facility for the best handling and care of sick and injured animals of all kinds.

An ambulance is provided for the conveyance of sick and lame horses. For this service the charges are made according to distance traveled. Animals are admitted into the hospital at any time, day or night. A free dispensary clinic is conducted by the members of the hos pital staff daily, except Sunday, between 8 and 10 a. m.

The animals are under the professional care of the hospital staff of veterinarians and of the house surgeon, who resides in the hospital.

A competent farrier is attached to the hospital, who does a limited amount of ordinary shoeing in addition to shoeing for lameness; the latter only under the direction of the hospital staff.

The importance of veterinary science, and its application for humane benefit in other countries are in contrast to our own, and the writer can not better conclude this notice than by quoting from an address of Dr. Huidekoper, recently delivered in this city:

In Berlin and Paris a large force of veterinarians is constantly employed in the slaughterhouses. In Berlin all live animals shipped into the city must be unloaded in a given quarter, where, by a force of some twenty-five veterinarians who have no other duties, they are first inspected on landing. They are then removed to stables and reinspected. Watch is kept over them during slaughter and the removal of the viscera, and, after dressing of the carcass, the flesh is reëxamined. In the case of hogs and some other animals, portions of each animal from different muscles are sent to an office where they undergo an examination by means of a microscope, for trichina and measles.

The duty of the veterinarian employed as meat inspector in the cities of Europe, includes the examination of animals in the cattle-market; the examination of live animals in the slaughterhouses and abattoirs; examination after slaughter; examination of meats brought into the city that have been slaughtered elsewhere; inspection of the butcher shops; inspection of the traveling butchers and huckster wagons, and inspection of the meats furnished to hospitals, prisons, and other public institutions. In the United States but little has been done toward regulating the inspection of

animal food. In our larger cities, frequently attached to the board of health, at other times appointed as independent inspectors, we have men known as food inspectors. In the majority of cases these men are appointed more for political reasons than for any other, and are men who, however honest they may be, are absolutely ignorant of the subject and incompetent to decide upon the character and quality of a piece of meat; again, however competent and faithful these inspectors may be in their duties, the laws regulating food inspection in any of the cities of the United States are incomplete, and do not give the proper authority for condemning food unfit for use, and do not provide the proper indemnity for the owners of those animals who are so unfortunate as to have purchased a live animal whose flesh they do not know is unfit for uso.

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CHAPTER XVI.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND ATHLETICS.

The department of physical education was added to the University during the winter of 1885, the inaugural address being delivered by Dr. J. William White, January 21. The reason which induced the trustees to make this addition was that they desired to give to every student a means by which he could accomplish his life work with greater credit to himself and benefit to his fellow men. Not only have many alumni of our own University recognized that their life work has been hindered by a want of proper attention to their physical needs, but also many alumni in all of the great universities, both in America and England, have been convinced of the same fact. It has been proven again and again that in every occupation, calling, or profession in which a man is engaged, in every position in life which he can occupy, a properly developed frame is not only of advantage to him, but is almost essential to success. It is also known with the same certainty that, other things being equal, the man who possesses health and strength is not only able to do better work than his rival who lacks those attributes, but he will do it more easily, pleasantly, and with the greatest amount of comfort to himself and usefulness to his fellow men. The trustees when adding this department supplied places where the practical part of the course could be properly carried out. These were a gymnasium and an athletic ground having a fine quarter-mile track for running, walking, and bicycle riding, which was laid out with funds subscribed by some of our alumni. In that part of the athletic ground which was surrounded by the track, an admirable baseball and football field was made. A grand stand and club house were also erected and a competent person procured to take charge of the grounds. The gymnasium was supplied with the most modern and best apparatus and a sufficient number of shower baths added to meet the demands of the students in the Collegiate Department. The system adopted was a thorough and proper one and the same is used in the University at the present time. Each student has his heart, lungs, back, chest, abdomen, etc., examined, so that defects may be noticed when existing; a record of each student's family history is also kept and by referring to it one can easily learn whether there has been a predisposition to nervous, pulmonary, cardiac, digestive, circulatory, or other diseases; and in addition lectures are delivered upon

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