by boards of supervisors, by city councils, and by town or township trustees. When requested the surgeon is to go to the locality and take such action as the exigencies of the situation may demand. In case of need the Governor may appoint substitutes and assistants. When public safety requires such action the destruction of stock may be ordered, and the stock so destroyed is paid for in part by the State. An annual report is required of the State Veterinary Surgeon. Traffic in diseased hogs and cattle was prohibited in 1886; and provision was made in 1892 for the appointment of sheep inspectors by the several boards of county supervisors. Measures regulating the practice of veterinary medicine were also enacted.145 In 1906 provision was made for the inspection of registered cattle brought into the State for breeding or dairy purposes. The frequent ravages of hog cholera among the hogs of the State and the resulting loss led in 1909 to an act authorizing the State Veterinary Surgeon to establish a laboratory at Des Moines for the manufacture of hog cholera serum such serum to be furnished to applicants at cost with instructions for its use. In 1913 the State Board of Education was authorized to abandon the Des Moines plant and a new laboratory for the manufacture of hog cholera serum, toxines, vaccines, and biological products, was established at Ames in connection with the State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Provision was also made to regulate the sale, keeping for sale, and use of such serums or vaccines throughout the State.146 By the Thirty-fourth General Assembly there was established a Commission of Animal Health, composed of the State Veterinary Surgeon, two other veterinary surgeons, and two stock-raisers to be appointed by the Governor of the State. This commission has the "power and authority to make such rules and regulations as it shall deem necessary for the prevention, suppression, or against the spread of any contagious or infectious disease among animals in or being driven or transported through or brought into the state, and may provide for quarantining against animals thus diseased or that have been exposed to others so diseased, whether within or without the State." Such rules and regulations when approved by the Executive Council are published and enforced. The recent appearance among the cattle of this and other States, of the "foot and mouth disease", led the Thirty-sixth General Assembly to make provision for the partial payment to the owners of stock for animals killed by order of the State Veterinary Surgeon in the carrying out of his duties under the laws of the State, and for stricter quarantine regulations.147 Protection of Domestic Animals and Crops :- Finally, in connection with legislation concerning agriculture and domestic animals mention should be made of a group of laws of a protective character. Comparatively early in the history of the State measures were taken to provide for the recording and protection of marks selected by owners by which their stock could be identified. The driving away of stock was prohibited. Protection against horse thieves was provided. Dogs were taxed to provide a fund to compensate owners for the loss of sheep killed by dogs; and bounties were authorized for the destruction of wolves, lynx, wild cats, gophers, ground hogs, rattlesnakes, and crows.148 RECAPITULATION A review of the legislation affecting agriculture and stock-raising in Iowa shows that two important lines of legislation have been developed which have had much influence in encouraging the growth of the natural industries of the State. These may be referred to as educational and protective. That is to say, there have been no laws enacted that have directly affected the production of abundant crops or the breeding of better stock; but legislation has been enacted of a nature to indirectly accomplish the same results. The first group of such laws has had for its purpose the encouragement of agricultural education. The policy of encouraging agricultural societies was established early and has been continued to the present time. The value of such a policy is clearly educational. Fairs and expositions have given the people an opportunity to see the best and to make comparisons between their own products and those of others. The State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts has provided the best of instruction to the young people of the State: It has conducted experiments and given to the people of the State the advantage of such work: it is a clearing-house for the best methods of carrying on the important industries under consideration. The recently established Department of Agriculture is simply a better organization of what had been known as the State Agricultural Society for the collection and dissemination of valuable information concerning agriculture and the live stock industry. The provision for farmers' institutes was another advance along this same line. Provision for the instruction of pupils in the common schools in the various branches of elementary agriculture and domestic economy is the most recent development. Protective legislation includes the several laws which have had for their purpose the improvement and the protection of live stock. The early laws to restrain stock from running at large were to protect the growing crops before fences were common. The most important body of laws in this group consists of those statutes which have provided for the protection of the health of domestic animals. This legislation has been of great importance to the State. Contagious diseases among domestic animals every year cost the farmers and stock breeders of the country enormous sums. Provision has been made for a State Veterinary Surgeon who is given general direction of all efforts to control diseases among domestic animals. Laws prohibit traffic in diseased animals, and inspection has been provided for animals about to be imported into the State. The State has also provided for the manufacture and distribution of various serums and toxines to aid in combating disease in stock. Provision has been made for the destruction of infected stock and the partial remuneration of the owners for stock so destroyed. Recently a Commission of Animal Health was established for the purpose of more effectively decreasing the loss occasioned to farmers and breeders of stock by disease. Legislation of this type has been sane and valuable. Iowa is an extremely favorable country for agriculture and stock-raising. These industries developed naturally and without legislative aid as soon as markets for the products were available. As a result the legislation that has been passed has been incidental and indirect in effect. This educational and protective legislation has been important, however, and the policy of encouraging the great industries of the State in this manner should be continued. IV MINES AND MINING Since approximately one-third of the State is underlaid by coal beds, mining has become an important industry in Iowa. The annual output of soft coal alone is valued at more than $15,000,000, giving employment to about twenty thousand men. But legislation relative to mines and mining, with the exception of two groups of acts, is fragmentary and of minor importance. There have been many laws of a regulatory character enacted, but since these are for the protection of mine laborers they will be treated in a chapter on labor legislation. The other important group of laws pertaining to mines and mining provides for the establishment and work of the geological survey of the State. The only law placed upon the statute books of the Territory of Iowa on the subject of mines and mining was a special act incorporating the Dubuque Mining Company. Later legislation provided for maps of the mineral lands around Dubuque for the purposes of taxation. Provision was also made for draining mines, and for obtaining rights of way to mines; and mining under the State's property at Des Moines was prohibited. A school of mines for the State was established at the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts in 1894; and in 1911 a law was passed which authorizes the board of supervisors of any county to levy a tax on all taxable property within the county, to be used in the payment of expenses incurred in prospecting for coal, on condition that the voters of the county approve of such a levy at a general election.149 From the beginning the State has pursued a let alone policy with reference to the mining |