II. HISTORY OF THE EPISCOPAL HIERARCHY.

$24.

RELATIONS TO THE SECULAR POWER.

Planck's Gesch. d. christl. kirchl. Gesellschaftsverfassung, Bd. 3. S. 411 ff. — K. D. Hullmann's Gesch. des Ursprungs der Stände in Deutschland (drey Theile. 1806.) Th. 2. S. 1 ff. E. Montag's Gesch. d. deutschen staatsbürgerl. Freiheit Bd. 2. S. 79 ff.

The secular power of the bishops had been gradually increasing during the confused reigns of the successors of Charlemagne,1 till at length the kings of Germany, more especially since the time of Otho I., found it to their advantage to balance the overgrown power of their nobles by endowing the prelates with whole counties as fiefs.2 The effect of this was to secure, of course, the dependence of the clergy on the kings, at least for the time. They were for the most part

1 Comp. § 9, note 5. In multiplied instances they were invested with the Regalia, or peculiar rights of royalty. Lewis IV., the infant, who was especially profuse in his gifts to the clergy (see Gatterer comm. de Ludov. IV. Infante. Götting. 1759), first conferred on them the privileges of Counts; namely, on the abbot of Corvey (A. D. 900), the bishops of Triers (902) and of Tongern (908), and others (Gatterer, 1. c. p. 53). Montag, 1. c. Bd. 1. Th. 2. S. 41. Bd. 2. §. 86. Hullmann's Gesch. des Ursprungs d. Regalien in Deutschland. Frankfort. 1806.

2 Otho I. invested his brother Bruno, archbishop of Cologne, with the dukedom of Lorrain, though without making it hereditary. Besides this he bestowed upon him the newly founded bishopricks of Magdeburg, Brandenburg, etc., with the privileges of a Count. Otho III. and Henry II. bestowed numerous counties on different churches. See Thomassini vet. et nov. eccl. discpl. p. III. Montag. Bd. 2. S. 90. Hallmann's Gesch. d. Stände. Th. 2. S. 85. - Comp. the old German chronicle in Leibnitii introd. in Scriptt. Rer. Brunsvic. T. I. p. 13, from Otho I.'s time: Da begunten zuerst die Bischoffe weltliche Richte zu haben, das dauchte damals unbillig manchen Manne. By what means such endowments were sometimes obtained, may be learned from the Vita Meinwerci Ep. Paderb. e. 79 (Leibait. Scriptt. Rer. Brunsv. T. I. p. 554). Meinwerk beset the emperor Henry II. to give him the estate Ervete (curtis Ervete sita in pago Westfalon), and at length obtained it, accompanied with these words: "Tu odium Dei omniumque Sanctorum ejus habeas, qui me bonis concessis cum detrimento regni spoliare non cessas." Episcopus autem privilegium cum manu in altum exaltans: "Beatus es," ait, "Henrice, et bene tibi erit, cui pro hac oblatione cœlum patebit, cujus anima cum Sanctis sempiterna possidebit gaudia. Videte omnes populis, considerate fideles universi: talis oblatio peccatorum fit abolitio; hoc sacrificium Deo acceptabile animabus fit propitiabile. Hoc quique fideles pro posse suæ facultatis imitari studeant; ut pro temporalibus æterna, pro transitoriis mansura obtinere valeant." In the same work various instances of his audacity are recounted, in wringing from the emperor the gift of a goblet, of an altar-cloth. c. 82: Episcopus autem quoddam Imperatoris tegmen egregium, præcipui decoris et mirifici operis pallium sæpenumero obtinere desiderans, effectu caruit; donec quadam die Imperatori pluribus intento illud fortuito rapuit. Imperator vero Episcopum de rapinæ incusans vitio talionem debitam suo se tempore redditurum perhibuit: and afterwards revenged himself by privately altering the bishop's missal, so that he prayed pro mulis et mulabus, instead of pro famulis et famulabus.

appointed by the kings,3 must be installed in office by them,4 take the oath of allegiance,5 follow them to the wars in times of exigency,6 appear frequently at court, and were not seldom punished by them, and even deposed.8 On the other hand, their new possessions drew

3 For the privilege of electing their own bishops, bestowed on many churches, was respected only so long as it pleased the royal will. Hullmann, Th. 2. S. 10. Montag, Bd. 2. S. 119. Planck, Bd. 3. S. 406. Hence Sigismund, bishop of Halberstadt (A. D. 923), in his last sickness, advises his chaplain Bernhard, whom he wishes to succeed him (Dithmari Chron. lib. I. p. 15, ed. Wagner): Vade ad curtem regiam, sumens ex mea parte, quæ tibi sint ad hæc necessaria, et acquire gratiam et auxilium ibi optime valentium, ut tibi liceat sine omni offensione mihi succedere. Bernhard follows his advice, et prædicti regis (Henrici I.) munere, quod postulat consequitur.

4 Even as early as Clovis in dipl. a. 508 (in Bouquet IV. p. 616): Quicquid est fisci nostri per annulum tradimus. Of Clovis II. A. D. 623, it is said in the vita S. Romani Ep. Rothomag. baculum illi contulit pastoralem. It did not become the established custom investire per baculum et annulum till the tenth century. Natal. Alex. hist. eccl. sæc. XI. et XII. diss. IV. Mosheim institutt. hist. eccl. p. 408, note r. Hüllmann, Th. 1: S. 164. Montag, Bd. 1. Th. 2. S. 186. Bd. 2. S. 127. Planck, B. 3. S. 462.

This seems to have become customary under Charlemagne. True, the Episcopi apud Carisiacum congregati complain of it in the epist. ad Ludov. Reg. Germ. a. 858, cap. 15 (Baluzii Capitt. II. p. 119): Et nos Episcopi Domino consecrati non sumus hujusmodi homines, ut sicut homines seculares in vassalatico debeamus nos cuilibet commendare, aut jurationis sacramentum, quod nos evangelica et apostolica atque canonica auctoritas vetat, debeamus quoquo modo facere. Manus enim chrismate sacro peruncta, quæ de pane et vino aqua mixto per orationem et crucis signum conficit corpus Christi et sanguinis sacramentum, abominabile est, quicquid ante ordinationem feceret, ut post ordinationem episcopatus seculare tangat ullo modo sacramentum. Et lingua Episcopi, quæ facta est per Dei gratiam clavis cœli, nefarium est, ut, sicut sæcularis quilibet, super sacra juret in nomine Domini et Sanctorum invocatione. - Et si aliquando sacramenta ab Episcopis exacta aut facta fuerunt, contra Deum et ecclesiasticas regulas, quæ Spiritu S. dictatæ et Christi sunt sanguine confirmatæ, irrita s. scripturæ paginis declarantur, et exigentes atque facientes medicamento exinde salutaris pœnitentiæ indigent. But Hincmar, probably the author of this letter, was nevertheless obliged to take this oath a second time, at the Synodus Pontigonensis A. D. 876 (Baluz. 1. c. p. 250). In proportion as the endowments of the clergy were multiplied, however, they became less averse to the oath. Thomassini vet. et nov. eccl. discipl. p. II. lib. II. c. 48. Montag, Bd. 1. Th. 1. S. 180.

6 They were even compelled to lead their troops in person. e. g. Gerardus in vita Udalrici Ep. August. (in Mabillon Act. SS. Ord. Bened. Sæc. V. p. 415) cap. 3 concessum est s. Udalrico Episcopo, ut Adalbero in ejus vice itinera hostilia cum militia episcopali in voluntatem Imperatoris perageret, et in curte Imperatoris ejus vice assiduitate servitii moraretur. Hence the prelates regularly accompanied the armies in the tenth and eleventh century. Hallmann, Th. 1. S. 97. Th. 2. S. 54. Montag, Bd. 2. S. 111, 200. Planck, B. 3. S. 465. Nor was it unusual for them to take part in the battle. e. g. Dithmari chron. lib. II. p. 34 s. ed. Wagner. Michael, bishop of Ratisbonne, accompanies the Bavarian prince in an expedition against the Hungarians. The battle is lost. Episcopus autem abscisa suimet auricula, et cæteris sauciatus membris cum interfectis quasi mortuus latuit. A Hungarian is about to kill him. Tunc iste confortatus in Domino post longum mutui agonis luctamen victor hostem prostravit, et inter multas itineris asperitates incolumis notos pervenit ad fines. Inde gaudium gregi suo exoritur, et oinni Christum cognoscenti. Excipitur ab omnibus miles bonus in clero, et servatur optimus pastor in populo, et fuit ejusdem mutilatio non ad dedecus, sed ad honorem magis.

"Hullmann, Th. 1. S. 108. Th. 2. S. 59. Montag, Bd. 2. S. 115, 202.

Planck, Bd. 3. S. 443, 467.

upon them the envy of the nobility; they were often, particularly the abbots, defrauded by their bailiffs, 10 and were forced to bestow large portions of the church lands in feudal tenure, in order to obtain men for their military service. The benefices were often bestowed by the king on his favorites, 12 and at last even sold; 13 and thus the highest places in the church filled by men, who sought them merely from mercenary motives.

In France, indeed, the bishops were deprived of most of their regalia under the Capet family, but still they continued to be as dependent as ever on the royal authority, in which alone they could find refuge from the attacks of the nobles; 14 so that the kings had little to fear from the open avowal of principles 15 which, in theory, made them dependent on the bishops.

9 Hallmann, Th. 2. S. 30.

10 Hallmann, Th. 2. S. 62. "Montag, Bd. 2. S. 109.

Montag, B. 2. S. 17, 79.

Montag, B. 2. S. 222. Planck, Bď. 3. S. 611.

12 Comp. Attonis Ep. Vercellensis (vid. § 27, note 2). Thus Count Heribert of Vermandois A. D. 925, forces the church at Rheims to take his five years old son Hugo, as their archbishop, causing him to be confirmed as such by Pope John X. Flodoardi hist. Eccl. Rhem. IV. c. 20.

12 Hallmann, Th. 2. S. 19. Especially during the minority of Henry IV. Lambert. Schafnab. a. 1063 (in Pistorius-Struve T. I. p. 330): Hi duo (Adelbertus Bremensis Archiepisc. et Werenher comes) pro Rege imperitabant: ab his episcopatus et abbatiæ, ab his quicquid ecclesiasticarum, quicquid secularium dignitatum est, emebatur: nec alia cuiquam, licet industrio atque egregio viro, spes adipiscendi honoris ullius erat, quam ut hos prius ingenti profusione pecuniarum suarum redemisset. Et ab Episcopis quidem et Ducibus metu magis, quam religione temperabant. In Abbates vero, quod hi injuriæ obviam ire non poterant, tota libertate grassabantur, illud præ se ferentes, nihil minus Regem in hos juris ac potestatis habere, quam in villicos suos, vel in alios quoslibet regalis fisci dispensatores. Et primo quidem prædia monasteriorum fautoribus suis (prout libitum erat) distribuebant, et quod reliquum erat, crebra regalium servitiorum exactione usque ad fæces ultimas exhauriebant. Deinde convalescente audacia, in ipsa monasteria impetum faciebant, atque ea inter se tanquam provincias partiebantur, Rege ad omnia, quæ jussus fuisset, puerili facilitate annuente, etc.

14 Planck, Bd. 3. S. 489. Hence the royal influence in the election of bishops remained undiminished. Ibid. S. 405, 408. Striking examples of Simony vid. in Gallia christiana (opera Monach. congreg. S. Mansi T. XII. Paris. 1715 - 1770. fol.) T. I. Append. Docum. p. 5, 23, 37. T. II. p. 173, 179.

15 The chief authority was the passage Ep. Gelasii P. ad Anastasium Imp. a. 494 (in Mansi VIII. p. 31): Duo quippe sunt,- quibus principaliter mundus hic regitur, auctoritas sacra pontificum, et regalis potestas. În quibus tanto gravius est pondus sacerdotum, quanto etiam pro ipsis regibus Domino in divino reddituri sunt examine rationem. Comment of the Conc. apud S. Macram a. 881, cap. 1 (Mansi XVII. p. 538): Sicut in sacris legimus literis, duo sunt, quibus as above down to regia potestas. Solus enim Dominus noster J. C. vere fieri potuit rex et sacerdos. Post incarnationem vero — - ejus nec rex pontificis dignitatem, nec pontifex regiam potestatem sibi usurpare præsumsit: sic actionibus propriis dignitatibusque ab eo distinctis, ut et Christiani reges pro æterna vita pontificibus indigerent, et pontifices pro temporalium rerum cursu regum dispositionibus uterentur.- Et tanto est dignitas pontificum major quam regum, quia reges in culmen regium sacrantur a pontificibus, pontifices autem a regibus consecrari non possunt: et tanto gravius pondus as above down to rationem. - Conc. Troslejan. a. 909, cap. 1 (Mausi XVIII. p. 267): Sicut enim regalis potestas sacerdotali religioni se devote submittit: sic et sacerdotalis auctoritas cum omni pietatis officio se regali dignitati subdere debet sicut sanctus ostendit P. Gelasius ad Anastasium

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SUPREMACY OF THE POPE.

Planck: Geschichte der christl. kirchl. Gesellschaftsverfassung. Bd. 3. Seite. 805.

The principles of church-government, inculcated in the PseudoIsidorian decretals, had gradually pervaded the whole Western church, and the Metropolitans, wronged as they were, could offer but little resistance, inasmuch as all their own authority began to be traced to the investment with the Pallium by the Pope; 2 whilst this was bestowed only under the express condition of the most unqualified obedience to the papal decrees. The decretals designated the Pope as the universal bishop of the church ;- an idea as yet obscure and undefined, but on that very account the more dangerous, constantly stimulating the ambition of the popes, misleading the weak, and abused by the designing. Still, however, the papal interference in the gov

scribens Imp. "Duo sunt-rationem." Ergo quia et rex pro æterna vita indiget pontificibus, et pontifices pro temporalium rerum cursu regali indigent dispositione: a rege obediendum est pontificibus, recta, sancta et justa suadentibus; et vicissim a pontificibus obediendum est regi pietatis cultui religione, jure et solatio servienti. The source of the notion that the regal authority was conferred by the unction in § 9, note 9-comp. Planck, B. 3. S. 477.

1 See § 20, note 4.

"This had its source in the ancient custom of confirming the Metropolitans in their office sive per manus impositionem, sive per pallii dationem from the hands of the Patriarch (Conc. Constant. œcum. VIII. A. D. 869, can. 17). This Patriarchal relation was now transferred to all the Metropolitans of the West. Nicholas I. in Respons. ad consulta Bulgarorum, c. 73 (Mansi XV. p. 426): first makes the express provision [Archiepiscopum] episcopi, qui ab obeunte archiepiscopo consecrati sunt, simul congregati constituant: sane interim in throno non sedentem, et præter corpus Christi non consecrantem, priusquam pallium a sede Romana percipiat, sicuti Galliarum omnes, et Germaniæ, et aliarum regionum archiepiscopi agere comprobantur. So also Johannes VIII. in Ep. 94 ad Rostagnum Archiepisc. Arelat. A. D. 878 (Mansi XVII. p. 81) and in Syn. Ravennensi a. 877, can. 1: Quisquis metropolitanus intra tres menses consecrationis suæ ad fidem suam exponendam, palliumque suscipiendum ab apostolica sede nulla inevitabili necessitate imminente non miserit, commissa sibi care at dignitate, etc. (Can. I. and II. of this Synod were soon ascribed to former Popes; by Petrus Damiani L. 7. Ep. 4, Burchard and others, to Damasus; by Ivo and Gratianus P. I. dist. C. can. 1, to Pelagius. It is remarkable that even Böhmer is deceived in this matter, vid. Jod. le Plat diss. de spuriis in Gratiano cann. P. III. Sect. II. c. 12, § 2). Concerning the cost of the Pallium, see Canuti Regis Ep. ad Anglorum Proceres, written from Rome A. D. 1027 (Mansi XIX. p. 499): Conquestus sum iterum coram domino Papa, et mihi valde displicere dixi, quod me archiepiscopi in tantum angariabantur immensitate pecuniarum, quæ ab eis expetebantur, dum pro pallio accipiendo secundum morem apostolicam sedem expeterent: decretumque est ne id deinceps fiat. It was the custom to go in person to Rome to be invested with the Pallium, Thomassini Eccl. disc. P. I. lib. II. cap. 57, no. 4. 3 See § 22, note *.

Comp. Conc. Triburiense under Hatto, archbishop of Mayence, A. D. 895, c. 30 (Mansi XVIII. p. 147): In memoriam b. Petri Apostoli honoremus S. Romanam et apostolicam sedem, ut quæ nobis sacerdotalis mater est dignitatis, esse

ernment of the dioceses was universally condemned,5 and in some instances very unceremoniously repelled. It was characteristic of the time to suppose that the Pope, as the highest of all the clergy, could give the most effectual absolution for sins. The bishops, on the other hand, maintained that they alone could exercise this power in their own dioceses.8

debeat magistra ecclesiasticæ rationis. Quare servanda est cum mansuetudine humilitas, ut licet vix ferendum ab illa s. sede imponatur jugum, conferamus, et pia devotione toleremus. Si vero, quod non decet, quilibet, sive presbyter sive diaconus, aliquam perturbationem machinando, et nostro ministerio insidiando, redarguatur falsam ab Apostolico detulisse epistolam, vel aliud quid, quod inde non convenerit, salva fide et integra circa Apostolicum humilitate, penes episcopum sit potestas, utrum eum in carcerem, aut in aliam detrudat custodiam, usquequo per epistolam, aut per idoneos suæ partis legatos, apostolicam interpellet sublimitatem, ut potissimum sua sancta legatione dignetur decernere, quid de talibus justo ordine lex Romana statuat diffinire, ut et is corrigatur, et cæteris mcdus imponatur.

$ cf. Glab. Rudulph. II. c. 4 (Bouquet X. p. 15). A certain Count Fulco, a man of most abandoned character, having been refused by Hugo, archbishop of Tours, whom he had asked to consecrate a church for him to the honor of the Cherubim and Seraphim (about A. D. 1007) copiosa argenti et auri assumta pecunia Romam pergens Johanni P. causam suæ profectionis exposuit: ac deinde reportans quod ab illo optaverat, plurima ei munerum dona obtulit. Qui protinus misit cum eodem Fulcone ad prædictam Basilicam sacrandam unum ex illis, quos - Cardinales vocant, nomine Petrum, cui etiam præcepit, veluti Romani Pontificis auctoritate assumta, quicquid agendum Fulconi videbatur, intrepidus expleret. Quod utique audientes Galliarum quique Præsules-pariter detestantes, quoniam nimium indecens videbatur, ut is, qui Apostolicam regebat Sedem, Apostolicum primitus ac Canonicum transgrediebatur tenorem: cum insuper multiplici sit antiquitus auctoritate roboratum, ut non quispiam Episcoporum in alterius Diocesi istud præsumat exercere, nisi Præsule, cujus fuerit, compellente seu permittente. - Licet namque Pontifex Romanæ Ecclesiæ ob dignitatem Apostolicæ Sedis cæteris in orbe constitutis reverentior habeatur, non tamen ei licet transgredi in aliquo Canonici moderaminis tenorem. Sicut enim unusquisque orthodoxa ecclesiæ Pontifex, ac sponsus propriæ Sedis uniformiter speciem gerit Salvatoris, ita generaliter nulli convenit quippiam in alterius procaciter patrare Episcopi Diœcesi. • Chronicon Urspergense ad ann. 1052: When Leo IX. was in Worms and attended mass where Leutpold, archbishop of Mayence officiated, the Diaconus sang the lesson in the German manner. The Pope commanded him to stop, quia Romano more non agebatur. The Diaconus took no notice of him, et lectionem usque ad finem perduxit. Qua finita Papa illum ad se vocavit, et quasi pro inobedientiæ contumacia degradavit. Archiepiscopus vero misit ad illum, ut suum sibi redderet ministrum. Quod ubi Papa abnuit, Pontifex, ut erat antiquæ disciplinæ, licet ægre, patienter tamen interim tacendo sustinuit. But instead of proceeding with the mass, in sede sua resedit, vere contestans, nec se, nec alium quempiam completurum illud officium, nisi reciperet processionis suæ ministrum. Quod ubi Apostolicus intellexit, Pontifici cessit, reindutumque ministrum continuo remisit. Quo recepto, debito se Præsul injunxit officio. Qua in re et Pontificis auctoritas, et Apostolici consideranda est humilitas: dum et ille officii sui dignitatem defendere contendebat, et iste, licet majoris dignitatis, Metropolitano tandem in sua diœcesi cedendum perpendebat.

"Even the archbishop of Mayence, Hatto, wrote to Pope John IX. A. D. 900 (Mansi XVIII. p. 203): Vestræ clementiæ innotescimus, Seniorem nostrum Arnulphum Imp. de hujus vitæ exilio migrasse. Sed quod quamdiu in hoc mundo subsistimus, per incerta ferimur, nescientes ubi quorundam animæ post hanc lucem mansionem recipiant; vestris quasi provoluti vestigiis subnixe poscimus, ut animam ipsius vestræ auctoritatis potestate a vinculis peccatorum absolvatis, quia "quæcunque solveritis super terram, erunt soluta in cœlo."

• Conc. Salegunstadiense (held A. D. 1022, Aribo, archbishop of Mayence