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XXII. TOTAL POPULATION OF THE EARTH.

A SUMMARY of the preceding table gives the following results for the surface of the habitable globe (in geographical square miles), and the amount of population.

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XXIII. INHABITANTS OF THE EARTH, DIVIDED ACCORDING TO THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEF.

THE two following estimates are according to the geographers, Malte-Brun and Hassel.

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XXIV. INCREASE OF THE INHABITANTS OF EUROPE.

[Abridged from Mr. Jacob's Corn Report.]

RUSSIA.

THE accounts of the population of Russia, which are the most to be relied upon, comprehend only a part (though the greatest part) of the inhabitants of that extended empire. The Synod of the Orthodox Greek Church publish each year the number of Marriages, Births, and Deaths in the year preceding. The following is a comparison of those lists for the years 1820 and 1826- at which former year the empire had attained its present extended limits:

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It is difficult to account for the lesser increase in 1826 than in 1820, unless it be attributed to the great difference in fertility between the respective years. The years 1819 and 1820 were highly productive in the east of Europe that of 1825 rather less so and that of 1826 was, in all the sandy districts, from the great drought that prevailed, very deficient. These years, however, may be taken as the standard of annual increase: thus the excess of births over deaths consists of 551,552 souls; this comprehends only the increase in the greater religious sect over whom the Synod presides. When the whole poulation in 1806 amounted to 41,252,000 persons, the excess of births over deaths, as published by the Synod, was 542,701. Since that year, countries have been added to the empire whose inhabitants did not profess the Orthodox Greek Religion, and are therefore not noticed in the annual reports of the Synod. Amongst these may be classed Finland, whose inhabitants are Lutherans; Bialystock, where they are either Catholics, or Heterodox Greeks; Caucasus provinces, where the majority are Mahometans and Jews; and Poland, where they are mostly Catholics and Jews: the proportion which those of the dissident sects bear to the Orthodox Church, is estimated as 2 to 7. At this ratio, the annual increase of the population of Russia must be at the rate of 697,758 persons, exclusive of the inhabitants of the Asiatic provinces of Russia, who bear to those in the European provinces the proportion of 2 to 11. Thus, for the annual increase of the whole empire of 697,758 persons, must be subtracted two-elevenths, or 98,673, leaving, as yearly augmentation, by the excess of births over deaths in European Russia, 598,085. Thus, from 1815 to the present time, averaging 600,000 for twelve years (being a few months short of the real time), we may, without fear of any material error, assume the population of European Russia to have increased about seven millions. In Russia, the increase seems to depend less on the increased number of births than on the more extended length of life. In the returns of the Synod, the deaths of persons above a hundred years old appear to have been, in the year

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PRUSSIA.

By the official papers of Prussia; whose accuracy in its statistical communications cannot be surpassed, we learn that in the ten years, from 1817 to 1827, the increase amounted to 1,849,561, at which rate the inhabitants would double themselves in little more than thirty-six years. This is the most extraordinary instance of increase in any old-settled country.

SWEDEN, DENMARK, AND NORWAY.

In Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, population is making rapid advances. In a brief account respecting the increase in Sweden, extracted from the "Révue Encyclopédique for March, 1825, the excess of births above deaths, in 1823, is stated to be 42,205. - Denmark has increased at the rate of two per cent., and Sweden and Norway may be estimated at two thirds of that proportion. Assuming this estimate, the increase in Denmark being taken at 20,000, and that of Sweden and Norway at 40,000, for each year, from the peace of 1815 to the end of 1827, the increase will have been 720,000. (The other dominions of Denmark will be viewed as a part of Germany.)

AUSTRIA.

In determining the increase of the population in the dominions of Austria, there is some difficulty, arising from the different periods when the number of inhabitants was ascertained in the several provinces. Thus, in the archduchy of Austria, in the provinces on the Ens and the Stevermark, the census is dated from 1815 — in Illyria, from 1818 -- in the Tyrol, from 1806 — in Gallicia and Moravia, from 1818 — in Hungary, from 1794 in Siebenburgen, from 1794 — in the military frontier, from 1815-in Temeswar, from 1814and in the kingdom of Venetian Lombardy, from 1815. The aggregate number taken from these returns, as enumerated by Baron Lichtenstein, in 1820, amounted to 29,699,724 individuals. According to the local returns, as published by the Geographical Board of Vienna in 1822, edited by Colonel Fallon, and framed in the preceding year, the rate of the increase of population appears to be as follows:

In Hungary and Siebenburgen

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1,4% annually.

In Austria Proper, the Stermark, and Sieben-2, burgen

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Bohemia, Gallicia, Illyria, and Moravia

Dalmatia, Tyrol, and Venetian Lombardy

45 100

35

do.

2,3% do.

271% do.

This statement gives as a result an increase, in twelve years, on the population of 1815, calculated at 27,000,000, of more than twenty-seven per cent., in fact, nearly 7,000,000. Different authorities agree, up to the year 1821, in a rate of increase which, if continued to 1828, would make that increase more than 7,000,000.

GERMANY.

Those parts of Germany which are comprehended in neither the Austrian empire nor the Prussian kingdom, contained, at the time of the Congress of Vienna, a population of 13,600,000. By exact returns, for a series of years, from each Province in. Hanover, is shown an increase, in ten years, at the rate of twelve per cent., or somewhat more than fourteen per cent. in the twelve years since the peace. By official statements we learn the inhabitants of Bavaria amounted, in 1821, to 3,743,330, and in 1826, to 4,301,004. An official account from the Grand Duchy of Baden, states the population, in 1822, as 1,090,910, and in 1826, as 1,145,357, showing an increase at the rate of one and forty-eight one-hundredths annually. From the best works describing the States of Saxony, Wirtemberg, Hesse Cassel, Hesse Darmstadt, Nassau, and the smaller sovereignties, and from oral information, the increase of population in these states may be rated much below that of Austria and of Prussia, and nearer that of Baden; taking it at the rate of seventeen and a half per cent. in the twelve years since the peace, the increase in the portions of Germany under consideration may be assumed at 2,400,000 at the present time.

SWITZERLAND.

By a census taken in Switzerland, in 1821, the inhabitants were found to be 1,783,231; and in 1827 they were 2,037,030, showing an increase in six years, of 253,799. The whole augmentation, during the twelve years of peace, may therefore be estimated at 500,000,

NETHERLANDS.

In the kingdom of the Netherlands a census is taken every five years, and at the end of each intermediate year the births are added and the deaths subtracted, which is adjusted by the enumerations of the fifth years. By an account printed for the information of the legislature, it is seen that the population, which, Jan. 1, 1815, was 5,424,502, had advanced, by Jan. 1, 1825, to 6,013,478; and adding for the three years to Jan 1, 1828, at the same rate, the increase since the peace is shown to be 760,000.

FRANCE.

The state of the population of France, according to a recent work by Baron Dupin, in point of increase, has been slower than in other parts of Europe. According to his statement, France contains 31,000,000 of inhabitants, who increase annually at the rate of 6,536 for each million: this would show an annual augmentation of 200,000, or in the twelve years. since the peace, of 2,400,000 persons.

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

The population of Great Britain, from data afforded by the three decennial enumerations of 1801, 1811, and 1821, may be taken to have increased at the rate of 200,000 in each year, from 1815 to 1827; or, in the period since the peace, to 2,400,000. In 1821, according to the government estimate, the population of Ireland amounted to 6,800,000, since which, it is believed, the increase has been equal to the proportion which has been ascertained to have taken place in Great Britain the one island, in 1821, containing 14,391,631 inhabitants, and the other 6,801,827. Thus the increase of the United Kingdom, since 1815, appears to be 3,500,000.

ITALY.

The estimate of the increase of inhabitants in Northern Italy is comprehended in that of the dominions of Austria, as far as the territories of that empire extend in it. In the dominions of the King of Naples, according to the official statements (to be found in Dupin) in 1817, the population amounted to 6,828,558. Dupin gives for the annual rate of increase 11,111 for each million, which would amount to 75,850 yearly, or for the twelve years since 1815, to 900,000. The middle of Italy, comprehending Sardinia, the Popedom, Tuscany, Modena, Parina, Lucca, and the Islands, contained, in 1817, 8,859,000 inhabitants. The rate of increase in those states has probably corresponded with that of Naples; consequently they have received an augmentation of 1,200,000.

SPAIN.

By Ancillon's work, published in 1809, the population of Spain is shown to be increasing, and, notwithstanding the internal disastrous occurrences in that country, it is more than probable some slight increase takes place.

PORTUGAL.

According to Balbi, in his "Essai Statistique sur le R. de Portugal et d'Algarve," published in 1822, a progress appears

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