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and to make the more haste, I made up the medicine with my own hands.

I took some honey and sweet oil, with a little vinegar, and with a spoon beat them all up well together in a half-pint bason. This mixture I then set down on the table by him, bidding him swallow a spoonful of it every minute, while the neighbour who attended him, and I, sat in the same room to observe the consequence. The first three spoonfuls we perceived, by his wry faces, passed down with great difficulty and pain, after which, he soon swallowed very easily and freely, and spoke out all at once, to our agree able surprise, like a dumb man come to his speech again, as loudly and boldly as ever.

Then I bid him carry the bason with the mixture with him to his lodging, and continue taking a spoonful of it often, though seldomer than before, and lie down on his bed, and compose himself, talking to no one, nor suffering any one to talk to him, least the choking, I told him, should return again. He did so, and next morning went well to work, and continued easy without the least return of any of the symptoms.

Now, as gentlemen of our profession, in such sudden exigences, are not always at hand, and most families have the three aforesaid ingredients within their own possession, or, at least, may soon obtain them in the neighbourhood; I thought such a general publication of this uncommon case might possibly prove of universal benefit, and wish, whenever wanted, it may prove as successful from the hands of others as it did from mine.

1765, Oct.

Yours, &c.

JOHN COOK, M.D.

XXXIX. The famous American Receipt for the Rheumatism. TAKE of garlick two cloves, of gum-ammoniac one drachm; blend them by bruising together; make them into two or three boluses with fair water, and swallow them one at night, and one in the morning; drink, while taking this reccipt, sassafras tea, made very strong, so as to have the tea-pot filled with chips. This is generally found to banish the rheumatism, and even contractions of the joints, in a few times taking. It is very famous in America, and 1001. has been given for the receipt.

1756, June.

XL. Account of the Conclave at Rome, and the proceedings upon the Election of a new Pope.

THE title of cardinal was formerly common to the presby ters and deacons of great churches in cities. But in the eleventh century, the presbyters and deacons of the church of Rome restrained the appellation to themselves, and as the dignity of the Pope increased, so did theirs; the first dawn of this affected grandeur appearing under Pope Nicholas II. Innocent IV. at the council of Lyons, in the year 1243, gave them the red hat. Boniface VIII. in 1949, the red vestments, and Urban VIII. the title of Eminentissimi; whereas before they were only styled Illustrissimi. Sixtus V. at the council of Basil, fixed their number at seventy, which is seldom complete. They are divided into three classes. 1. Six cardinal bishops, namely, the bishop of Ostria, dean of the sacred college; the bishop of Oporto, sub-dean; and the bishops of Sabina, Palistrati, Frescati, and Albano. These bishoprics may he held with other bishoprics, or archbishoprics. 2. Fifty cardinal priests; and S. Fourteen cardinal deacons. The deans of these three classes are called their chiefs. Each of the cardinal priests and deacons bears the title of a church in the city of Rome. The Cardinals insist on precedency before the electors of the empire, and require to be treated on the same footing as crowned heads. The title of cardinal has no revenue annexed to it; but embassies, protections of Roman Catholic nations, governments, archbishoprics, prelacies, and other ecclesiastical benefices, enable them to live in great state, though not suitable to the rank they assume, more espe cially when they are of mean extraction, and have no fortune of their own.

The conclave is the place where the cardinals chiefly endeavour to give proofs of their genius and address. The decease of the Pope is made known to the people of Rome, by tolling the great bell of the capitol, firing the cannon of the castle of St. Angelo, and opening the prisons; and to foreign cardinals by circular letters from the cardinal Cammerlingo, who invites them to the approaching conclave.

Till the conclave meets, the Cammerlingo acts as regent; he is attended by the Pope's life-guard, and orders all things necessary for the opening of the conclave, which is held in the galleries and some of the ante-chambers of that

noble palace, the Vatican, and consists of a number of small rooms, separated by common wooden partitions, and distributed by lot, both among the cardinals then in Rome, and those that are absent. Each usually has two; one for himself, and one for his conclavist (who are usually people of consequence, and act as secretaries). These little rooms only contain a bed, three or four chairs, and a table. On the 11th day after the Pope's death, all the cardinals in the eity meet in the morning in St. Peter's church, where the mass Sancti Spiritus is celebrated; and after a sermon on the duties to be observed in the election of a pope, they proceed two by two into the conclave, which is then shut up by the governor and marshal, who are appointed upon those occasions, none being let out, except in cases of dangerous illness, till a new Pope is elected, and even then the person who leaves the conclave is not allowed to return, but loses his vote. The governor of the conclave is always previously chosen by the cardinals; and together with the marshal, resides at the entrance of the Vatican. Without their express licence, no person is suffered to go in or out. Whilst the cardinals sit in conciave, refreshments are brought to the outside of the Vatican, and deposited in boxes, which turn round like those usually placed at the gates of convents, so that whatever they contain may be received by the person within. Every conclave is said to stand the apostolic chamber în 200,000 scudi, or, according to some, in 300,000. Each cardinal orders his conclavists to write down on a slip of paper the name of the person to whom he gives his suffrage for being elected Pope. This is thrown into a chalice which stands on a long table covered with green cloth, in the beautiful chapel of the conclave, which was built by Pope Sixtus IV. Two cardinals appointed for that purpose, successively read aloud the notes, marking the number of votes for every cardinal. He who has two-thirds is declared Pope: otherwise the scrutiny is repeated till this number is complete. If this manner of election does not take place, recourse is had to another, called Accessus, by which the notes of the former scrutiny being set aside, every cardinal mustgive in writing his vote to another; and if by this way twothirds do not appear of one mind, there is still another resource called Inspiratio, by virtue of which, such of the cardinals as are unanimous, come out of their cells and call aloud to each other, and openly mention the name of him they fix upon for Pope: on this the others, to avoid incurring the displeasure of the new elected pontiff, join in the cry, and thus the election is carried. If this method also fails, Bb

VOL. III.

the scrutiny begins anew, and the election proves very tedious.

The emperor of Germany, and the kings of France and Spain, are allowed to exclude a person proposed for the popedom; but this protest must be made before the complete declaration of the votes for such a person.

It is required that the Pope be an Italian, and at least fiftyfive years of age; though they seldom elect any one who is not near seventy. When the election is over, the rest of the cardinals pay due homage to the Pope elect, who, after a short prayer, declares the name he will bear for the future. The chief of the cardinal deacons then proclaims him to the people, who, on these occasions, wait in great multitudes with eager expectation about St. Peter's place. The coronation of his holiness with the triple crown, is generally performed about eight days after.

1769, April.

XLI. Case and opinion on the execution of Doyle and Valline.

ON Saturday, October 21, 1769, the Recorder of London passed sentence at the Old Bailey on several capital convicts (amongst whom were, John Doyle and John Valline*), in the following words:

"You, the several prisoners at the bar, shall be taken hence to the place from whence you came, and from thence to the usual place of execution; where you are to be severally hanged by the neck till you are dead, and may God Almighty be merciful to your souls."

Thursday, Nov. 9, the Sheriffs received a warrant from the Recorder, for the execution of John Doyle and John Valline, at the most convenient place near Bethnel-Green church. The Sheriffs, much startled at this variation from the sentence pronounced in court, laid their doubts before counsel; and in consequence of the opinion received, wrote the following letter to Lord Weymouth.

[* They were weavers, and condemned for destroying work in the looms. E.]

MY LORD,

THE inclosed will inform your lordship of the difficulty we are under respecting the execution of Doyle and Valline, two convicts now under sentence of death in Newgate. We propose to wait on his Majesty to-morrow morning, to deliver a like paper into his own hands, of which we think it proper previously to transmit you this copy, that his Majesty, may be apprized of it.

GENTLEMEN,

Lord Weymouth's Answer.

J. TOWNSEND.
J. SAWBRIDGE.

Arlington-street, Nov. 13.

I HAVE received your letter of this day's date, which was left at my office by Mr. Reynolds, at near eleven o'clock this night. I beg leave to inform you, that your intended mode of application to the King is irregular. I am ready to receive and lay before his Majesty, in a proper manner, any doubts which you may entertain with regard to the discharge of your duty on this occasion, and shall not fail to signify to you his Majesty's further commands thereupon. WEYMOUTH.

The next morning, Nov. 14, the Sheriffs waited on Lord Weymouth, and delivered into his hands a petition, to be by him presented to his Majesty, of which the following is a copy:

To the King's most excellent Majesty.

MOST GRACIOUS SOVEREIGN,

THE Recorder of London having signified to us, the Sheriffs of the county of Middlesex, that it is your Majesty's pleasure that the two convicts, John Doyle and John Valline, now under sentence of death in Newgate, who, at the last sessions of gaol delivery, holden for the city of London and county of Middlesex, were sentenced to be hanged at the usual place of execution, should, notwithstanding, be executed at the most convenient place near Bethnel-Green church; we humbly conceive it our duty to lay before your Majesty our doubts, whether we can lawfully comply with this your Majesty's pleasure, to which, upon all occasions, it is our most earnest wish to be able to conform.

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