$ 87. SECTS IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. 1 The sanguinary course pursued with the heretics 1 only confirmed them in their convictions, and filled them with scorn and hatred of the established church, driving them to seek refuge in other countries, where they secretly contiued to disseminate their doctrines. In the mean time the popular excitement against Rome, the clergy, and the ecclesiastical abuses was constantly increasing,2 with an occasional feeling of the necessity of a reformation.3 At the same time the A lively picture of this is given by Izarn, a Dominican and Troubadour (later than 1242, since in Millot. p. 57, he mentions the murder of the Inquisitor Arnaud) in a poetical description, of the conversion of Sicard de Figueiras (see Millot. hist. littéraire des Troubad. T. II. p. 42 seq.; the original in Raynouard, T. V. p. 228). The missionary thus addresses the heretic (Millot. p. 43): Dis-moi, hérétique, parle un peu avec moi. Tu ne le feras point, si tu n'y es forcé, selon ce que j'entends dire. Tu te moques bien de Dieu, d'avoir renié ta foi et ton baptême, pour croire que le diable t'a créé, et qu'un tel monstre peut te sauver. He then proves to him that God is the creator of all things, and closes (p. 50): Je veux qu'en un ou deux mots tu me repondes. Ou tu seras jeté dans le feu, ou tu te rangeras de notre côté, de nous, qui avons la foi pure avec ses sept échelons, savoir les sacremens, etc. Then follows a defence of marriage, to which he seeks to give weight in the same manner: Quoi, indocile à toutes ces autorités de Dieu et de S. Paul, tu ne peux te rendre? Mais le feu et les supplices t'attendent: tu vas y passer. p. 53: Avant qu'on te jette dans les flammes, je veux cependant te donner congé par une autre dispute sur la résurrection de l'homme et de la femme, que tu ne crois pas non plus que le jugement universel. La parole de Dieu à ce sujet est infaillible et invariable; de sorte que, si la tête d'un homme étoit par delà les mers, un de ses pieds à Alexandrie, l'autre au mont Calvaire, une de ses mains en France, et l'autre à Haut-Villar, et que le tronc fût porté en Espagne; enfin que toutes ces parties, brûlées et mises en cendres, fussent jetées au vent; elles reprendroient au jour du jugement la forme, qu'elles ont eue au baptême, etc. p. 59: Avant que tu sois livré aux flammes, comme tu vas l'être, si tu ne te rétractes point, je voudrois encore te demander, pourquoi tu nies notre baptême, etc. - p. 62: Je t'ai par huit fois convaincu d'erreur et de mensonge, hérétique obstiné: mais toutes les autorités des apôtres et des prophètes ne gagnent rien, et je perds mon tems avec toi. Once more: Où as-tu trouvé dans l'écriture, et qui t'a appris, que ton ame soit venue de ceux, qui tombèrent du ciel sur la terre? etc. Finally, the heretic yields, p. 66: Jzarn, assurez moi, et faites-moi donner parole, que je ne serai pas brulé, ni enfermé, ni maltraité. Je me soumets à toutes les autres peines, qu'il vous plaira, etc. See above, p. 261 seq.; 271, 276 seq.; 278. Like Conrad of Lichtenau, who, in the conduct of Gregory IX. to Frederick II. saw a prodigium ruentis ecclesiæ (see above, § 55, note 11) the Provençals in the evils which befel their country, saw the omens of the downfal of the Pope, see the Troubadour Guill. Figueira, about 1244 (Millot. T. II. p. 451): Rome, tu te fais un jeu d'envoyer les chrétiens au martyre. Mais dans quel livre as-tu lu, que tu doives exterminer les chrétiens? Comme un bête enragée, tu as dévoré les grands et les petits. Que le brave comte Raimond vive encore deux ans, il fera repentir la France de s'être livrée à tes impostures. Tes crimes sont montés si haut, que tu méprises Dieu et ses saints. Ta tyrannie éclate par l'injustice, que tu fais au comte Raimond. - Rome, je me console par l'espérance, que dans peu tu auras une mauvaise fin! 3 cf. La Bible de Guyon de Provins, a monk in Clugny, written 1203 (Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits de la Bibl. nationale, Tom. V. p. 284): Cour de Rome, vous n'êtes que crimes; et puisque le pape n'en voit rien, et qu'il ne s'oppose à 50 VOL. II. comparison of the lives of the heretics with those of the clergy, was to the manifest disadvantage of rhe latter. Thus it is not surprising that, in the thirteenth century, we find the older heresies more widely diffused than ever, and many new sects besides. rien, notre sort est de périr. Rome n'a cessé d'avilir la religion; Rome nous suce et nous dévore; rien n'y résiste à l'argent; elle détruit tout, elle porte le désespoir par-tout; c'est la source d'où découlent tous les vices. Pourquoi les princes ne se réunissent-ils pas pour arrêter tous ces maux? Pourquoi les Chrétiens ne marchent-ils pas contre elle, comme en ce moment ils marchent contre les Griffons (the Greeks)? Ce moyen est le seul qui puisse détruire la convoitise, l'orgueil, la félonie, et la fraude, qui ont fixé là leur séjour. More touching the complaints of the German Minnesingers, e. g. Walther v. d. Vogelweide (Maness Th. 1. S. 133): Swell Herze sich bi disen Ziten niht verkeret, Sit das der Babest selbe dort den Ungelouben meret, Nu seht ir, was der Pfaffen Werk, und was ir Lere si E das was ire Lere bi den Werken reine : Nu sint si aber anders so gemeine, Das wirs Unrehte würken sehen, Unrehte hæren sagen, Die uns guoter Lere Bilde solten tragen: Des mugen wir tumbe Leigen (Laity) wol verzagen : Ich wen aber, min guoter Closener (Clausner) clage und sere weine And Wernher (Maness, Th. 2. S. 162) Wir Leigen han die Wisel florn (die Weisel verloren), Die unser solten pflegen Nu grifen selbe nach den Pfaden, Wir struchen bi den Wegen. • Rainerii Summa (see below, note 9), cap. 3 (in Bibl. Max. PP. XXV. p. 263) Sex sunt causæ hæresis. Prima inanis gloria. Secunda est, quia omnes, scil. viri et feminæ, parvi et magni, nocte et die, non cessant docere et discere. Quidam hæreticus ad hoc tantum, ut quendam a fide nostra averteret et ad suam converteret, nocte, tempore hyemali, per aquam, quæ Ibsa dicitur, ad ipsum natavit. — Tertia causa hæresis est, quia novum et vetus Testamentum vulgariter transtulerunt: et sic docent et discunt. Audivi, et vidi quendam rusticum idiotam, qui Job recitavit de verbo ad verbum, et plures, qui totum novum Testamentum perfecte sciverunt. Quarta causa hæresum est scandalum de malo exemplo quorundam. Unde cum quosdam vident male vivere, dicunt: Sic Apostoli non vixerunt, nec nos, qui sumus imitatores Apostolorum. Quinta causa est insufficientia doctrinæ quorundam, qui prædicant quandoque frivola, quandoque falsa. Unde quidquid Ecclesiæ doctor docet, quod per textum novi Testamenti non probat, hoc totum pro fabulis habent, contra Ecclesiam. Sexta causa est irreverentia, quam quidam ministri Ecclesiæ perhibent Sacramentorum. Septima causa est odium, quod habent contra Ecclesiam. Of their morals, Ibid. cap. 7. p. 272: Hæretici cognoscuntur per mores et verba. Sunt enim in moribus compositi et modesti: superbiam in vestibus non habent, quia nec preciosis, nec multum abjectis utuntur. Negotiationes non habent propter mendacia, et juramenta, et fraudes vitandas; sed tantum vivunt de labore, ut opifices, Doctores etiam ipsorum sunt sutores et textores. Divitias non multiplicant, sed necessariis sunt contenti. Casti etiam sunt, maxime Leonista. Temperati etiam sunt in cibo et potu. Ad tabernas non eunt, nec ad choreas, nec ad alias vanitates. Ab ira se cohibent: semper operantur, discunt vel docent, et ideo parum orant. Item ad Ecclesiam ficte vadunt, offerunt et confitentur, et communicant, et intersunt prædicationibus; sed ut prædicantem capiant in sermone. Cognoscuntur etiam in verbis præcisis et modestis. Cavent etiam a scurrilitate et detractione, et verborum levitate, et mendacio, et juramento. Nec dicunt: vere, vel certe, et similia: quia hæc reputant juramenta. Item ad quæstiones raro directe respondent. Ut, si quæratur ab ipsis: Scis tu Evangelium vel Epistolas? respondet: Quis docuisset me ista? etc. The history of the older sects is best learned from the writings of - their opponents. These were Luke, bishop of Tuy in Gallicia (about A. D. 1236),5 against the Albigenses; the Dominican Yvonet (about A. D. 1278) against the Waldenses; and the Dominicans and Inquisitors Stephen de Borbone, in Lyons (about 1225), Moneta, in Bologna (about 1240), and Rainert Sacchoni, in Lombardy († 1259),9 against both parties. 8 The Cathari, or, as they were now more commonly called, the Albigenses, not only continued to be found in France 10 but also in the north of Italy,11 where their increase was favored by the distracted 5 Luce Tudensis Episc. de altera vita fideique controversiis adv. Albigensium errores, Libb. III. prim. ed. J. Mariana S. J. theol. Ingolstad. 1612. reprinted in Bibl. PP. max. T. XXV. p. 188 seq. Tractatus de hæresi Pauperum de Lugduno in Martene thesaur. Anecdot. T. V. p. 1777 seq. That the author, who is given by Martene as Anonymus, was the Dominican Yvonetus, was discovered by d'Argentré collectio judicior. T. I. p. 95. 7 See above, p. 377, note 3. See the extracts from Stephani de Borbone lib. de septem donis Spiritus sancti in d'Argentré collect. judiciorum, T. I. p. 85–91. • Moneta Summa adv. Catharos et Valdenses libb. V. ed. Thom. Aug. Richini. Romæ, 1743. fol. • Of his Summa de Catharis et Leonistis there are two edd. (cf. d'Argentré, 1. c. p. 47): one older and more concise in Martene thesaur. Anecdot. T. V. p. 1762, and in d'Argentré, 1. c. p. 48 – 57 (in this last with an addition, p. 56, 57); and a second, enlarged edition, published by Jac. Gretser, with the incorrect title contra Waldenses; and in Bibl. Max. PP. Ť. XXV. p. 262. Reiner says of himself (Martene, p. 1763. Bibl. PP. p. 268): Ego Frater Reinerius (Rinherus, Renerius, Rainerius), olim hæresiarcha, nunc Dei gratia sacerdos in Ord. FF. Prædicatorum -XVII annis conversatus sum cum eis (Catharis). He was driven from Milan by Palavicini, see note 11. * Of the names given them, see Stephanus de Borbone, in d'Argentré, 1. c. p. 90: Dicti sunt Albigenses. - Dicuntur etiam a Lombardis Gazari vel Pathari: a Teutonicis Kathari vel Katariste: dicuntur etiam Burgari, quia latibulum eorum speciale est in Burgaria: gallice etiam dicuntur ab aliquibus Popelicani. 10 See above, § 86, note 24. 11 Thus 1225, in Brescia, cf. Honorii III. Epist. ad Episc. Ariminens. et Brixiensem (in Raynald. ann. 1225. no. 47): In civitate Brixiæ, quasi quodam hæreticorum domicilio, ipsi hæretici et eorum fautores nuper in tantam vesaniam proruperunt, ut, armatis turribus contra Catholicos, non solum ecclesias quasdam destruxerint incendiis et ruinis, verum etiam, jactatis facibus ardentibus ex eisdem, ore blasphemo latrare præsumpserint, quod excommunicabant Romanam Ecclesiam, etc. He commands the towers from which this was done to be destroyed. His orders, however, were not obeyed without opposition, see Raumer, Gesch. d. Hohenstaufen, Bd. 6. S. 300. note r. ex Regest. Honorii. -Gregory IX. 1227, accuses all Lombardy of tolerating heretics (see Raumer, Bd. 3. S. 417. ex Regest. Gregor.); Compare Bruder Wernher, above, p. 218. - In the territories of the princes Ezzelinus da Romana (cf. Rolandus, Lib. VI. c. 5. in Muratori scriptt. Rer. Ital. T. VIII. p. 257) and Palavicini, who were professed sceptics (cf. Annales Mediol. cap. 31. ad ann. 1259; in Muratori, T. XVI. p. 662: Übertus Marchio Pelavisinus, qui Fratrem Raynerium Ordinis Prædicatorum, Inquisitorem hæreticorum, natione Placentinum, de Mediolano ejici præcepit, - fuit Dominus civitatum Mediolani, Cremona, Placentiæ, Papiæ, Novariæ, Vercellarum, Terdonæ, Alexandriæ, Cumarum et Brixiæ. Iste in tantum fuit pestifer hæreticus, quod in civitatibus, ubi dominabatur, hæretici publice suos errores prædicabant, scholas et doctores in Cathedris habebant. Nec poterat aliquis Inquisitor hæreticorum officium inquisitionis facere. He himself publice fuit confessus, quod nihil state of the country. Milan was their chief seat.12 They were scattered, also, through the rest of Italy,13 in Spain,14 and throughout Germany to the borders of Bulgaria.15 Amongst them all there was credebat de fide Christiana, nec alicui hæresi.)- The heretics were allowed to preach openly. About the same time lived Armannus Pungilupus in Ferrara, who for a long time after his death († 1269) was honored as a saint, but at length, A. D. 1301, after an investigation of 30 years, was declared by Boniface VIII. to have been a secret heretic. See the numerous documents on the subject in Muratori Antiquitates Italicæ medii ævi, T. V. p. 93–148. 12 Compare Frederick II.'s reproaches of the Pope, above, p. 215, notes 18 and 21. — Matth. Paris, ann. 1236. p. 433: Erat civitas illa (Mediolanum) omnium hæreticorum, Paterinorum, Luciferanorum, Publicanorum, Albigensium, usurariorum refugium et receptaculum. Incertus Auctor in Urstisii Germ. histor. P. II. p. 90: Anno Dom. MCCXXXI facta est persequutio contra hæreticos, hostes fidei, veritatis inimicos, quorum multitudo magna latitabat in populo Dei, in civitatibus, oppidis et villis, subvertentes et in errorem mittentes quos poterant de ecclesia. Quorum plures comprehensi-et confessi sunt,- quod annualem censum transmittere solebant Mediolanum, ubi diversarum hæresium primatus agebatur. (Trithemius in Chron. Hirsaug. ann. 1230, had this passage before him, but amplifies the last clause thus: Unum Mediolani erroris sui Patriarcham habebant, inter consimiles latitantem, cujus mandatis obtemperabant in omnibus, eum Christi vicarium esse dicentes, cui singulis annis ex omnibus locis atque Provinciis censum destinabant annuum). - Matth. Paris, ann. 1240. p. 542 Mediolanenses autem tunc temporis formidine pœnæ potius, quam virtutis amore, hæreticos, qui civitatem suam pro magna parte inhabitabant, ut famam suam redimerent, et accusationi Imperiali liberius responderent, combusserunt; quamobrem numerus civium nimis est mutilatus. In 1259, however, under Palavicini, there was again universal toleration, see Ann. Mediol. note 11, above. 13 Particularly in Florence, from A. D. 1228, where Philip Paternon was bishop of the Cathari, Raumer, Bd. 4. S. 187 ff. in Rome, 1231 (Raynald. ad h. a. no. 13 seq.)-in Viterbo, 1235 (Raynald. ad h. a. no. 15, from the old Vita Gregorii IX: Ibi multos hæreticos, quorum unus Joannes Beneventi Papa dicebaturdamnavit.) 14 Esp. in Leon (Lucas Tudensis III. c. 9), where one of them, named Arnaldus, as we are told by Luke, was honored as a saint by the people. Matth. Paris, ann. 1234. p. 395, speaks of an attack of the Albigenses on the Christians in Spain; which, however, was followed by a crusade, and the entire destruction of the former. 15 Rainerus, c. 3, enumerates 41 heretical schools in the diocese of Passau. In the beginning of the 14th century they were very numerous in Austria, see Anonymi brevis narratio de nefanda hæresi Adamitica in variis Austriæ locis sæc. XIV. grassante in H. Pezii Scriptt. Rerum Austriacarum, T. II. p. 534. — Much information is given concerning the spread and internal relations of the Cathari in the Epist. Yvonis ad Giraldum Archiep. Burdegalensem (in Matth. Paris, ann. 1243. p. 608 seq.) Yvo, a priest, was innocently accused of heresy, but fled from trial, and really joined the heretics. Multas proinde compulsus circuire provincias, Paterinis in civitate Cumea commorantibus conquerendo narravi, qualiter pro fide eorum (quam, Deo teste, nunquam didiceram, vel sequebar) præcipitatis in me sententiis exulabam. Hoc illi audito gavisi sunt, et me felicem censuerunt, eo quod persecutionem propter justitiam tolerassem. Et ibidem apud eos tribus mensibus splendide ac voluptuose procurabar, et multos quotidie errores — audiens subticebam. Meque beneficiis obligarunt ad promittendum sibi, quod ex tunc Christianis, cum quibus morosum possem habere colloquium, prædicarem persuadendo, quod in fide Petri neminem contingeret salvari, et hanc sententiam pertinaciter edocerem. Hocque mihi fide interposita promittenti, sua cœperunt secreta detegere, perhibentes, quod ex omnibus fere civitatibus Lombardiæ, et quibusdam Tuscia, Parisios dociles transmisissent scholares, quosdam logicis cavillationibus, alios etiam theologicis dissertionibus insudantes, ad adstruendos ipsorum errores, et professionem Apostolicæ fidei confutandam. Multos etiam mercatores hac inten the most intimate connexion, 16 which continued until broken off by tione mittunt ad nundinas, ut pervertant divites laïcos commensales et hospites, cum quibus loquendi familiariter indulgetur facultas. Cumque a prædictis fratribus degeneribus licentiam petiissem, miserunt me Mediolanum, a suis comprofessoribus hospitandum. Et sic omnes pertransiens civitates Lombardiæ circa Padum, semper inter Paterinos, semper in recessu accepi ab aliis ad alios intersigna. Cremonam tandem perveniens-nobilissima Paterinorum bibi vina, rabiolas, et ceratia, et alia illecebrosa comedens, deceptores decipiens, Paterinumque me profitens, sed Deo teste, fide, etsi non operis perfectione, Christianus existens. Cremonæque per triduum commoratus, accepta licentia a complicibus, sed maledictione a quodam ipsorum Episcopo, -nomine Petro Gallo, inde canales Aquilegia sum ingressus peregrinans. Carinthiam pertransivi solivagus, ac deinde in quodam oppido Austriæ, quod teutonice Neustat dicitur,inter quosdam novos religiosos, qui Beguini vocantur, hospitabar. Et in proxima civitate Wienna locisque circumjacentibus aliquot annis delitui, opera confundens, heu, heu, bona et mala: vivens enim, diabolo instigante, satis incontinenter, animæ meæ noxius adversabar; multos veruntamen ab errore Paterinorum revocans jam sæpius memorato. Rainerius, c. 3: In omnibus vero civitatibus Lombardiæ et in Provincia, et in aliis regnis et terris, plures erant scholæ hæreticorum quam Theologorum, et plures auditores: qui publice disputabant, et populum ad solemnes disputationes convocabant, in foro et in campis prædicabant, et in tectis: et non erat, qui eos impedire auderet propter potentiam et multitudinem fautorum ipsorum. Cap. 6: Sunt autem XVI omnes Ecclesiæ Catharorum. - Quarum nomina sunt hæc: Ecclesia Albanensis, vel de Sensano; Ecclesia de Concorezo; Eccl. Bagnolensium, sive de Bagnolo; Eccl. Vicentina, vel de Marchia; Eccl. Florentina; Eccl. de Valle Spoletana; Eccl. Francia; Eccl. Tolosana; Eccl. Carthasensis (1. Cadursensis); Eccl. Albisensis; Eccl. Sclavoniæ; Eccl. Latinorum de Constantinopoli; Eccl. Græcorum ibidem; Eccl. Philadelphia Romaniola; Eccl. Bulgaria; Eccl. Dugranica; Et omnes originem habuerunt a duabus ultimis. O lector, dicas secure, quod in toto mundo non sunt Cathari utriusque sexus quatuor millia, sed Credentes innumeri. Et dicta computatio pluries facta est inter eos. 16 See Yvo's letter in preceding note. Of their mode of government, Reinerius, c. 6: Ordines Catharorum sunt quatuor. Ille, qui est in primo et maximo Ordine vocatur Episcopus: ille, qui in secundo, vocatur Filius major: qui in tertio, Filius minor, qui in quarto et ultimo, vocatur Diaconus. Cæteri, qui sunt sine Ordine inter eos, vocantur Christiani et Christianæ. - Officium Episcopi est, semper tenere prioratum in omnibus, quæ faciunt, scil. in impositione manus, in fractione panis, et in incipiendo orare: quæ quidem servant filius major, absente Episcopo, et filius minor, absente majore. Præterea isti duo filii, simul vel separatim, discurrunt visitare omnes Catharos, qui sunt sub Episcopo, et eis tenentur obedire omnes. Similiter faciunt et servant in omnibus Diacones, et unusquisque in suis subditis, absentibus Episcopo et filiis. Et nota, quod Episcopus et filii habent in singulis civitatibus, in quibus morantur, singulos Diacones. That changes were made in these respects is evident from what follows, in which Reiner remarks that formerly, after the death of a bishop the filius minor consecrated the filius major as bishop; and that this was now changed by the Cathari, dicentibus, quod per talem ordinationem filius instituat Patrem, quod satis apparet incongruum. Each bishop now consecrated his successor before his death. Matth. Paris, ad ann. 1223. p. 317, gives us a letter of a papal legate, C. Portuensis Episc. ad Rothomag. Archiep. in which we read: Ille homo perditus, qui extollitur super omne quod colitur, aut dicitur Deus, jam habet perfidiæ suæ præambulum Hæresiarcham, quem hæretici Albigenses Papam suum appellant, habitantem in finibus Bulgarorum, Croatiæ et Dalmatiæ, juxta Hungarorum nationem. Ad eum confluunt hæretici Albigenses, ut ad eorum consulta respondeat. Etenim de Carcassona oriundus, vices illius Antipapæ gerens, Bartholomæus hæreticorum Episcopus, funestam ei exhibendo reverentiam, sedem et locum concessit in villa, quæ Porlos appellatur, et se ipsum transtulit in partes Tholosanos. Iste Bartholomæus in literarum suarum undique discurrentium tenore, se in primo salutationis alloquio intitulat in hunc modum: Bartholomæus servus servorum sanctæ fidei, tali salutem. Ipse etiam inter alias enormitates creat Episcopos, et ecclesias perfide ordi - |