scattered over South Carolina, could not fail to give a new aspect to every thing around us. The remotest corners of the state would feel the hand of improvement, and such would be the change, that South Carolina would scarcely know herself. The way worn traveler would be warned of his approach to a manufacturing village miles before he reached it, by the tasty cottages, fine residences, white fences and tastefully cultivated grounds. The same spirit would find its way to Charleston to brighten up our suburbs, and extend the dominions of our city, and soon would we see the cabbage and potato fields of Charleston Neck giving way to avenues, streets and fine blocks of houses; then, indeed, will she be entitled to the appellation she aspires to-Queen City of the South.

And I believe most sincerely, that this branch of manufactures, once fairly introduced, would be a nucleus which would bring around it all other branches of manufactures necessary to supply us with the common articles of every-day home consumption. And it certainly cannot fail to be the means of producing a great and happy change in the agriculture of our country. We are now dependent on other countries for nearly all the prime necessaries of life, including the most common articles of consumption. When we look around us, we cannot but be struck with our shameful deficiency in these particulars. It would scarcely be believed in any other country, were we to tell the story, that we have not such a thing as a hatter's shop in the good city of Charleston: for one might look in vain for the smallest village in any of the Eastern states-New-York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana or Kentucky-that had not one or more establishments of this kind, where hats are made and repaired. There are no hats imported into Kentucky; they are all made at home, and principally with negro labor. Yet, strange to say, such a thing as a hat maker's shop cannot be found in our city; neither is there one in Columbia; and we believe it would be difficult to find one in the state of South Carolina.

It is not quite so bad in the article of leather, shoes, saddlery, harness, &c., for we do attempt these branches in a small way, but there is a vast amount of money sent abroad by us annually for these articles, which could and ought to be saved to the state. From the sea-board to the mountains, you will scarcely find a pair of bridle-reins that are not of Yankee manufacture, purchased with cash, including in the cost, the various charges incident to their passage from that country to this, and withal, loaded with the profits of some half dozen merchants, whose hands they have passed through; when, if things were as they should be, the purchaser, if a farmer, would obtain the side of leather from which they were made by the exchange of a few bushels of grain, taken for the domestic supply of his neighbor, the tanner; and were this the course of things, the consumer would seldom fail to receive a much more durable article, for it is a fact well known to those who tan, and deal in leather, that the southern tanned leather of superior quality finds a better market in the northern cities than is afforded here; it is there made into shoes for domestic use. Those who purchase it make shoes and sell them

directly to the wearer, and are not ignorant of the advantages of retaining the best at home for their own domestic consumption.

Paper is another article which should by all means be made in our state. Instead of this, however, a great portion of this article consumed by us is now imported into South Carolina, and many of our rags are swept into the gutters, and with our waste cotton, large quantities annually swept into our docks serve no better purpose than to rot there and generate fever.

Let us endeavor to supply ourselves with corn, oats and hay. We surely cannot consider this a profitless business, while the farmers on the Roanoke in North Carolina, and persons in Maryland, find profit in raising grain for us, after paying all the charges incident to its transit to our markets; and persons on the banks of the Kennebec, in Maine, find themselves compensated in furnishing us with hay, notwithstanding the immensely heavy charges which attend this bulky article from the interior of the State of Maine to Columbia and Hamburg in this state.

Any of our bottom lands will produce hay of as good quality and as abundantly as it can be produced in any country. There is swamp land in the vicinity of Columbia, now in cultivation, yielding three tons to the acre, worth $1 to $1 25 per hundred; thus producing from $66 to $82 per acre, with as little labor as is necessary to bestow on any other crop. Why should we not raise our own horses, mules, beef cattle, hogs and sheep? Why should we not, with our own domestic labor, spin our raw cotton into yarn and weave it into cloth? Why should we permit ourselves to be imposed on by Northern trash brought out here in the shape of shoes, while we have all the materials and labor necessary to do ourselves justice in procuring such supplies? It would be just as easy for a planter to have some three, four, or a half-a-dozen negroes employed in making brogans, as to have so many old women employed in making up clothing for the laborers. If he took care to purchase good, sound leather, he would, by this means, supply his people with shoes which, with a little care, would keep the feet dry, and last a whole winter.

Nothing but a proper direction of public opinion can produce active changes in the habits of a people, and no class of men are more reluctant to move than agriculturists. I trust, however, that a proper spirit of investigation has been awakened in the people of the old Atlantic Southern States. They seem to be alive to the necessity of changing in some degree their industrial pursuits, and it remains for such societies as this to keep up the spirit of inquiry, and to give it a proper direction. As little as may be thought of it, this Institute may prove to be the germ of a great revolution in the affairs of the people of our state, and produce blessings unnumbered on our posterity. Let us then be true to the work in which we have engaged; let us see the faces of the practical workers. We wish to see those amongst us who know how to make wagons and carriages, passenger cars, steam engines and other machinery; those who have erected establishments to make doors, blinds and sashes; those wor

thies who have machinery at work making stockings for the ladies; those who are commendably engaged in making all the articles necessary to our luxury and comfort. You are the men we need to push on the car of reform; your example and your facts will do more in a generation than politicians, statesmen and philosophers would work out in centuries. Let each and every one of us put our shoulders to the wheel; let us encourage the formation of agricultural societies in every district in the state, that every man who feels an interest in his country may become enlisted in the cause of pushing forward scientific agriculture and the mechanic arts. We will thus be brought into contact with each other-many will be induced to write, others to read. In this way the literary will be able to impart his knowledge to the working man, and receive in return the practical results of the observant laborer. In this way we will combine our efforts to promote any changes which may be thought desirable to be effected in our country.

We have already done much towards laying the foundation of a wonderful change. The small steam cotton mill erected in our city has enlisted the attention of some of our most active and energetic men, who are young enough to witness a mighty revolution in the industrial pursuits of our state. Groups of them may be met in our streets, whose conversation proves them to be as familiar with factory statistics as the manufacturers of Boston-they are already well enough informed to enlarge the business with certainty of success, and only need the capital to make large additions to their present enterprise. It only remains for the spirit of inquiry and energy of these young men to be properly sustained, to render them worth millions to the state.

In conclusion, let me urge the good people of South Carolina to press forward in strenuous endeavors to bring about such changes as will bring into active use all the spare capital of our state, to be so directed as to develop our natural resources, and give employment to the idle persons around us. We will not, by

this means, interfere with the production of cotton, but cut off the sources which are every day impoverishing us. Let us listen to no man who will tell us that our delightful climate is too debilitating for successfully prosecuting manufactures. When we have the facts before our eyes, that our raw cotton can be put into yarn for a less sum than it will cost to carry it out of the country in which it is grown, how can we doubt our ability to supply the NewEngland, British, French, German, and even China looms? It is perfectly idle for us to talk about combinations to shorten the production of cotton. Our only hope for successful efforts lies in making available the magnificent sources of wealth which Nature has scattered around us.

The beginning of our days of prosperity will have commenced when we shall hear our northern friends complaining of the lavish expenditure of the public purse, for the reason that it comes out of their own pockets-when we shall find them opposed to protective

laws on the ground that we will be the greatest gainers-when we shall hear the same class of men lamenting that South Carolina has discovered that she has the greatest abundance of oak bark, and can make her own leather, and that it is better for her to work it up into faithfully made shoes for home consumption, than to pay out their ready money for a foreign article, and then run the hazard of procuring a light article which, when put into use, proves to be made of leather only half tanned with hemlock bark, split into two or three parts, and imperfectly stitched or pegged together, and unfit for use in many instances, after two or three weeks' wear in wet weather.

And her prosperity will be in the full tide, when we shall hear of large factories putting up at the East to be filled with thousands of power looms to weave up our Southern yarn; when the live stock and hemp bagging which we receive from Kentucky will be brought on railroad cars, to return laden with our cotton domestics; when we shall see a large portion of the swamps of the Pee Dee, Wateree, Congaree, Edisto, Savannah, and other swamps, brought into cultivation; the Ashley and Edisto connected by a canal; the stock of the Santee Canal restored to its original value by the transit of boats loaded with grain and hay, supplying our low country with that which we are importing from other states; when our hills shall be covered with green pastures and grazing flocks of sheep, and we shall have railroads and turnpikes leading to every portion of the state; when our lumber cutters shall be found to be engaged in producing materials for the construction of towns and villages in our own state

then will the tide of our prosperity be in full flood. We will then no longer be under the necessity of looking for relief through limited production; we will have ceased to be under the fluctuations of the Liverpool market; we will have rid ourselves of that position which has made us, of recent days, a football to be kicked about by the Manchester spinners and Liverpool cotton brokers. Our tub will

stand on its own bottom.

ART. III-CHARLESTON AND SAVANNAH.

On the 4624 page of the number of the Review for April, 1851, is published an article from the Georgia Sentinel, which, while it gives the preference to Savannah over Charleston, as it views the rivalry between them, does some injustice to the former city. It may have been unintended or thoughtless, but is not the less unkind and unjust. The writer says the rivalry exists between the two cities only "by reason of the singular blindness or indifference, on the part of the people of Savannah, to their own interests and capacities." "In energy and enterprise they have always been behind their Charleston neighbors," &c. Now, I would like to know what we, of Savannah, could do more than has been done? Does the writer know, that when a city of only 7,500 people, white and black, hardly

larger than Columbus, she undertook a rail-road to Macon, 190 miles long, and that she has finished it? That to the efforts and taxes of her citizens, aided by some enlightened men of the interior, is due the gigantic work which first united the western waters with the Atlantic? Does he know that the longest line of rail-road in any state, until the Erie was completed, was in Georgia, and that it could not have been finished but for the aid and influence of Savannah? Does he know that Savannah is now making a rail-road connection with Augusta on the one hand, and Columbus on the otherand that when completed, she will have built, almost unaided, about 350 miles of rail-road, and given aid and impulse to almost as much more, within the borders of her state? Does he know that two of the finest steamships on the Atlantic coast, the Florida and Alabama, are running between Savannah and New-York, and are the fruit of Savannah enterprise? Does he know that the fine steamers running daily between Savannah and Charleston, are entirely owned in the former city? Does he know-(but he does not, or he would not have thought us asleep)-the amount of tonnage on our rivers owned in Savannah? Is he aware that our banking capital is only onethird that of Charleston, and that she has one hundred years the start of us in the accumulation of money-power; and that it is this which we have most to contend with? Does he remember that we have never had a dollar of state capital or aid? The truth is, we have not been idle, or ignorant of our position and duties-and we have already brought more trade here than we can attend to. Our population has doubled since we entered the race-and our business, not in cotton, but in other branches of trade, has quintupled already, and is progressing wonderfully. The Sentinel will realize, when next autumn he sees the cars from Savannah discharging freight on the banks of the Tennessee River, and a year thereafter loading cotton at Columbus, to put it on board Ocean Steamers at Savannah, what Savannah has done. Charleston may talk about her lines of improvement to the Great West, but when the world shall see a Savannah locomotive, or freight or passenger car at Chattanooga, it will be demonstrated who has done the work. This will be seen before the first day of October. Be sure that we are at work, and time is daily showing the fruits of our labors.

Savannah, 1851.

JUSTICE.