Among many other celebrated men whose remains lie interred in the present cathedral may be mentioned the names of Bishop Newton, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Benjamin West, James Barry, John Opie, Lord Nelson, Lord Collingwood, Sir Thomas Lawrence, Henry Fuseli; John Rennie, the architect of Waterloo Bridge; and the Duke of Wellington.

In the crypt of the cathedral the resting-place of Nelson is probably that which excites the most general interest. The sarcophagus which encloses his coffin was originally made at the expense of Cardinal Wolsey, and was intended to contain the remains of his royal master, Henry the Eighth. The coffin itself was manufactured out of the mainmast of the French ship, L'Orient, blown up at the battle of the Nile. It was sent as a present to Nelson by one of his gallant followers, Captain Hallowell, of the Swiftsure. "I have taken the liberty," he wrote to the hero, "of presenting you a coffin made from the mainmast of L'Orient, that, when you have finished your military career in this world, you may be buried in one of your trophies." Nelson accepted the melancholy offering in the same spirit in which it had been sent. He even ordered it to be placed upright in his cabin, as if to serve him as a memento mori in the hour of victory and triumph; and it was only at the entreaties of an old and favourite servant that he at length consented to its removal.

CHAPTER X.

THE OLD BAILEY, NEWGATE, CHRIST'S HOSPITAL, ST. SEPULCHRE'S CHURCH.

Derivation of Name Old Bailey-Great Antiquity of Court of Justice There The Press Yard "Peine Forte et Dure". Major Strangeways - Gaol fever - Newgate Prison-Ivy Lane - Pannier Alley - Old Christ Church, Newgate-Persons Interred There - Modern Christ Church, Newgate Christ's Hospital — St. Sepulchre's Church - Curious Ceremony at Executions Pie Corner-Green Arbour Court.

THE street which bears the name of the Old Bailey runs parallel with the site of that part of the city wall which anciently connected Lud Gate with New Gate. Here stood Sidney House, the residence of the Sidneys, Earls of Leicester, previously to their removal to Leicester Square; and here, at the house of his father, in May, 1551, was born the celebrated antiquary, William Camden. No. 68, close to Ship Court, was the residence of the notorious Jonathan Wild, and in Ship Court Hogarth's father kept a school.

The word Old Bailey has been supposed to be derived from the ballium, or outer walled court, attached to the ancient fortifications. According

to other accounts, the word is corrupted from Bail Hill, the place where offenders were tried by the bailiff, a derivation which appears to be the more reasonable, from the circumstances of that part of the court in which prisoners are confined previously to their trial still retaining the name of the bail-dock.

This famous court of justice, which is of great antiquity, is associated with the fate of many celebrated and many notorious persons. Could its gray and gloomy walls speak, what fearful chronicles of crime, what tales of human suffering could they not unfold! Within its area how many virtuous patriots and martyrs, how many murderers and desperate malefactors, have stood from time to time at the bar of justice! How many hearts have palpitated in that awful moment, when the ear of the prisoner is stretched forth to catch the verdict, on which depends either his restoration to all that life holds most dear, or his being condemned to perish by an ignominious death at the hands of the hangman! Here, on the 9th of October, 1660, commenced the famous trial of the regicides, many of whom were subsequently dragged on hurdles to Charing Cross to expiate their offences, attended by the most terrifying circumstances that barbarity could invent. Here stood at the bar of justice the sturdy enthusiast, General Harrison; the witty atheist, Henry Marten; the fanatic preacher, Hugh Peters; Cook,

who had conducted the prosecution on the part of the Commons of England at the trial of Charles the First; and Colonel Hacker, who had guarded the king on the scaffold. Here, in 1683, the highminded and virtuous William, Lord Russell, was arraigned for high treason. Here Jack Sheppard was sentenced to be hanged in 1724, and Jonathan Wild in 1725; here the ill-fated poet, Richard Savage, underwent his trial for killing a fellow creature in a drunken brawl at Charing Cross in 1727; here Doctor Dodd was condemned to death for forgery in 1777; Bellingham, for assassinating Mr. Percival in the lobby of the House of Commons in 1812; and Thistlewood, and the other Cato Street conspirators, in 1820.

Another spot in the Old Bailey which still retains its ancient name, and recalls to our memory many a scene of horror, is the Press Yard. Not unfrequently we read of cases in the olden times, when a criminal, in order to avoid conviction, has refused to plead at the bar, and thus, though his own life has been sacrificed, has preserved his property to his family, instead of its falling into the hands of the Crown. In order to overcome this difficulty, a new law was passed, which provided that in future cases of contumacy the prisoner should be removed from the bar, and, having been stretched on his back, a large weight of iron should be placed on his chest and stomach, to be gradually increased either till the culprit

consented to plead, or till death should release him from his agony. Of this terrible kind of torture, styled "Peine forte et dure," the Press Yard in the Old Bailey is said to have been but too frequently the scene. At a later period, apparently from motives of humanity, a preliminary and milder form of torture was introduced, namely, that of forcibly compressing the thumb with whipcord, in order, if possible, to force the prisoner to plead, without having recourse to the more intolerable infliction of " Peine forte et dure." Incredible as it may appear, these barbarous expedients were actually resorted to as late as the reign of George the Second. For instance, in 1721 we find one Mary Andrews undergoing the agony of the compression, till three whipcords had been severally broken; nor was it till a fourth had been applied that she consented to plead. A still more remarkable instance occurred the same year, in the case of Nathaniel Hawes. The application of the cord failing to produce any effect, he was subjected to the severer torture, which he endured for seven minutes under a weight of two hundred and fifty pounds, when human nature could hold out no longer, and he consented to plead. The latest occasion of the Old Bailey having been the scene of these horrors appears to have been in 1734.

As a striking example of the application of the "Peine forte et dure," we may mention the painful story of Major Strangeways, who died under its