This, however, was at once opposed by the Gregorians; the Pope was compelled to revoke his concession,15 and at a council held in the Lateran (A. D. 1112) it was formally condemned.16

The Pope was withheld by his oath from excommunicating Henry, but this was done by his legates in France and Burgundy, and their act confirmed by Paschal.17 This measure was not attended, how

in persona et bonis, neque malum meritum reddet ei, neque alicui personæ pro hac causa. Et penitus in personam Regis numquam anathema ponet; neque remanebit in Domno Papa, quin coronet eum, sicut in ordine continetur, etc. Privilegium Paschalis P. Henrico concessum in Udalrici Cod. Ep. no. 265, (Eccard I. p. 273), and in Florentii Wigoniensis (also a contemporary) Chronicon ad ann. 1111: - Illam igitur dignitatis prærogativam, quam prædecessores nostri vestris prædecessoribus, catholicis Imperatoribus, concesserunt, et privilegiorum paginis confirmaverunt, nos quoque Dilectioni tuæ concedimus, et præsentis privilegii pagina confirmamus, ut regni tui Episcopis vel Abbatibus libere præter violentiam et simoniam electis investituram annuli et virgæ conferas. Post investitionem vero canonice consecrationem accipiant ab Episcopo, ad quem pertinuerint. Si quis autem a Clero et Populo præter assensum tuum electus fuerit, nisi a te investiatur, a nemine consecretur. At the coronation the Pope and the Emperor partook of the communion, (Chron. Cas. 1. c.), cumque ad hostiæ confractionem venisset, partem ipse (Papa) accipiens, partem Imperatori contradens, dixit: Sicut pars ista vivifici Corporis divisa est, ita divisus sit a Regno Christi et Dei, quicumque pactum istud dirumpere tentaverit.

15 Chron. Casin. IV. c. 42. Esp. Bruno Episc. Signensis: whose Epist. ad Paschal. P. in Baron. ann. 1111, no. 30. There was even some danger that the Pope would have been deposed. (Udalrici Cod. epist. no. 258.)-See also Paschalis. epist. 23 ad Joan. Tusculanum et Leonem Vercellensem Episcc. et Cardinales and Epist. 24 ad Guidonem Viennensem Episc. (Mansi XX. p. 1008). The pope is defended by Jvo Carnot. in Epist. 235 ad Henric. Abb. (Baron. 1. c. no. 34), and Epist. 236 ad Johann. Archiep. Lugdun. (Baron. 1. c. no. 36 seq.), and Hildebertus Episc. Cenomanensis lib. II. epist. 22 (Mansi XXI. p. 44 seq.).

Porro

16 See esp. Annalista Saxo ad h. a. (Eccard I. p. 627, seq.), from which the Chron. Ursperg. is extracted, and vita Paschalis ex Card. Aragon. (Muratori 1. c. p. 363). According to this last the Pope declared: Quamvis conditio juramentis præposita ab ipso et suis minus observata sit; · ego tamen eum numquam anathematizabo, et numquam de investituris inquietabo. - Habet judicem Deum. scriptum illud -prave factum cognosco, prave factum confiteor, et omnino corrigi Domino præstante desidero. Cujus correctionis modum Fratrum, qui convenerunt, consilio judicioque constituo, ne forte per inposterum detrimentum aliquod Ecclesiæ, animæ meæ judicium relinquatur. The Acts of this Council (Mansi XXI. p. 49, ibid. p. 68, and ed. by Baluzius in de Marca de conc. Sac. et Imp. applied to lib. VIII. cap. 20) contain a confession of faith by the Pope, and the following resolution of the Council: Privilegium illud, quod non est privilegium, sed vere debet dici pravilegium pro liberatione captivorum et ecclesiæ a Domino P. Paschali per violentiam Henrici regis extortum, nos omnes in hoc s. concilio cum eodem Domno Papa congregati, canonica censura et ecclesiastica auctoritate, judicio s. Spiritus damnamus, et irritum esse judicamus atque omnino cassamus, et ne quid auctoritatis et efficacitatis habeat, penitus excommunicamus. Quod ideo damnatum est, quod in eo privilegio continetur, quod electus canonice a clero et populo a nemine consecretur, nisi prius a rege investiatur, quod est contra Spiritum Sanctum et canonicam institutionem.

17 Guido, Archbishop of Vienna, held in Sept. 1112, the Concil. Vienn. (Mansi XXI. p. 73, seq.), where after condemning the right of investiture: Henricum Teutonicorum Regem, qui- domnum Papam - velut alter Judas- tradidit, cepit - et ab eo nefandissimum et detestabile scriptum violenter extorsit, excommunicamus, anathematizamus, et a gremio s. matris ecclesiæ sequestramus, donec, his omnibus abrenuntiatis, plenam satisfactionem ecclesiæ exhibeat. From the letter of the Synod to the Pope, it is evident that he wished to satisfy both parties. Adfuerunt legati regis, litteras bullatas, quasi de parte vestra ad eum missas, audacter

ever, with any such dreadful consequences as in the case of Henry IV., under a more resolute pontiff; though no doubt it had the effect of encouraging the discontent already excited in Saxony by the violence of the emperor.18 Henry soon after made himself master of the territory left by Matilda, countess of Tuscany († A. D. 1115) to the church of Rome,19 and entering Rome A D. 1117,20 forced the Pope into exile at Benevuto, where he died January 21, 1118.

prætendentes, in quibus erga eum vester bonus affectus pacis et concordiæ et perfectæ amicitiæ significabatur. Quas nimirum post concilium, quod in præterita quadragesima Romæ celebrastis, se recepisse, et sibi missas, idem rex testabatur. Hence the decided language: Illud etiam cum debita reverentia vestræ suggerimus pietati, quod si nobiscum in his steteritis, si hoc, sicut rogamus, confirmaveritis, unanimiter nos, sicut decet, habebitis filios et fideles. Si vero, quod minime credimus, aliam viam aggredi cœperitis, et nostræ paternitatis assertiones prædictas roborare nolueritis: propitius sit nobis Deus, quia nos a vestra subjectione et obedientia repelletis. The Pope answers humbly: Cum alicujus morbi detentione caput afficitur, membris omnibus communiter ac summopere laborandum est, ut ab eo penitus expellatur. - Unde Deo gratias referimus, et quæ statuta sunt ibi, rata suscipimus et confirmamus, etc. In like manner Henry was excommunicated by Cardinal Conon, papal legate in France at the Conc. Bellovacense ann. 1114, Rhemense, Suessionense, Catalaunense, and Coloniense ann. 1115 (cf. Mansi XXI). At the Conc. Lateranensi ann. 1116 (concerning which see Annalista Saxo ad h. a. b. Eccard I. p. 634), the Pope was strongly urged by these legates himself to excommunicate the emperor. It was not however done. This is referred to in the letter of the faithful Abbot of Farfa to the emperor (in Udalrici Cod. Epist. no. 259, in Eccard II. p. 267), in which he thus speaks of the course pursued by the Pope: Apostolici intentio, ut certius nobis videtur, ad hoc viget et molitur, ut irrecuperabile vobis detrimentum operari valeat: et tum demum irrevocabilem contra vos proferet sententiam. Interim callide agit clandestinis machinationibus, quatenus incautos vos et minus sollicitos reddat. Nam verba, quæ vobis literis suis blanda et placatissima mandavit, quamvis nobis ignota sunt, fraude tamen plena pro certo existimamus; et ut adventus vester in Italiam differatur, eum ad vos transmisisse arbitramur, licet fortasse eisdem apicibus adventum vestrum se desiderare ostendat.

18 Schlosser, Bd. 3. Th. 1. S. 233 ff. Raumer's Gesch. der Hohenstaufen, Bd. 1. S. 280 ff. Henry was not satisfied with the right of investiture secured to him by compact, cf. vita Conradi I. Archiep. Salisburg. c. 2 (in Pez Anecdot. T. II. P. III. p. 224): primum locum gratiæ apud Imperatorem habebant nobiles ac speciosa abbatissæ et moniales, necnon et aliæ mulieres, forma et genere clarissimæ, quæ idcirco curiam sequebantur, eo quod venalis eis esset pudicitia et decus formæ, et ad earum favorem et intercessionem darentur episcopatus, abbatiæ, præposituræ et ceteri ecclesiastici honores. Also Frider. Archiep. Colon. epist. ad Ottonem Bamb. A. D. 1115 (in Udalrici Cod. Epist. no. 277): Quid de Cathedris Episcopalibus dicemus, quibus regales villici præsident, quas disponunt, et de domo orationis speluncam plane latronum efficiunt: de animarum lucris nulla penitus quæstio est, dum tantum terrenis lucris regalis fisci os insatiabile repleatur. And the worst of it was that other princes began to covet the same privileges, cf. Anselmi Cantuar. lib. III. Epist. 152 ad Paschalem, A. D. 1117 (Mansi XX. p. 1023): Rex Angliæ conqueritur, quod sustinetis, Regem Teutonicum dare investituras ecclesiarum, sine excommunicatione: et ideo minatur, se sine dubio resumturum suas investituras, quoniam ille suas tenet in pace. The Pope replied, from Benevent (Epist. 153, in Mansi 1. c.): Expectamus quidem, ut ferocia illius gentis edometur. Rex vero si in paternæ nequitia tramite perseveraverit, B. Petri gladium, quem jam educere cœpimus, procul dubio experietur.

19 The deed of investiture appended to vita Mathildis a Donizone scripta (prima ed. Baronius ann. 1102, no. 20, Leibnit. Rer. Brunsvic. Scriptt. T. I. p. 687. Muratori Scriptt. Rer. Ital. T. V. p. 384): In nomine s. et individuæ Trinitatis anno ab incarnatione Domini nostri Jesu Christi MCII, XV die Kal. Decembris, Indictione X. Tempore Domni Gregorii VII. Papæ in Lateranensi Palatio, in

$ 50.

GELASIUS II. (A. D. 1118, 1119), CALIXTUS II. (1119 – 1124).

The party of Henry was already so strong in Rome that he was able to set up a rival pope, Gregory VIII., in opposition to Paschal's successor, Gelasius II. The latter was forced to fly, and soon after died at Clugny. He was succeeded by the resolute Guido, archbishop of Vienna (see § 49, note 17), under the name of Calixtus II. Immediately on his accession he made certain propositions to the emperor of a much more reasonable character than those insisted on by his predecessors,3 but these being refused, the sentence of excom

Capella S. Crucis, in præsentia Cencii Frangipane, etc. ego Mathildis, Dei Gratia, Comitissa, pro remedio animæ meæ et parentum meorum dedi et obtuli Ecclesiæ s. Petri, per interventum Domni Gregorii P. VII. omnia bona mea, jure proprietario tam quæ tunc habueram, quam ea, quæ in antea acquisitura eram, sive jure successionis, sive alio quocunque jure ad me pertinent, et tam ea, quæ ex hac parte montium habebam, quam illa, quæ in ultramontanis partibus ad me pertinere videbantur, omnia, sicut dictum est, per manum Domini Gregorii VII. P. Romanæ Ecclesiæ dedi et tradidi, et chartulam inde fieri rogavi. Sed quia chartula nusquam apparet, et timeo, ne donatio et oblatio mea in dubium revocetur : ideo ego, quæ supra, Comitissa Mathildis iterum a præsenti die dono et offero eidem Romanæ Ecclesiæ per manum Bernardi Cardinalis et Legati ejusdem Romanæ Ecclesiæ, sicut in illo tempore dedi per manum Domini Gregorii omnia bona mea, etc. as above. According to J. D. Köler, diss. de donatione Mathildina Altorf, 1715. p. 12 seq., and Chr. L. Scheidii Origg. Guelphicæ T. I. (Hanover 1750, fol.) p. 449, the donation extended only to her allodial possessions, and not to the territories which she held as fiefs of the empire. Contradicted by Mosheim institt. hist. eccl. p. 404. Schröckh, Th. 26 S. 66. Comp. Raumer's Gesch. der. Hohenstaufen, Bd. I. S. 289, 295 ff.

20 Chron. Casin. IV. c. 60, seq. Annalista Saxo ad ann. 1117 (Eccard I. p. 640) Dominus Apostolicus propter securitatem, quam Imperatori, licet coactus, fecerit, diffitetur, illum se anathematis vinculo colligasse; ab Ecclesiæ tamen potioribus membris excommunicationem connexam, non nisi ipsorum consilio se denegat posse dissolvere, concesso nimirum utrimque Synodalis audientiæ jure. Not, so Henry in his letter to the bishop of Ratisbonne, (Udalrici Cod. Epist. no. 318. Eccard II. p. 332): Dominus Apostolicus- negavit, quod Chuononem in Coloniam vel Saxoniam miserit; irritum esse judicavit, si quid in nos maledictionis effuderit; affirmavit, quod ipse nunquam nos excommunicaverit, filio suo, quem consecravit, quem benedixit, quod nunquam maledixerit, etc. Raumer, 1. c. S. 300 ff.

1 Remarkable here the account given by Landulphus Junior hist. Mediolan. c. 32 (Muratori Scriptt. Rer. Ital. T. V. p. 502): Magister Guarnerius (Jrnerius) de Bononia, et plures legisperiti populum Romanum ad eligendum Papam convenit (leg. conciunt), et quidam expeditus lector in pulpito S. Petri per prolixam lectionem decreta Pontificum de substituendo Papa explicavit. Quibus perlectis et explicatis totus Populus elegit in Papam quendam Episcopum Hispania, etc.

2 For some account of him see Landulphus Junior, and esp. his followers, Pandulphus Pisan. in vita Gelasii II. (in Muratori T. III. P. I. p. 367, seq.) Schlosser, Bd. 3 Th. 1. S. 239 ff. Raumer, Bd. 1. S. 301 ff.

3 On what principles founded first explained by Goffridus Abbas Vindocinensis in his opusc. ÎII. de simonia et investitura laicorum ad Calixtum P. (in Opp. ed. J. Sirmond Paris 1610, and in Sirmondi opp. T. III.) Planck, Bd. 4 Abschnitt 1. S. 307. The documents themselves are in Hessonis Scholastici commentariolus de tractatione pacis inter Calixtum II. et Henricum V. in Seb. Tengnagel vett. monumenta jam olim pro Gregorio VII. conscripta Ingolst. 1612. 4to. p. 329, seq. and thence in Mansi XXI. p. 244 seq. Schlosser, S. 242 ff. Raumer, S. 309 ff.

munication was formally renewed at the great synod of Rheims, October, 1119.4 In the mean time, the disturbances in Germany, instigated chiefly by Adalbert, archbishop of Mentz,5 had increased to an alarming degree, whilst Calixtus, having taken his rival prisoner, made himself master of Rome (A. D. 1120). These events having disposed the emperor also to peace, it was at length brought about by mutual concessions at Worms (September, 1122. Concordatum Wormatiense), and confirmed by the ecumenical council at the Lateran (œcum. IX. 1123).

See the account of an eye-witness, Hesso, Mansi 1. c. p. 250: Allatæ sunt denique candelæ CCCCXXVII, et accensæ datæ singulæ singulis tenentibus baculos Episcopis et Abbatibus: injunctumque est eis, ut omnes candelas tenentes assurgerent. Cumque adstarent, recitata sunt multorum nomina, quos præcipue excommunicare proposuerat Dominus Papa, inter quos primi nominati sunt Rex Henricus, et Romanæ ecclesiæ invasor Burdinus, et præ cæteris et cum cæteris multis solemniter excommunicati. Absolvit etiam Dominus Papa auctoritate apostolica a fidelitate Regis omnes, quotquot ei juraverant, nisi forte resipisceret, et ecclesiæ Dei satisfaceret. Rogerus de Hoveden (about 1198) in his Annal. Anglican. ad h. a. extracts from the Acts of the council as follows: Henricus excommunicandus decernitur. Quod cum quidam in concilio ægre ferrent, sententiam protulit Apostolicus, ut qui in hoc scandalizarentur, exeuntes a fratrum consortio separarentur: proposito de illis LXX discipulis exemplo, qui cum de carne Domini manducanda et sanguine bibendo scandalizarentur, retro abierunt, et jam cum illo non ambulabant. (cf. Joh. vi. 52 seq. 60, 66) etc. - Talia sermocinante Apostolico, illico omnes in eundem consensum reducti in Imperatorem Henricum excommunicationis sententiam jaculantur.

Formerly imperial chancellor, and the emperor's nearest counsellor, but since his elevation to the see of Mayence (1111) his most troublesome enemy. How Henry was accustomed to speak of him, see ex Cod. Palat. Raumer S. 278. comp. S 307.

That the Pope was compelled by the unanimity of the whole German nation to make concessions on his part is evident from Adalberti Archiep. Mogunt. Ep. ad Calixtum P. II. ann. 1121 in Martene et Durand ampliss. collect. T. I. p. 671): Sed quia tam Imperium quam Imperator tamquam hæreditario quodam jure baculum et annulum possidere volebant, pro quibus universa laicorum multitudo Imperii nos destructores inclamabat; nullomodo potuimus his Imperatorem exuere, donec communi quique consilio - omnes pariter sustinuimus, quod in ipsius præsentia ecclesia debeat electionem facere, nihil in hoc statuentes, sed totum vestræ præsentiæ et vestræ deliberationi reservantes.

-

7 See Annalista Saxo ad h. a. (Eccard I. p. 648) and in Udalrici Cod. Epist. no. 305 and 306 (Eccard II. p. 308). The original document as signed by Henry in the vita Calixta ex Card. Arag. (Muratori T. III. P. I. p. 420). The engagements into which they mutually entered were therefore these: Ego Heinricus Dei gratia Romanorum Imperator Augustus pro amore Dei et s. Romanæ ecclesiæ et Domni P. Calixti, et pro remedio animæ meæ, dimitto Deo et SS. ejus Apostolis Petro et Paulo, sanctæque Catholicæ Ecclesiæ omnem Investituram per annulum et baculum, et concedo in omnibus Ecclesiis canonicam fieri electionem et liberam consecrationem. Possessiones et regalia b. Petri, quæ a principio hujus discordiæ usque ad hodiernam diem, sive patris mei tempore, sive etiam meo, ablata sunt, quæ habeo, s. Romanæ Ecclesiæ restituo, quæ autem non habeo, ut restituantur, fideliter juvabo. Possessiones etiam omnium Ecclesiarum aliarum, et Principum, et aliorum tam Clericorum quam Laicorum, consilio Principum vel, justitia quas habeo reddam, quas non habeo, ut reddantur fideliter juvabo. Et do veram pacem Calixto sanctæque Romanæ Ecclesiæ, et omnibus, qui in parte ipsius sunt et fuerunt, et in quibus s. Romana Ecclesa auxilium postulaverit, fideliter juvabo. Ego Calixtus servus servorum Dei tibi dilecto filio Heinrico, Dei gratia Romanorum Imperatori Augusto, concedo, electiones Episcoporum et Abbatum Teutonici Regni, ubi ad regnum pertinent, in præsentia tua fieri absque simonia et

$51.

HONORIUS II. (A. D. 1124–1130), INNOCENT II. († A. D. 1143), ceLESTINUS II. († A. D. 1144), LUCIUS II. († A. D. 1145), EUGENIUS III. (†A. D. 1153), ANASTASIUs iv. (Ť A. D. 1154).

The house of Franconia became extinct at the death of Henry V. (A. D. 1125), and the triumph of papacy in Germany was secured by the accession of Lothaire, duke of Saxony, to the imperial throne.1 This was followed, it is true, by a season of hard and dangerous contests with powerful parties in Rome, and at the death of Lothaire (A. D. 1137) the empire devolved on the mighty house of Hohenstaufen, who were bound by the ties of relationship to maintain the honor and the claims of the house of Franconia. Still the popes were enabled to make their way successfully through all these dangers by the powerful aid of the family of the Guelphs, who, as the bitter enemies of the Hohenstaufen (since the battle of Weinsberg, A. D. 1140, called Ghibeliens) were devoted to the papal cause.2

aliqua violentia. Et si qua inter partes discordia emerserit, Metropolitani et Comprovincialium consilio vel judicio saniori parti assensum et auxilium præbeas. Electus autem regalia per sceptrum a te recipiat, et quæ ex his jure tibi debet, faciat. Ex aliis vero partibus Imperii consecratus infra sex menses regalia per sceptrum a te recipiat, et quæ ex his jure tibi debet, faciat, exceptis omnibus, quæ ad Romanam ecclesiam pertinere noscuntur. De quibus vero querimoniam mihi feceris, secundum officii mei debitum auxilium meum præstabo. Do tibi veram pacem et omnibus, qui in parte tua sunt, aut fuerunt tempore hujus discordiæ. Data anno Dominica Incarnationis MCXXII. IX. Kal. Octobr. cf. Joh. Guil. Hoffmann diss. ad concordatum Henr. V. et Calixti II. Viteberg. 1739. 4to. Montag's Gesch. d. deutschen staatsbürgerl. Freiheit. B. 2. S. 436 ff. 440 ff. Planck, Bd. 4. Abschn. 1. S. 297 ff. Raumer's Gesch. d. Hohenst. Bd. 6. S. 19 ff. 121 ff. This compact was of course highly displeasing to the fanatics amongst the clergy, see vita Conradi I. Archiep. Salzburg, cap. 4 (Pezii thes. anecd. T. II. P. III. p. 227): Abhorrebat vir ille venerabilis, et medullitus detestabatur homagii et juramenti præstationem, quam Regibus exhibebant Episcopi et Abbates, vel quisquam ex Clero pro Ecclesiasticis dignitatibus, eo quod nefas et instar sacrilegii reputaret, ac prædicaret occulte et publice, manus Chrismatis unctione consecratas sanguineis manibus, ut ipse solebat dicere, subjici, et homagii exhibitione pollui. Inde est, quod mortuo Imp. Heinrico, cum ei Lotharius successisset, nunquam ei consensit homagium facere, vel sacramentum fidelitatis offerre. See above, § 48, note 12.

1 Anonymi (Welberti Conradi III. Imp. Capellani, according to Olenschlager, S. 83?) narratio de electione Lotharii (in Eckhart Quaternio veterum Monumentt. p. 46, and J. D. Olenschlager's Erläuterung der güldenen Bulle. Annals: S. 19): Concordantibus itaque in electione Regis universis regni Principibus, quid juris regia dignitatis Imperium, quid libertatis reginæ cælestis, i. e. Ecclesiæ Sacerdotium habere deberet, stabili ratione præscribitur. - Habeat Ecclesia liberam in spiritualibus electionem, nec regio metu extortam, nec præsentia Principis, ut ante, coarctatam, vel ulla petitione restrictam; habeat Imperatoria dignitas electum libere, consecratum canonice, regalibus per sceptrum, sine pretio tamen, investire solenniter, et in fidei suæ ad justi favoris obsequium (salvo quidem Ordinis sui proposito) sacramentis obligare stabiliter. Dodechini Append. ad Mariani Scoti Chron. ad ann. 1125 (in Pistorius-Struve T. I. p. 671): Legati pro confirmando rege Romam mittuntur, Gerhardus Cardinalis, Cameracensis, et Virdunensis, Episcopi.

2 Schlosser's Weltgeschichte, Bd. 3. Th. 1. S. 251 ff. Raumer's Gesch. der Hohenstaufen. Bd. 1. S. 325 ff.