look the town below in summer through a leafy ocean of tree-tops. The most wonderful sights afforded from this picturesque point in the past have been when the Ohio river indulged in its mad pranks of trying to overflow the whole valley. The house is of historic interest, having long been the home of President Andrews. It is now occupied by President Eaton and his family. The adjoining residence, to the right in the picture, is the home of William H. Buell, a grandson of Joseph Buell, mentioned on a former page, whose circumstantial journal kept on the frontiers of the Ohio from 1785 to 1788 is esteemed by antiquarians and historians an important chapter in western history.

There is a charm about Marietta that does not bend itself readily to the language of description. It is individual in its reposeful style and general characteristics. Its pretty modern villas are planted here and there, and its antique homes and buildings cherished. During its one hundredth anniversary week, Governor Foraker, with his wife, children, servants, household supplies, his entire staff and several guests, took pos

session of one of these villa residences and kept open house for seven days. The presence of the governor of the state at all the exercises was a notable feature of the celebration. Senator John Sherman was also present, and Gen. Thomas Ewing, and scores of Ohio's notable sons and danghters, all assisting in doing the honors and extending hospitalities to guests from the other states. The collection of relics, one of the most complete of its kind that was probably ever brought together in this country, was on free exhibition during the week, illustrating, as words often fail in doing, the life, customs, and costumes of the pioneers. These came generally from the actual descendants, who have preserved. and treasured them conscientiously for a century. We trust they will be gathered into a permanent museum for future examination and study. In another building set apart for the purpose was an exhibit loaned by the Government at Washington that was visited by thousands with never flagging interest. In one grand sweep Marietta has gathered in with her own the salient points of the history of the beginnings of that vast country beyond the Ohio, and the world is benefited thereby.

Martha I Lamb

INDIAN TRIBES IN PREHISTORIC TIMES

THEIR LOCATION AND MOVEMENTS

In an article published in the Magazine of American History of May 1884, reasons were given for believing the Cherokees were mound builders. In a more recent article attention was called to evidence indicating that the typical works of Ohio were built by the same people, who are also known in tradition as the Tallegwi. In the present paper I propose to indulge in speculations-based chiefly on the discoveries made by explorations of the mounds-in regard to the location and movements of some of the tribes in prehistoric times.

How far tribal distinctions manifest themselves in the works, is an undetermined point; nevertheless it would seem to follow, as a necessary result, that differences in habits and customs would appear to some extent in the works and minor vestiges of art. Nor is this a gratuitous assumption, as the correctness of the theory is becoming more and more apparent as the explorations proceed. Our hopes of being able, ultimately, to mark out the different archæological districts are based primarily upon this theory.

That the mound builders were Indians, pertaining to or ancestors of the tribes found inhabiting this country when discovered by Europeans, is now too well established to admit of a reasonable doubt. Those who question this conclusion are certainly not familiar with the evidence. The questions, therefore, regarding the origin, builders, uses and objects of the mounds and other ancient works, and articles found in them, are merged into the discussion and study of the history, habits, customs, arts, beliefs and superstitions of the Indians. That here and there a tribe may have disappeared or become extinct in the past, as in historical times, is doubtless true, but this does not affect the general proposition.

In marking the boundaries of the archæological districts and following the lines of migration, the indications which guide us are sometimes seemingly slender and unimportant; but those variations and distinctions which at first appear of minor importance, are often the most persistent and decisive. Sometimes the distinguishing character is a slight variation in the mode of burial, the presence or absence of a pit beneath the mound, the form of a pipe, the figure on a shell, or the ornamentation of pottery.

While variations in many respects may be found in a single group built by the same people, there are certain characteristics which seem to indicate invariably the presence of a different people. This fact is too well known to archæologists to need any proof; nevertheless, what we give here will form illustrations.

Take, for example, the evidence relating to the Cherokees. From some slight indications found in a mound in Lee county, Virginia, some years ago, Mr. Lucien Carr was led to believe that this was the work of the people of this tribe. The explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology in east Tennessee and North Carolina have not only served to strengthen this belief, but have shown it to be founded on fact. Similarly slender indications brought to light by these explorations led us to believe we might trace this tribe back to the Kanawha Valley of West Virginia. An examination of the extensive groups of ancient works at Charleston not only confirmed this supposition by ample and satisfactory evidence, but furnished data which leave but little if any doubt that the authors of these works were the builders of the typical works of Ohio. It is probable that the fertile valleys of this state were occupied for a long time by the people of this tribe, who, in all likelihood, lived in comparatively undisturbed possession of it until, as tradition informs us, the Lenni Lenapes, coming down from the north, waged an incessant war against them.

From whence did they-the Tallegwi-come into Ohio? The same kind of evidence which has traced them back thus far from their historic seats in east Tennessee and western North Carolina, points us westward to northwestern Illinois and eastern Iowa. Coming, as we presume, from the northwest, they seem to have halted for a time on and near the banks of the Mississippi, in this latitude. No traces of them have been found farther west than the eastern third of Iowa.

Crossing the Mississippi, the evidences of their presence in western Illinois are numerous, but cease going eastward soon after crossing the Illinois river, and do not appear again until we reach the eastern part of Indiana. One chain of evidence, which is without a break from the first indications in Iowa to the historic times in North Carolina, is the series of pipes. Commencing with the simple "monitor" or "platform pipe," we trace, step by step, as we proceed eastward and southward, the development of the modern Cherokee pipe. There are also other chains equally significant. As intimately connected with the history and movements of Cherokees is the history of the Shawnee tribe. The line of migration of these Indians to their earliest known seat, the valley of the Cumberland river, is very uncertain. Judging by the mound evidence, especially the box-shaped stone

graves, of which they appear to have been the chief builders, the following is all that we can say in regard to their movements in prehistoric and early historic times. The chief area over which their movements appear to have extended antecedent to historical notices, is an irregular belt commencing with St. Louis and St. Genevieve counties, Missouri, thence running southeast through southern Illinois, western and middle Kentucky, middle Tennessee, and northern Georgia, to the head waters of the Savannah river.

The mounds and graves of southern Illinois belong apparently to widely separate periods; some of the stone graves, as is well known, being the burying places of Illinois Indians in comparatively modern times. These which are found chiefly in Monroe and Randolph counties, appear to have no relation to mounds.

The other graves (we allude here to the box-shaped stone graves), especially those of Jackson, Union and Alexander counties, are in a majority of cases not only directly connected with mounds, but are evidently in most cases built by the same people who built the mounds and buried in the graves about Lebanon and Nashville, Tennessee, and are as old or older than the latter. We therefore attribute these to the Shawnees, who must have been in this section at a comparatively early date. The graves in St. Louis and St. Genevieve counties, Missouri, belong to a subsequent period, when bands of this tribe occupied these sections in historic times. The remains about the Salines near Shawneetown indicate two periods of occupancy. It is possible, therefore, that this tribe made its first entry into its historic seat from the northwest, crossing the Mississippi in the region of southern Illinois.

The valley of the Cumberland in the northern portion of middle Tennessee was their principal seat and the section longest and most permanently occupied by them. The mound and grave testimony and the glimpses we obtain regarding their past from history and tradition agree on this point.

The occupancy of northern Georgia by the people of this tribe reaches back into prehistoric times. There is, in fact, some evidence bearing upon the date of this occupancy, as it appears they had not lost their foothold in the northwest of what is now the state when De Soto passed through that section, although they had been driven from their possessions on the head waters of the Savannah. Their first entry, therefore, into this section could not have been later than the fourteenth century. We know, historically, that a band had separated from the main body and located on the Savannah near its mouth. These facts have apparently a strong bearing in favor of the theory and tradition which brings this people from the ex