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ac

lasting, permanent. Cf. A. VI. 871. Hoc this (success in hunting). Tota entire; i. e. not a mere head or bust. - 32. Suras. Gr. 380. A. & S. 234. II. The description is that of a huntress. Cf. A. I. 337. — 33. Thyrsis responds with an inscription for a statue of Priapus, the god of procreation, and hence of gardens and vineyards. He was the reputed son of Bacchus and Venus. Sinum must not be confounded with sinus. Liba; cakes used as offerings. Cf. Ov. Trist. IV. 10. 12 and note. -35. Pro tempore cording to our circumstances. -36. Fetura fruitfulness. Statues of Priapus were usually made in a coarse way out of wood, but Thyrsis promises the god a golden one, if he gives increase to the flocks. Esto. Gr. 534. II. A. & S. 267 (2). —37. Nerine. Gr. 316. 4. A. & S. 100. I. (ẻ) R. 3. Galatea; a sea-nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris. Hyblae. See on I. 55. - 39. Quum - tauri; i. e. in the evening.-40. Venito. See on esto, v. 36.-41. Sardoniis.. herbis. The plant is the celery-leaved crowfoot. It grows abundantly in Sardinia, (whence its name,) and is celebrated for its bitterness and its contractile effect on the muscles of the face, so that those who chew it seem to laugh; hence our phrase, sardonic laugh, as applied to involuntary or forced laughter. Videar. Gr. 488. I. and 2. A. & S. 260, R. 6. — 42. Rusco; a low, prickly shrub, indigenous in England, and called butcher's-broom. Cf. G. II. 413. Projecta

thrown (on the shore); and which no one cares to take up.-43. Lux=dies.-44. Si quis pudor = if you have any shame ; as much as to say, you ought to be ashamed of yourselves to keep me so long from my love. -45. Somno mollior. Cf. G. II. 470. 46. Rara; because the branches of the arbutus are not thick and the leaves are small. Arbutus; the nominative for the vocative. -49-52. As an offset to Corydon's picture of a shady retreat from the midday heat of summer, his rival sings the comforts of the shepherd's home in the winter. -50. Nigri. The ancients had no chimneys, and the smoke escaped through a hole in the roof or by the doors. - 51. Tantum =so much only, as little.—52. Numerum; sc. ovium. The wolf when attacking the sheep cares not how many there are, since he fears them not. -53-56. An autumn scene. Stant stand bristling. The word is not simply = sunt. 9. 1. Juniperi- castaneae. Gr. 669. I. 2. Hirsutae; of the prickly husk of the chestnut. 310. I. 1. 54. Sua - arbore its own under each tree. Some read quaeque, in which case sua is an ablative, and scanned as a monosyllable. 56. Abeat, videas. Gr. 509. A. & S. 261 and 2. Et= ;=even. — 57–60. The same subject, but the opposite side of the picture. - 57. Vitio... aëris by a diseased state of the air; i. e. by excessive heat and drought. —58. Liber; Bacchus. See on

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See on Hor. C. I. A. & S. 305 (2). Gr. 672. 3. A. & S.

Ov. M. III. 636. Cf. the epithet Lyaeus, explained on Ov. M. XI. 67. Invidit = = has grudged, denied. — 60. Juppiter = aether. The image is that of G. II. 325, the marriage of Jupiter and. Juno, Aether and Earth. Cf. also ruit arduus aether, G. I. 324, and coeli ruina, A. I. 129, which is essentially the same picture. Cf. G. I. 418; II. 419; Ov. M. II. 377 ; Hor. C. I. 1. 25, etc. Laeto=joy-giving; from the effect. Plurimus = very abundant. Cf. G. I. 187; A. VI. 659, etc. Gr. 160. A. & S. 122, R. 4. Imbri. Gr. 87. III. 3 (3). A. & S. 82, Ex. 5 (a). — 61. Alcidae; Hercules, the grandson of Alcaeus. Gr. 316. A. & S. 100. 1 and (a). Iaccho; a name of Bacchus, from iáxo to shout. See also on G. I. 166. — 69. Haec memini. Meliboeus here resumes the narrative, and declares Corydon victor. - 70. Corydon - nobis Corydon, Corydon is (the man) for me. The proper name is repeated for emphasis.

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THE historical occasion of this Eclogue has been already adverted to in the Life of Virgil. After obtaining a promise of protection, the poet is said to have returned to his property, when his entrance was resisted and his life menaced by an intruding soldier, whose name is variously given as Arrius, Claudius, or Milienus Toro. He sought safety in flight, and made a second appeal to the higher authorities, which was crowned with more permanent success. Ruaeus conjectures that this Eclogue was in fact a poetical petition presented to Varus or Octavianus. Certainly it is skilfully contrived to interest the reader in the poet's favor. Moeris, one of the servants, is going to the town (Mantua), to carry part of the farm produce to the usurping proprietor, when he is stopped by a neighbor, Lycidas, relates his and his master's troubles, and receives a warm expression of sympathy at the loss which had so nearly fallen on the whole district by the death of Menalcas (Virgil), some of the poet's verses being quoted to show how great that loss would have been, while it is hinted that his successful return will produce further poems.

1. Pedes; sc. ducunt. 2. Vivi pervenimus

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we have lived

to see, have reached the point alive; vivi expressing both that they might have expected to die before such an outrage, and also that death would have been a boon. Advena; used contemptuously, as in A. IV. 591. Nostri...agelli of our (i. e. of my) land; slaves then, as now, speaking of their master's property as their own. The involved order of the words seems to indicate the perturbation of Moeris. 3. Ut relates to an omitted eo, implied in vivi pervenimus.

eram

inhabitants, owners. 5. Victi=

4. Coloni overpowered; i.e. by the veterans. Tristes; because victi.-6. Quod bene and may bad luck go with them; lit. and may which not turn out well. Gr. 445, 7. A. & S. 206 (13). Mittimus. Moeris seemingly speaks for his master, who sends him with the present. 7. Certe audiI for my part had heard for certain (for a fact). Certe adds confirmation to the whole sentence, and is to be joined to the verb, while equidem gives assurance to the subject, and is to be joined to the pronoun. Qua fagos; with omnia, expressing the extent of the property. Qua (from the point) where. Se subducere ... molli- clivo = to decline (more lit. to withdraw themselves), and to lower the summit by a gentle slope; jugum demittere being nearly se subducere. 9. Aquam; probably of the Mincius. Jam indicates that fracta is to be referred to their age. Cacumina. The apposition between a thing and a prominent part of itself is not uncommon. Cf. juvenes, fortissima pectora, A. II. 348. Gr. 363. A. & S. 204.-10. Carminibus. By means of his poetry, Menalcas (Virgil) obtained friends, through whom he had recovered his land. Vestrum; the plural, as Moeris had used it, for the whole household. See on nostri, v. 2. So nostra, v. 12.-13. Chaonias. Dodona, a city of Epirus, famed for its oracle, the most ancient in Greece, was anciently inhabited by the Chaonians. The oracle was at first interpreted by men, and afterwards by aged women, called Téλauai, i. e. doves, the command to found the oracle having been brought, it was said, by doves. Hence Chaonian doves. Tennyson speaks of the oak-grove of Dodona as "that Thessalian growth In which the swarthy ring-dove sat, And mystic sentence spoke." - 14. Quod nisi and if not. Gr. 453. 6. A. & S. 206 (14). Quacumque (sc. via, ratione); i. e. on any terms, as best I could. — 15. Sinistra on the left. Monuisset viveret. Gr. 510. A. & S. 261. I.-17. Cadit in does fall to, attach to; i. e. is any one capable of so great wickedness?—18. Paene; alluding to the narrow escape of Menalcas (Virgil). Solatia; i. e. his poems, which were a joy and solace to all that heard them. Menalca. He apostrophizes the absent poet. -19, 20. Quis-umbra. The allusion is probably to V. 20, 40, on which latter see note. Induceret would overspread. Umbra. Gr. 419. 2. A. & S. 249. I. — 21. Vel - carmina (sc. quis caneret ea) = or (who would sing those) verses which I in silence caught up from you without your noticing it (sub); i. e. overheard you sing them. Tibi is evidently Menalcas, though many of the critics refer it to Moeris. Gr. 385. 4. A. & S. 224, R. 2. - 22. Nostras; i. e. the delight of all of us; implying that she was a general favorite.-23..Dum redeo: = while I am on my way back: not "till I come back," as some would have it. The

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use of the present shows that it is the continuance of the time, not its completion, that is thought of. We should have expected dum absum; but the speaker, in asking to be waited for, naturally talks of himself, not as absent, but as coming back.-24. Potum: to drink, Gr. 569. A. & S. 276. II. Inter agendum=while driving (them). Gr. 565. A. & S. 275. III. R. 3.—25. Capro. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224. Verses 23-25 are borrowed from Theocritus, after whom several passages in this Eclogue are modelled.-26. Immo nay, rather sc. quis caneret. Quae canebat= which, and that not finished, he was composing in honor of Varus; probably Alfenus Varus, who was appointed by Octavianus, B. C. 40, to preside over Cisalpine Gaul. He appears to have been favorably disposed to Virgil, who may flatter him here to induce him to deal leniently with Mantua.-27. Superet. Gr. 503. I. A. & S. 263. 2 (1). — 28. Nimium vicina; though they were forty miles apart, because Mantua suffered for its proximity to its disaffected neighbor. See Life.-29. Cycni. The Mincius abounded in swans. Cf. G. II. 199. On the swan as a singing bird, see on Hor. C. IV. 2. 25. - 30. Sic incipe as you hope that your bees may avoid the Corsican yews, as you hope that your cows, etc., begin: more lit. so may your bees, etc., (as you) begin. See on Hor. C. I. 3. 1. Lycidas, anxious to hear more of the verses of Menalcas, conjures Moeris, by what is most to be desired by a farmer, to go on with what he can recollect of them. Cyrneas; from Cyrnos, the Greek name of the island of Corsica. Taxos. The yew-tree was prejudicial to bees, and the honey made from it was said to be bitter.-31. Cytiso. Gr. 414 and 4. A. & S. 247. 3.-32. Si quid habes. See on III. 52. Poetam, vatem. Poeta is a technical expression, and denotes a poet only as an artist; vates is an old Latin and religious expression, and denotes a poet as a sacred person. Död. This distinction, however, is not always observed. Here vatem may be rendered "an inspired bard." Lycidas claims to be a poeta, but disclaims the honors of the vates. 33. Pierides. See on Ov. M. V. Introd. -34. Non illis I do not believe them. Gr. 391. A. & S. 222. 3.-35. Vario ... Cinna; distinguished Roman poets, contemporaries of Virgil. Gr. 419. IV. A. & S. 244. — 36. Argutos-olores = to cackle like a goose among the tuneful swans. Gr. 362. A. & S. 210. Anser, according to Servius, is a punning reference to a contemporary poet of that name, and probably, like Bavius and Maevius, personally obnoxious to Virgil.

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37. Id quidem ago that very thing I am trying to do; referring to the incipe, si quid habes, of v. 32. Ipse. Gr. 452. 1. A. & S. 207, R. 28 (a).-38. Si valeam in the hope that I may be able, lit. if I may be able. — Neque non enim.

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-39. Huc ades. See

on VII. 9. Galatea. See on VII. 37. These verses are from the 11th Idyl of Theocritus, and are a part of the address of Polyphemus the Cyclops to the sea-nymph Galatea, who was beloved by him. Quis est nam; by tmesis for quisnam est. A. & S. 323. 4 (5). — 40. Purpureum. See on V. 38. Circum; merely denoting proximity, like "about." A. & S. 279. 10 (ƒ). — 42. Umbracula = a bower. 43. Feriant. Gr. 493. 2. A. & S. 262, R. 4.—44. Quid, quae⇒ what (do you say of those verses), which; how (about those verses), which. -45. Numeros = the measures, the tune. Si-tenerem = if I only had the words. Here the conditional clause is not logically connected with the other, but with something understood; e. g. it might be, numeros memini, et carmen ipsum revocarem, si verba tenerem. Cf. Gr. 512. —46. Daphni. Daphnis is addressed as the representative of the shepherds who watch the stars for agricultural purposes. Cf. G. I. 204 foll. Quid. Gr. 380. 2. A. & S. 235, R. II. Antiquos (long known) is transferred from signorum (constellations) to ortus. – 47. Dionaei= Dionean, descendant of Dione. The Julian gens was derived from Iulus, the son of Aeneas, who was the son of Venus, daughter of Dione. Cf. A. I. 286. Processit : = has risen. Astrum; the comet which appeared after the death of Julius Caesar. See on Hor. C. I. 12. 47. — 48. Quo segetes. The Julian star is to be the farmer's star, as Julius in V. 79 is the farmer's god, and Octavianus also (G. I. 24 foll). Quo by whose agency, influence. Gauderent is best rendered by the future. Gr. 500. A. & S. 264. 1 (a) and (b). Frugibus. Gr. 414 and 2. A. & S. 247. I (2). 49. Duceret... colorem shall derive color; i. e. shall ripen. 50. Insere piros; for this propitious star shall make them fruitful for many generations. — 51. Fert aufert. Cf. V. 34. Animum ⇒ animi vires, memoriam. His memory failing him, he suddenly stops and sorrowfully adds, omnia fert aetas, etc. — - 52. Puerum. Gr. 363. 3. A. & S. 204, R. 1 (a). 53. Oblita. Gr. 221. 2. A. & S. 162. 17 (a). Mihi. Gr. 388. II. A. & S. 225. II. - 54. Lupi priores. The ancient Italians believed that a man meeting a wolf and not catching its eye first would be struck dumb. 55. Satis referet... saepe = will repeat often enough. 56. Caussando amores = by feigning excuses thou puttest off for a long time (the gratification of) my desire; i. e. to hear you sing. — 57. Tibi = for thee; i. e. that you may be the better heard. Stratum=laid smooth. -58. Ventosi murmuris of windy murmur; for venti murmurantis. - 59. Hinc via: = from this very point is half our way (to the town). Gr. 441. 6. A. & S. 205, R. 17. — 62. Bianoris. Bianor, or Ocnus, was a son of Tiberis and Manto, and built the town of Mantua, which he called after his mother. -61. Stringunt; i. e. for fodder. — 62. Tamen = notwithstanding; referring to a thought

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