converted the favorite into the most presumptuous of priests; his ecclesiastical pride being ill concealed by the affectation of monkish humility. At the council of Clarendon (A. D. 1164) the old ordinances were renewed,24 and solemnly accepted by Thomas, as well as the rest of the clergy. It was not long, however, before Becket assumed the guise of a penitent, prevailed on the Pope to absolve -- 24 Matth. Paris. ad ann. 1164, and thence extracted in the Coll. of Acts of Councils (Mansi XXI. p. 1187): Anno Dom. MXLXIV. in præsentia Regis Henrici apud Clarendonam facta est,ecognitio sive recordatio cujusdam partis consuetudinum et libertatum antecessorum suorum, Regis videl. Henrici, avi sui, et aliorum, quæ observari debebant in regno, et ab omnibus teneri, propter dissensiones et discordias sæpe emergentes inter clerum et justitiarios domini Regis et Magnatum regni. Harum vero consuetudinum recognitarum quædam pars in XVI capitulis continetur. (The following capitula are taken from a Cod. Vatic., accompanied with the papal Damnamus and Toleramus by Baronius ann. 1164, no. 37, and thence by Mansi XXI. p. 1194 seq.) 1. De advocatione et præsentatione ecclesiarum si controversia emerserit inter laicos, vel inter laicos et clericos, vel inter clericos, in curia domini Regis tractetur et terminetur. Damn. II. Ecclesiæ de feudo domini Regis non possunt inperpetuum dari absque concessione ipsius. Toler. III. Clerici accusati de quacunque re, summoniti a justitiario Regis, veniant in curiam ipsius, responsuri ibidem de hoc, unde videbitur curiæ Regis, quod ibi sit respondendum, et in curia ecclesiastica unde videbitur, quod ibi sit respondendum: ita quod Regis justitiarius mittet in curiam s. ecclesiæ ad videndum, quomodo res ibi tractabitur. Et si clericus convictus vel confessus fuerit, non debet eum de cætero ecclesia tueri. Damn. (cf. Radulph. de Diceto ad ann. 1164. Rex - incongruum esse considerans, clericos a suis justitiariis in publico flagitio deprehensos episcopo loci reddendos, decreverat, ut quos Episcopus inveniret obnoxios, præsente justitiario Regis exauctoraret, et post curia traderet puniendos. In contrarium sentiebant Episcopi: quos enim exauctorarent, a manu laicali contendebant protegere; alioquin bis judicaretur in idipsum.) IV. Archiepiscopis, Episcopis et personis regni non licet exire regnum absque licentia domini Regis, et si exierint, si Regi placuerit, securum eum facient, quod nec in eundo, nec in redeundo, vel moram faciendo perquirent malum sive damnum Domino Regi vel regno. Damn. VII. Nullus, qui de rege tenet in capite, nec aliquis dominicorum ministrorum ejus, excommunicetur, nec alicujus eorum terræ sub interdicto ponantur, nisi prius dominus Rex, si in regno fuerit, conveniatur, vel justitiarius ejus, si fuerit extra regnum, ut rectum de eo faciat, et ita ut quod pertineat ad Regis curiam, ibi terminetur, et quod spectat ad curiam ecclesiasticam, ad eandem mittatur, ut ibidem terminetur. Damn. - VIII. De appellationibus si emerserint, ab archidiacono debebit procedi ad Episcopum, ab Episcopo ad Archiepiscopum, et si Archiepiscopus defuerit in justitia exhibenda, ad dominum Regem perveniendum est postremo, ut præcepto ipsius in curia Archiepiscopi controversia terminetur; ita quod non debeat ultra procedi absque assensu domini Regis. Damn. - IX. Si calumnia emerserit inter clericum et laicum, vel e converso, de ullo tenemento, quod clericus velit ad eleemosynam trahere, vel laicus ad laicum feudum, per recognitionem XII legalium hominum, juxta capitalis justitiarii Regis considerationem terminabitur, utrum tenementum sit pertinens ad eleemosynam sive ad laicum feudum, coram justitiario Regis. Damn. XI. Archiepiscopi, Episcopi et universæ personæ regni, qui de Rege tenent in capite, habeant possessiones suas de Rege sicut baroniam, et inde respondeant justitiariis et ministris Regis, et sequantur et faciant omnes rectitudines et consuetudines regias; et sicut cæteri barones debent interesse judiciis curiæ Regis cum baronibus, quousque perveniatur ad diminutionem membrorum vel ad mortem. Toler. - XII. Cum vacaverit archiepiscopatus, vel episcopatus, vel abbatia, vel prioratus in dominio Regis, esse debet in manu ipsius, et inde percipiet omnes reditus et exitus, sicut dominicos reditus suos. Et cum ventum fuerit ad consulendum ecclesiam, debet dominus Rex mandare potiores personas ecclesiæ, et in capella ipsius Regis debet fieri electio, assensu ipsius Regis et consilio personarum regis, quas ad hoc faciendum advocaverit. Et ibidem faciet electus homagium et fidelitatem Regi, sicut ligio domino suo, de vita sua et membris, et de honore terreno, salvo ordine suo, priusquam consecretur. Damn. 25 VOL. II. him from his oath, and, to escape the vengeance of the king, fled to France. Henry now proceeded to enforce his measures with great severity, whilst Thomas assailed him alternately with complaints, remonstrances, and threats. But it was for the interest neither of the Pope 25 nor the king to carry matters to the extreme, and thus a reconciliation was at length effected (A. D. 1170). But Thomas soon began to display the same overbearing spirit, and was at length put to death by four of Henry's knights, December 29, 1170. The king was universally supposed to have instigated the deed, and the Pope availed himself of the state of the public mind to extort from him many very important concessions (A. D. 1172).26 Thomas XV. Placita de debitis, quæ fide interposita debentur, vel absque interpositione fidei, sint in justitia Regis. Damn. 25 Henry's negotiations with the emperor Frederick concerning the recognition of the rival Pope Paschal at the council of Würzburg, in Mansi XXI. p. 1113 seq. 20 See Gervasius Cantuar. and Roger de Hoveden ad ann. 1172. Charta absolutionis Domini Regis: Henrico Dei gratia illustri Regi Anglorum Albertus - et Theodinus · presbyteri Cardinales, Apostolicæ sedis legati salutem in eo, qui dat salutem Regibus. Ne in dubium veniant, quæ geruntur, et usus habet, et communis consideratio utilitatis exposcit, ut scripturæ serie debeant annotari. Inde quidem est, quod nos mandatum illud in scriptum duximus redigendum, quod vobis pro eo facimus, quia malefactores illos, qui sanctæ memoriæ Thomam quondam Cantuariensem Archiepiscopum occiderunt, occasione motus et turbationis, quam viderant in vobis, ad illud facinus processisse timetis. Super quo tamen facto purgationem in præsentia nostra de voluntate propria præstitistis, quod videlicet nec præcepistis nec voluistis, ut occideretur, et quando pervenit ad vos, plurimum condoluistis. Ab instanti festo Pentecostes usque ad annum tantam dabitis pecuniam, unde ad arbitrium fratrum templi ducenti milites valeant ad defensionem terræ Hierosolymitanæ per spatium unius anni teneri. Vos autem a sequenti natali Domini usque ad triennium accipietis crucem, proxima tunc æstate illuc in propria persona, ducente Domino, profecturi, nisi remanseritis per Dominum Papam, vel catholicos successores ejus. Sane si contra Saracenos pro urgente necessitate in Hispaniam profecti fueritis; quantum temporis fuerit, ex quo arripueritis iter, tantundem supradictum spatium Jerosolymitana profectionis poteritis prolongare. Appellationes nec impedietis, nec impediri permittetis, quin libere fiant in ecclesiasticis causis ad Romanum Pontificem, bona fide et absque fraude et malo ingenio, ut per Romanum Pontificem causæ tractentur, et consequantur effectum suum: sic tamen, ut, si vobis suspecti fuerint aliqui, securitatem faciant, quod malum vestrum, vel regni vestri non quærunt. Consuetudines, quæ inducte sunt contra Ecclesias terræ vestræ in tempore vestro penitus dimittetis. Possessiones Cantuariensis ecclesiæ, si quæ ablatæ sunt, in plenum restituetis, sicut habuit uno anno antequam Archiepiscopus de Anglia egrederetur. Clericis præterea et laicis utriusque sexus pacem vestram in gratiam, et possessiones suas restituetis, qui occasione prænominati Archiepiscopi destituti fuerunt. Hæc autem vobis, auctoritate Domini Papæ, in remissionem peccatorum vestrorum injungimus et præcipimus observare absque fraude et malo ingenio. Hoc sane coram multitudine personarum juravistis vos pro divinæ reverentia majestatis: juravit et filius vester, excepto eo, quod personam vestram specialiter contingebat. Et jurastis ambo, quod a Papa domino Alexandro et catholicis successoribus ejus, quamdiu vos, sicut antecessores vestros, et catholicos Reges habuerint, minime recedetis. Atque ut in memoria Romanæ Ecclesiæ firmiter habeatur, sigillum vestrum præcepistis apponi. The Juramentum innocentiæ Henrici R. in the vita Alexandri III. ex Card. Aragon. (Muratori III. I. p. 462), and thence extracted in Baronius ad ann. 1172, no. 5, was, perhaps, only a project of the Pope's and certainly in this form never taken by the king. See the close: Illicitas etiam consuetudines, quas temporibus meis in tota terra mea introduxi, penitus casso, et ex hoc nunc observari prohibeo. Appellationes vero ad Apostolicam Sedem de cætero libere fieri permittam, et in hoc neminem prohibebo. Præterea ego et major filius meus was sainted, and not long after, the king having been brought into great trouble by the rebellion of his sons, submitted to a most humiliating penance at his grave, in order to reinstate himself in the favor of his people (A. D. 1174). Alexander, having triumphed over all his enemies, held the third council of the Lateran (œcumenicum XI. A. D. 1179), at which the most important decree was that providing against future divisions in the choice of the popes.27 $ 53. LUCIUS III. (A. D. 1181 – 1185), Urban III. († October, 1187), GREGORY VIII. († December, 1187), CLEMENT III. († A. D. 1191), CŒLESTINUS III. († January 8, 1198). The aspect of affairs began now to be less favorable for the popes. The disturbances in Rome broke out afresh, so that Lucius and his two immediate successors were forced to wander from place to place,1 whilst the authority of Frederick in Italy was daily more confirmed. He made peace with the Lombards at Constance, June 25, 1183,2 Rex juramus, quod a Domno Alexandro P. et ejus Catholicis Successoribus recipiemus et tenebimus regnum Angliæ, et nos, et nostri successores in perpetuum non reputabimus nos Angliæ Reges veros, donec ipsi nos Catholicos Reges tenuerint. From the letter of the papal legates ad Archiep. Ravennensem (Roger. de Hoveden, 1. c.) it appears that at first they could not come to terms with the king. In the year 1173, Henry, in order to win the Pope on his side against his sons, writes thus (Petri Bles. ep. 136 in Baron. ann. 1173, no. 10): Vestræ jurisdictionis est regnum Angliæ et quantum ad feudatarii juris obligationem, vobis dumtaxat obnoxius teneor et adstringor. Experiatur Anglia, quid possit Romanus Pontifex, etc., and this might have led to the interpolation of the juramentum by some one of the papal party. Conc. Lateran. III. cap. 1 (Mansi XXII. p. 217): — Statuimus igitur, ut si forte, inimico homine superseminante zizania, inter cardinales de substituendo pontifice non potuerit concordia plena esse, et duabus partibus concordantibus tertia pars noluerit concordare, aut sibi alium præsumserit ordinare; ille Romanus pontifex habeatur, qui a duabus partibus fuerit electus et receptus. Si quis autem de tertiæ partis nominatione confisus, quia rem non potest, sibi nomen episcopi usurpaverit: tam ipse, quam qui eum receperint, excommunicationi subjaceant, et totius sacri ordinis privatione mulctentur, ita ut viatici eis etiam, nisi tantum in ultimis, communio denegetur, et nisi resipuerint, cum Dathan et Abiron, quos terra vivos absorbuit, accipiant portionem. Præterea si a paucioribus aliquis, quam a duabus partibus fuerit electus ad apostolatus officium, nisi major concordia intercesserit, nullatenus assumatur, et prædictæ pœnæ subjaceat, si humiliter noluerit abstinere. Ex hoc tamen nullum canonicis constitutionibus et aliis ecclesiis præjudicium generetur, in quibus majoris et sanioris partis debet sententia prævalere: quia quod in eis dubium venerit, superioris poterit judicio diffiniri. In Romana vero ecclesia aliquid speciale constituitur, quia non potest recursus ad superiorem haberi. cf. Mabillon comm. in ordinem Rom. p. CXV. 1 Chronicon Fossa Nova (written about 1217) in Muratorii Scriptt. Rer. It. T. VII. p. 875 seq. Guilelmi de Nangis (about 1301) chronicon in d'Achery Spicileg. T. III. p. 13 seq. 2 The treaty of peace is in almost all the editions of the Corp. Juris; more correct in Muratorii antiquitt. Ital. med. ævi T. IV. p. 307 seq. Comp. Voigt Gesch. des Lombarden-Bundes S. 329 ff. Raumer Gesch. d. Hohenstaufen, Bd. 2. S. 275 ff. and, by the marriage of his son Henry to the heiress of Sicily, Constance (January 27, 1186),3 he seemed to have robbed the popes of their most faithful ally. In the mean time these last were not idle. Lucius III. came into open collision with the emperor concerning the choice of a bishop at Triers (A. D. 1183).4 Still more bitter was the enmity of Urban III. and Frederick.5 Ás the German bishops were 3 W. Jäger's Gesch. Kaiser Heinrichs VI. Nürnb. 1793. 8vo. S. 16 ff. Raumer, 1. c. S. 310. 4 This is most fully and credibly narrated in the Gesta Trevirensium Archiepisc. (in Martene et Durand vett. Scriptt. et Monum. ampl. collectio T. IV. p. 213). At the election maxima pars cleri in personam Rudolphi præpositi_majoris domus consensit, but afterwards another party was formed in favor of the archdeacon Volkmar. The matter was brought to the emperor. A quo ad Constantiam civitatem evocati sunt, ubi judicio principum sancitum fuit, quod Imperator per consilium principum, si in electione discordarent, quam vellet idoneam personam subrogaret. At ipse optionem electionis iterum in præsentia sua eis concessit, ita si præteritæ electionis discordiam deponere vellent; ubi Folmarus interesse nolens, discessit. Alii vero, quamvis pauci, Rudolphum præpositum iterum electum præsentaverunt, et ab Imperatore investitum ad propria reduxerunt. Volkmar appealed to the Pope, and Frederick even permitted a new investigation of the question at Verona (1184). At this meeting in Verona many other things also were debated, see Arnoldi (abbot of Lubeck about 1209) Chron. Slavorum (appended to Helmoldus, whom he continues) III. c. 10. The emperor interceded for those qui tempore Alexandri P. a Schismaticis ordines susceperant. Then de patrimonio Domina Mechthildis, etc. They could agree upon nothing. 5 The cause Gesta Trevir. p. 216. At the former capture of Milan, Frederick had taken prisoner certain cognatos et parentes Papæ, quorum quosdam proscriptione damnavit, quosdam mutilatione membrorum deformari præcepit. Ob cujus itaque facti vindictam dicebant quidam, prædictum Apostolicum, antequam ad sedem Apostolatus conscendisset, gravissimum rancorem servasse in corde suo contra Imperatorem, quod postea in propatulo claruit, secundum eorum assertionem, quibus causa nota erat. Nam postquam ad summi pontificatus gloriam sublimatus fuerat, omnibus viribus laborabat, quomodo Imperatoris dignitatem et excellentiam humiliaret. The Pope's complaints against the emperor in Arnoldi chron. III. c. 16: Arguebat Imperatorem de patrimonio Domina Mechthildis, — quod ab ipso injuste occupatum dicebat. Affirmabat etiam, quod Episcoporum exuvias injuste acciperet, quæ dum ipsis mortuis de ecclesiis rapiantur, ecclesiæ quasi corrosæ et exspoliatæ ab Episcopis subintrantibus inveniuntur. - Tertium etiam contra eum proponebat articulum, quod Abbatissarum congregationes plurimas in dispersionem dedisset, dum propter enormitatem ipsarum sub emendationis occasione, usurpatis sibi stipendiis, personas quidem removisset, nec alias ad honorem Dei vel ecclesiæ augmentum sub meliore professione restituisset. To this period belongs Urbani P. epist. ad Frideric. Imp. (in Ludewig Reliquiis Manu. scriptorum T. II. p. 409, and in Mansi XXII. p. 504 seq.), where he tries to refute the charge of having supported the emperor's enemies, the inhabitants of Cremona, though Wichmann in ep. ad Urbanum (Ludewig, p. 446) accuses him thereof with the bitter remark, sub specie dilectionis inimicitias palliari. During the negotiations, Urban went so far (see Gesta Trevir.) that he contra juramentum, quia in verbo Domini juraverat, et per venerabilem virum Monasteriensem Episcopum Hermannum Imperatori mandaverat, videlicet quod Folmaro nunquam manus consecrationis imponeret, sicut idem Episcopus postea coram Princibus confessus est, electionem Folmari approbare festinavit. After a short form of investigation electionem Folmari confirmavit, quem confirmatum consequenter in Archiepisc. Treverensem consecravit. Volkmar was of course rejected, and Frederick (Arnoldus III. c. 17): considerans obstinatum erga se animum Domini Papæ clausit omnes vias Alpium et omnium circumquaque regionum, ut nemo pro quolibet negotio adire posset sedem Apostolicam, on the emperor's side, a new schism had like to have taken place,7 when the death of Urban made way for a more peaceful successor in Gregory VIII. The dispute was the more easily forgotten, that, just at The bishops were somewhat shaken in their allegiance by the demands made on the emperor by the Pope to abolish the jus spoliorum (see Thomassini vet. et nova eccl. discipl. P. III. lib. II. c. 51 seq.). but were brought back again by Frederick's declaration (Arnold III. c 17): In veritate compertum habemus, qnod prædecessores nostri, antiqui Imperatores, hoc juris habuerunt, ut defunctis Episcopis investituram pontificalem sine alicujus præjudicio probatis personis liberrine locaverint. Sed quia hoc ipsorum voluntate mutatum invenimus, ratum habemus. Hanc vero minimam scintillam juris nostri, quam invenimus, nequaquam mutari permittimus. Sufficiat vobis justitia vestra, quam invenistis, quod permittitur vobis electio Episcoporum, quam vos canonice fieri dicitis. Sciatis tamen, quia, dum pro voluntate Imperatoris ista dispensarentur, plures justi sunt inventi sacerdotes, quam hoc tempore, dum per electionem inthronizantur. Ipsi enim secundum vitæ meritum sacerdotes investiebant, nunc autem per electionem non secundum Deum sed secundum favorem eliguntur. From Frederick's speech at the diet of Gelnhausen (Arnold III. c. 18) we are made acquainted with other demands of the Pope: Dicit Dominus Papa, injustum esse, aliquam laicam personam decimas possidere. Affirmat etiam injustum esse, quod aliquis in prædiis seu hominibus ecclesiarum advocatiam sibi usurpet, ut - res ecclesiastica a Prælatis tantum libere dispensentur. Et quamvis hæc pro Prælatis esse videantur, non tamen credo, quod ita facile mutari possint, quæ ex longa antiquitate usus in consuetudinem vertit, etc. He prevailed upon the bishops to make a representation to the Pope (the letter itself in Radulphus a Diceto) see Arnoldus III. c. 18: Qui cum legisset epistolam, obstupuit de immutatione Episcoporum, quia ipse causam pro eis videbatur sumsisse, ipsi vero de causa cecidisse. He received also a separate letter from Wichmannus Archiep. Magdeburg. and his suffragans (Ludewig, l. c. p. 445, not given by Mansi), recounting the emperor's causes of complaint, first, the support afforded the Cremonenses, and then his conduct in the case of the election at Triers. Nam si secundum ordinationem vestram idem factum inconvulsum permanere deberet, videretur imperium demembrationem et maximam sui juris diminutionem incurrisse, præsertim cum nulla antecessorum suorum (Imperatoris) ab aliquo antecessoruin vestrorum factum fuisse antiquitatis curiosa reportet memoria, quod episcoporum quispiam in regno teutonico consecrationem prius, quam regalia per sceptrum imperiale, receperit. Sed nec hanc justitiam infringendam per vos, aut aliquatenus permutandam [putaverat] dominus Imperator, cum, ut attestatione ven. virorum Monasteriensis et Astensis Episcc., quos ejusdem verbi sponsores ad eum remisistis, manifestum est, dum nunquam vos consecuturum [consecraturos?] in verbo domini firmiter promiseritis. Amongst other complaints: Adiecit insuper (Imp.) quantis exactionum muneribus universæ de imperio per vestros ecclesiæ subjaceant, videlicet ut tam ecclesiæ quam cœnobia, quibus vel panis quotidianus non sufficit, in erogatione pecuniæ, in pastu familiarum, in stabulatione equorum Romanæ ecclesia super omnem possibilitatem suam deservire compellantur. - Unde et nos— Excellentiam vestram obnixe rogantes deprecamur, quatenus ea, quæ ad gravamen imperii facta dinoscuntur, quoniam a nobis ea sustineri aut sub silentio præteriri fidei nostræ sinceritati nullatenus conveniret, saniori vero expedit consilio permutari faciatis, etc. 7 Arnoldus III. c. 18: Nec minus tamen in proposito suo perstitit, et veniens Veronam, Imperatorem legitime citatum pro capitulis supra scriptis excommunicare decrevit. Ad quem accedentes Veronenses dixerunt: Pater, servi et amici Domini Imperatoris sumus: rogamus Sanctitatem Vestram, ut eum in civitate nostra, nobis præsentibus, non excommunicetis, sed hanc sententiam respectu nostri servitii in præsenti differatis. Qui faciens juxta petitionem eorum, discessit: et cum in proximo eum excommunicare vellet, morte præventus, sententiam distulit sicque Imperator maledictionis jaculum evasit. * See the pacific letters Gregorii ad Frid. Imp. and ad Henric. R. (in Ludewig Reliqu. T. II. p. 425, 427, and in Mansi XXII. p. 533, 534). Besides this he rebuked Volkmar, who, having retreated to France, was continually striving to renew the troubles in Triers, see Gesta Trevir. 1. c. p. 221, and Gregorii ep. ad |