At the same time a committee was appointed to consider what accommodations the university could afford such faculty.

The trustees received March 19, 1816, "a letter from a Society of Gentlemen called the Cabinet of Sciences, relating to a botanical garden. It was referred to the committee on that subject. Mr. Binney and Mr. Gibson were added to the committee on botanical garden." On April 2, the committee was authorized to solicit subscriptions from the public toward the accomplishment of that end. Nothing having been accomplished by meeting with the Cabinet of Sciences, on April 16, the committee announced that they had published their application for aid in the public papers. The trustees at once resolved to create a faculty of natural sciences and rural economy. It is evident throughout that the governing board of the university was not only abreast of but ahead of the public.

By order of the board the moneys available for the botanical garden were to be put at interest, subject to future call.

October 4, 1818, the faculty of natural history was instituted and the following professorships created: First, botany and horticulture; second, natural history, including geology, zoology, and comparative anatomy; third, mineralogy and chemistry as applied to agriculture and the arts. At the same time the professorships of natural history and botany were detached from the medical department and merged into the new faculty. Horticulture was soon removed from the duties of the botan ical professor, and a separate chair of comparative anatomy was created.

To fill these places the following gentlemen were elected in December, 1816. William P. C. Barton, M. D., professor of botany; Charles Caldwell, M. D., professor of natural history, including geology and zoology; Thomas Cooper, M. D., professor of mineralogy and chemistry as ap plied to agriculture and arts; Thomas T. Hewson, M. D., professor of comparative anatomy.

A committee was also appointed to provide temporary accommodations for this new faculty.

Early in 1817, 42 acres of ground had been purchased for the botanical garden. The record shows that it was located in Penn Township, near the "Canal Road," and it was ordered that enough for the purposes of the garden should be "fenced off.”

Meanwhile the question of rooms for the faculty was concerning the trustees. That malady appears to have reached a chronic state. There can be no doubt, however, that the authorities were straitened by lack of funds and that they were doing their utmost to provide the needed accommodations. So far as appears, no salary was attached to these chairs, except possibly what came directly from the student to the teacher, as we gather from a hint dropped by Prof. Barton in a letter to the trustees..

It is hardly to be wondered at, however, that the faculty was becom

ing impatient. Accordingly, we discover that in 1818 Professors Caldwell and Hewson were both asking that means be taken to enable them to do their work. Such inquiries were referred to the committee on finance. Stringent economy had apparently become a necessity, and in 1819, after two years' ownership, the trustees were considering the propriety of selling the ground purchased for a botanical garden, and the professor of botany was "allowed the use of the yard south of the university, as the same is now inclosed, for the cultivation of plants there, at his own expense, during the pleasure of the board." In 1820 Prof. Barton's suggestion that the chair of botany be detached from the faculty of natural science and united to the medical faculty was reported against. Three months later Prof. Caldwell resigned his chair of natural history.

The only signs of life in the department of science were now the appointment of a committee to consider the propriety and the cost of erecting a greenhouse and the request from the janitor that he be allowed the use of Prof. Cooper's room for the winter, to preserve the plants "he had collected to adorn the grounds and to encourage the love of botany." The request was granted. The report of the committee on the greenhouse was laid on the table.

June 5, 1821, Prof. Cooper resigned the chair of mineralogy and chemistry in the faculty of natural science. On the first day of the ensuing year the question of filling the vacant chairs in this faculty appears to have become one of more than ordinary importance, for the trustees ordered the report of the committee having that in hand to be printed. A fortnight later it was resolved that it was expedient that the vacancies should be filled, and receiving nominations was made part of the order of business for the next meeting.

We may infer that instruction had been very irregular, as on February 4, 1822, Dr. Morton offered at a meeting of the trustees a resolution which declared that the professors of the faculty of natural science must deliver a course of at least ten lectures in each year on subjects connected with their departments, and that failure to do so would be regarded as abdicating the chair in which it occurs. Whereupon Prof. Barton writes to the board that, whilst he is aware the resolution was not intended for him, it is proper he should say he had lectured in the winters of 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820, 1821, and, further, that he had refused to receive the fees from the students. The botanical instruction in 1821 was discontinued because a Class could not be made up. He was, however, resolved to continue in the line of his duty.

March 5, 1822, William Hyppolytus Keating was elected professor of mineralogy and chemistry, and Thomas Say professor of natural history, including geology. A year later the trustees allowed Prof. Keating to join Maj. Long's expedition, which was to explore the St. Peters River to its source. Prof. Barton, in 1825, is still anxious for improvements to his lecture room.

Prof. Keating's services seem to have been in demand, for the board in 1826 again excused him from lecturing and allowed him to visit the mines of Mexico. The excuse probably was readily granted in the absence of students to teach or money to pay a professor.

In all this one may recognize an earnest desire on the part of both professors and trustees to do their respective duties. The probability is there was no fault on either side. It was simply a lamentable lack of funds, which brought failure where success was deserved.

All

The crisis, however, was reached in March, 1827. It appears that no lectures had been given for several years by the professor of natural history, including geology, or by the professor of comparative anatomy, and that the professor of botany was then holding the professorship of materia medica in the newly started Jefferson Medical College. this irregularity was to be inquired into by the trustees, and a committee was appointed to attend to the matter. There was no common basis for any amicable settlement, and the minutes show that early in 1828 the faculty of natural science was unanimously abolished, on the motion of Mr. Binney.

Now, however, it appears that the medical faculty, which would have no botany while Dr. Barton occupied the chair, had become suddenly solicitous about that science, and, as a result, the trustees reëstablished the chair of botany in 1829, placing it on the same footing as it was before the institution of the faculty of natural science, and Mr. Solomon W. Conrad was speedily chosen to fill it. The appointment was probably the best that could have been made. Mr. Conrad was, as stated by one of his contemporaries, an "amiable man" and an excellent botanist, and was probably the earliest to "attempt in the United States to group our plants in accordance with the natural method."

Efforts were made in 1830 to restore the chair of comparative anatomy, but, it appears, without success.

For a brief period the name of the distinguished Henry C. Rogers appears on the college catalogue in connection with the chair of geology, and George B. Wood, then one of the best known of American physicians and holding the chair of materia medica in the medical faculty, announced for a single year that besides his cabinet there was a conservatory from which are exhibited, in the fresh and growing state, the native and exotic medicinal plants.

In the catalogue for 1850-51, on the same page with the faculty of arts, is a list of five "professors not members of the faculty of arts." Among them Samuel S. Haldeman, A. M., is professor of natural history. Probably the country has produced few more learned men than he.

Charles B. Trego, who sustained a long and honored relation to the university, first appears as a "professor not a member of the faculty of arts" in connection with mineralogy and geology.

Joseph Leidy began his illustrious career in the University of Pennsylvania in 1853-54, and in the year following Professor Trego added palæontology to the duties of his chair in the new Department of Mines.

The Department of Mines, Arts, and Manufactures became in 1863-64 the College of Agriculture, Mines, Arts, and Mechanic Arts, and among the elective chances for the degree of B. S. we find specified two courses in physiology and natural history.

Thus far but little came of all the efforts to create a course in natural history. There is something almost pathetic in the reiterated attempts made by the trustees. Baffled in one direction they immediately tried in another; now endeavoring to enlist interest and coöperation under this name, again under that, but with disappointment as a uniform result. We can, however, see that the successful forces were gathering and that a favorable result was but a question of time. It is worth while, however, to collate all these failures, because they carry with them lessons of encouragement to other often disappointed institutions. Few men of his time were more fully aware of the weak points in our system of medical education than Prof. George B. Wood. He was not only wise, but he was wealthy and generous. In the catalogue for 1865-66 the auxiliary faculty of medicine first appears. Each of the faculty of five received for a course of thirty-five lectures the sum of $500.

As organized by Dr. Wood, it stood thus: Harrison Allen, M. D., professor of zoölogy and comparative anatomy; H. C. Wood, M. D., pro fessor of botany; F. V. Hayden, M. D., professor of geology and miner alogy; Henry Hartshorne, M. D., professor of hygiene; John S. Reese, M. D., professor of medical jurisdiction and toxicology.

The founder not only cared for this faculty during his life, but pro vided for it in his last will, where he expresses himself thus:

It is my desire that said faculty and professorships shall be permanently estab lished: Therefore, for that purpose I give and bequeath unto the trustees of the University of Pennsylvania Fifty Thousand Dollars, in trust, to be kept safely invested in ground rents, first mortgages, or in the loans of the City of Philadelphia, of the State of Pennsylvania, or of the United States.

Dr. Wood recognized that the salary was a meager one and specially specified that "such salaries will be in addition to any fees that may be paid by the pupils."

The work done and the spirit awakened by this faculty led to a hope for still better things. It at least nurtured the belief that Philadelphia might some day have a properly equipped school of natural science.

Lengthening the medical course caused conflict between it and the auxiliary course as to hours available for instruction. To obviate this and also to introduce the natural sciences into the work of the college a course preparatory to medicine was announced in the catalogue for 1882-83. Students contemplating medical study were allowed to enter