of any metal, by WASHINGLEY, a town of England, in Huntingdonshire; near Stilton. (2.) WASHING MACHINE, an invention calcuJated to render more expeditious and effectual the neceffary periodical operation of cleansing family linen, with the help of foap and alkaline folutions. Many of thefe have been invented, though few are free from fome objection or other. We fhall only, (1.) WASHINGTON, George, the founder of therefore, defcribe (from the Domestic Encyclopa. the freedom of the United States of America, and dia) a washing machine that has lately been in the firft president of that congrefs, which laid the vented in Germany by Meffrs Fifcher and Kerzig; foundation of their union, was born on the 11th and which promises to be fuperior to any fimilar of February 1732, O. S. in the parish of Washingcontrivance hitherto fuggefted. In Pl. 345, fig. 1. ton, Virginia. He was defcended from an ancient is a fection of the washing cylinder, with its 16 family in Cheshire, of which a branch had been ladies, projecting 3 inches; but of thefe ladles established in Virginia about the middle of the 17th only 4 jut out internally, as reprefented by the century. The Earl of Buchan affures us, that dotted line b, b, b, b; c, the iron roller, which is this "ancient English family was allied to thofe on the outfide, fixed to the bottom of the cylin- of Fairfax and Ferrers, and many others of the der, by means of an iron crofs at d, d, d, d, with highest order, as abundantly appears from public fcrews or nails: it refts on the beam e, fo as to be records, and his mother's more immediately from upheld in the four excavated columns or pofts that most ancient Saxon family of Fairfax, of fiff.f, by the lever g, and to be either info, b, or Towcester in Northumberland, and of Walton and lowered, and afterwards fecured by the Gilley in Yorkshire, now reprefented by thofe of according to the greater or lefs depth of water: Fitzwilliam and Buchan, by which means the fai, the cistern, at the fides of which the four pofts mily of Gen. Washington came to poffefs the lands are firmly inferted. Fig. 2, is a plan or bird's- of Mount Vernon, in Fairfax county in Virginia, eye view of the machine. The laths between the which came in dower by a daughter of that house ladies may be here diftinctly feen, together with from whom he was defcended." His claffical the roller c, c, as it refts on the beam or fupport- inftruction was such as the private tutor of a Virere, e, e, and is fecured by a cap, K: 7, the ginian country gentleman could at that period imboarded floor above the ciftern or refervoir of wa- part. But before he was 20 he was appointed ter, on which the perfon ftands, when the cylin- major in the colonial militia, and he had very earder is to be placed higher or lower. By means of ly occafion to display those political and military this excellent contrivance, we understand from the talents, of which the exertions on a greater inventors, by whom it was firft ufed for cleaning theatre have fince made his name fo famous the felts in an extensive paper mill, that from 14 throughout the world. In the difputes which to 18 thirts may be completely washed within one arofe between the French and English officers, on hour; and that the friction is far lefs than in per- the fubject of the boundaries of the English and forming that operation by the hand; while the French territories in America, Major Washington foul water is not fuffered to flow back into the li-, was employed by the governor of Virginia, in a nen, but is continually renewed. If table-cloths, negociation with the French governor of Fort du &c. happen to be greafy, they must be whirled Quefne (now PITSBOROUGH); who threatened round in the machine for the fpace of from 20 to the English frontiers with a body of French and 30 minutes; when it will be neceffary to take their Indian allies. He fucceeded in averting the them out; and, after rubbing them well with invafion; but hoftilities becoming inevitable, he foap, to expose them again to the action of the was in the next year appointed lieutenant colone! engine for half an hour, when they will be found of a regiment raised by the colony for its own de thoroughly cleaned. Fine linen may be inclofed fence; to the command of which he foon after in a bag, and washed in a fimilar manner, fo as to fucceeded. The unfortunate expedition of Bradprevent it from being injured by friction. There dock followed in 1755. Col. Wafhington ferved are, however, two points which ought to be ftrict in that expedition only as a volunteer; but fuch ly attended to; namely, the agitation of the wa- was the general confidence in his talents, that he ter fhould not be too violent; and a fufficient may be laid to have conducted the retreat. After quantity of foul linen must be thrown in at a time, having acted a diftinguished part in a fubfequent in order to amount to fuch a weight as will caufe and more fuccefsful expedition to the Ohio, he it to descend, after having been carried to the up- was obliged by ill health, in 1758, to refign his permoft part of the cylinder. The only obftacle commiffion. The 16 years which followed afford to the general introduction of this machine is, few materials for the biographer. Having married that it cannot be adopted in thofe fituations which Mrs Cuftis, a Virginian lady of amiable character are not provided with a current or stream of wa- and refpectable connections, he fettled at his beauter to work it; but, wherever a brook or rivulet tiful feat of Mount Vernon; where, with the exoccurs, fuch apparatus will be found highly fer- ception of fuch attendance as was required by his viceable in work houfes, great fchools, prifons, dutles as a magiftrate and a member of the affemand hospitals, not lefs than in private families; as bly, his time was occupied by his domeftic enjoy. 200 fhirts may be one perfon in the ments, and the cultivation of his eftate. At the space of 12 hours. It may be erected in a mill- commencement of the unfortunate differences bereach, fo as to be fet in motion by the immediate tween Britain and America, Mr Washington was preffure of the water; or by conecting its mecha- fent as a delegate from Virginia to the Congrets wifm with the main cylinder of the water-wheel. which met at Philadelphia, on the 26th Oct. 1774(See AMERICA, 12, 13. He was appointed to (3-) WASHING OF ORES, the purifying an ore VOL. XXIII. M the 1 A the command of the army which had affembled in courfe of that arduous ftruggle, his perfonal the New England provinces, to hold in check the character gave that ftrength to a new magiftraty British army then encamped under Gen. Gage at which in other countries arifes from ancient haBoston, and he took upon himself the command of bits of obedience and refpect. The authority of that army in July 1775. To detail his operations his virtue was more efficacious for the prefervain the years which followed, would be to repeat tion of America than the legal powers of his ofthe hiftory of the American war. (See AMERICA, fice. During this turbulent period, he was re§ 14, 27-33.) Within a very fhort period after elected to the office of the Prefidency of the the declaration of independence, the affairs of A- United States, which he held from April 1789 till merica were in a condition so desperate, that per- Sept. 1796. Throughout the whole courfe of his haps nothing but the peculiar character of Wafh- fecond Prefidency, the danger of America was ington's genius could have retrieved them. The great and imminent, almoft beyond example. The iflue of the conteft is known. The magnanimity fpirit of change, indeed, at that period, fhook all of Wathington during the ravages of civil war, in nations. But in other countries it had to encounwhich he acted fo confpicuous a part, has been ter ancient and folidly established power; it had nuch and justly celebrated. The unfortunate cafe to tear up by the roots long habits of attachment of Major ANDRE can hardly be urged as an ex-in fome nations for their government; of awe in ception. His acting as a Spy justified his punish others; of acquiefcence and submission in all. — ment. The conclufion of the American war per-But in America the government was new and mitted Washington to return to thofe domeftic weak., The people had fcarce time to recover cenes, from which no views of ambition feem to from the feelings of a recent civil war. Washinghave had the power to draw his affections. As a 'ton employed the horror excited by the atrocities genuine proof of his patriotifm, he would receive of the French revolution for the most honeft and Ho pay for 8 years fervice, but defrayed his ex- praife-worthy purposes; to preferve the internal penfes during the war out of his private purfe. quiet of his country; to affert the dignity, and to But he was not allowed long to enjoy this privacy. maintain the rights, of the commonwealth which To remedy the diftrefs into which the country had he governed, against foreign enemies. He avoidheen thrown by the war, a convention of delegates ed war without incurring the imputation of pufilwas affembled at Philadelphia, which ftrengthen- lanimity. He cherished the deteftation of Ameried the bands of the Federal Union, and beftowed cans for anarchy, without weakening the spirit of on congrefs thofe powers which were neceffary liberty; and he maintained, and even confolidated, for good government. Washington was the pre- the authority of government, without abridging fident; and in 3 years after, he was elected prefi- the privileges of the people. The refignation of dent of the United States of America, under the Washington in 1790 was a measure of prudence, New Conftitution. During his chief magiftracy as well as of patriotifm. From his refignation till the French revolution took place, which convul- July 1798, he lived in retirement at Mount Verfed the whole political world, and which tried moft non. At this latter period, it was no longer poffeverely his moderation and prudence. Wash-fible to submit to the accumulated infults and inington, as a virtuous man, muft have abhorred the crimes committed in France. But as the first magiftrate of the American commonwealth, he was bound only to confider how far the intereft and fafety of the people whom he governed were affected by the conduct of France. He faw that it was wife and neceffary for America to preserve a good understanding and a beneficial intercourfe with that great country, in whatever manner fhe was governed, as long as the abftained from committing injury against the United States. Guided by this juft and fimple principle, uninfluenced by the abhorrence of crimes which he felt, he received Mr Genet, the minifter of the French Republic. The hiftory of the outrages which that minifter committed, or inftigated, or countenanced, against the American government, must be freth in the memory of all our readers. The conduct of Washington was a model of firm and dignified moderation. Infults were offered to his authority in official papers, in anonymous libels, by incendiary declaimers, and by tumultuous meet ings. The law of nations was trampled under foot. His confidential minifters were feduced to betray him, and the deluded populace were fo inflamed by the arts of their enemies, that they broke out into infurrection. No vexation, however galling, could disturb the tranquillity of his mind, or make him deviate from the policy which his fituation prefcribed. During the whole juries America was receiving from France, and the fortitude fortitude and refignation to the will of the Almighty, and in the belief of the everlafting gospel of Jefus Chrift. Not a fyllable of impatience or difcontent was uttered in his greatest diftrefs. Yet he had naturally a violent temper, which the fpirit of that gofpel, which had fubdued it, enabled him to render fubfervient to great actions during the whole of the 7 years war and of his whole public adminiftration. To draw his people to agricultural and industrious habits, and to a fimplicity of manners, and a good education of youth, feemed to be the leading principle of his political fyftem; and the maxim he unfolded in his valedictory oration to the Senate, when he voluntarily declined the continuation of fupreme power, deferves to be recorded on tables of adamant. "The foundations (faid he) of national policy must be laid in the pure and immutable principles of private morality, fince there is no truth more thoroughly established, than that there exifts, in the economy and course of nature, an indiffoluble union between duty and advantage, between the genuine maxims of an honeft and magnanimous people, and the folid rewards of public profperity and happiness. Since we ought to be no lefs perfuaded, that the propitious fmiles of Heaven can never be expected on a nation, that disregards the eternal rules of order and right which Heaven itfelf has ordained."-"In his ftature", (adds the Earl,)" he was tall and firm; in his countenance grave and thoughtful; in his manners easy and polite; in his family and fociety correct in all his relations; in his commerce with mankind fcrupuloufly juft and correct; a most affectionate huf. band, kind relation, and humane mafter to his Daves and fervants. The liberation of his slaves, if fo they could be denominated under his government, he left to his excellent widow, Mrs Washjagton, whom he appointed the chief executrix of his will, as well as his immediate heir in the greatest part of his property during her life. But the died foon after him of heart-break for her irreparable lofs." (2.) WASHINGTON, a city of North America, the metropolis of the united States. It is feated at the junction of the Potomac and the Eaftern Branch, extending about 4 miles up each, including a tract of terrory fcarcely to be exceeded, in point of convenience, falubrity, and beauty, by any in the world. This territory, which is called COLUMBIA, is 10 miles fquare, and contained 8,144 citizens in 1801; of whom the Federal city contained 3,120; GEORGETOWN 2,993; PRINCE GEORGE COUNTY 1117, and MONTGOMERY County 817. Columbia lies partly in the state of Virginia, and partly in that of Maryland, and was ceded by these two ftates to the United States of America, and by them established to be the feat of government after the year 1800. It is divided into fquares or grand divisions, by streets running due N. and S. and due E. and W. From the Capitol, the prefident's houfe, and fome of the important areas in the city, run diagonal streets, from one material object to another, which not only produce a variety of charming profpects, but remove the infipid fameness which renders fome other great cities unpleafing. The great leading streets are all 160 feet wide, including a pavement of 10 feet and a gravel walk of 30, planted with trees on each fide, which leaves 80 feet of paved street for carriages. The reft of the streets are in general 110 feet wide, with a few only 90 feet, except North, South, and Eaft Capitol Streets, which are 160 feet. The diagonal streets are named after the refpective states composing the Union, while those running N. and S. are, from the Capitol E. nam ed East First Street, East Second Street, &c. and those weft of it are in the fame manner called West First Street, West Second Street, &c. Thofe running E. and W. are from the Capitol northward named North A Street, North B Street, &c. and thofe S. of it are called South A Street, South B Street, &c. The fquares of the city amount to 1150. The rectangular squares generally contain from to 6 acres, and are divided into lots of from 40 to 80 feet in front, and their depth from about 110 to 300 feet, according to the size of the fquare. The irregular divifions produced by the diagonal ftreets are fome of them fmall, but generally in valuable fituations. Their acute points are all cut off at 40 feet, fo that no houfe will have an acute corner. All the houfes are of brick or ftone. The area for the Capitol (or house for the legislative bodies) is fituated upon the most beautiful eminence in the city, about a mile from the Eastern Branch, and not much more from the POTOMAC, affording a full view of every part of the city, as well as a confiderable extent of the country around. The prefident's house stands upon a rifing ground, near the banks of the Potomac, commanding a delightful water prospect, with a view of the Capitol, and fome other material parts of the city. The city being fituated upon the great poft road, exactly equidiftant from the northern and fouthern extremities of the Union, and nearly fo from the Atlantic Ocean to the OCHIO, upon the beft navigation, and in the midst of the richest commercial territory in America, commanding the most extenfive internal resources, is by far the most eligible fituation for the refidence of congrefs. (See the plan on Plate II.) Lon. 77° 8 to 15 E. Lat. 38° 53' to 57' N. (3.) WASHINGTON, a fea-port town of N. Carolina, formerly calied Bath, the capital of Beaufort county, with a good harbour, feated on the N. bank of Tar River, go miles from the Ocracoke inlet. It has a good trade. It has a country court held the 1ft Monday in March, June, September, and December. It is 61 miles SW. of Edentown, and 467 from Philadelphia. Lon. 77.0. W. Lat. 35. 31. N. (4.) WASHINGTON, a district of S. Carolina, 80 miles long and 69 broad; bounded on the N. by Carolina, E.. by Pinckney diftrict, and that of Ninety-Six; S. and SW. by the Savannah, and the Tugelo, which feparate it from Georgia; and NW. by Tenaflee. It is divided into a counties, viz. Pendleton and Greenville; and contained 14,631 citizens, and 1440 slaves, in 1795. The great ridge of the APPALACHIAN mountains runs through it, on the NW. It is watered by the Keowee and other rivers; on the banks of which are many relics of ancient Cherokee towns. The capitalis Pickensville. (5.) WASHINGTON, a township of Connecticut, in Lichfield county. (6,-8.) WASHINGTON, 3 towns of England, 1. in Derbyshire, in the diftrict of Scarfdale, W. of Alfredton: 2. in Durham, feated on the Wear, 8 miles N. of Durham; 3. in Suffex; on the NW. of Stening. (9.) WASHINGTON, a county of the United States, in Georgia, in the Upper diftri&t. In 1795, it contained 3858 citizens, and 794 flaves. (10.) WASHINGTON, a poft town of Georgia, the capital of Wilkes county. It is regularly built, and has an academy, court house, jail, &c. It is feated in an agreeable country, and very healthy climate; which induces many invalida to make it their afylum; befides which it has a celebrated mineral fpring, on the E. fide of the town, about 1 miles diftant, famous for curing the fcurvey, fcrophula, confumptione, &c. It is 796 miles from Philadelphia. Lon. 6. 36. W. of that city. Lat. 33. 30. N. (11.) WASHINGTON, a township of New Hamp fhire; in Cheshire county. (12.) WASHINGTON, a county of Kentucky, bounded on the NE. by Mercer county, SE. by Lincoln county, W. by Hardin county, and NW. by Nelfon county. (13.) WASHINGTON, a post town of Kentucky, the capital of Mafon county, feated in a fertile plain, 3 miles from Limestone. It has a Prefbyte rian church, a handfome court-houfe, and goal, &c. It is 75 miles NE. by E. of Frankfort, and 714 from Philadelphia. Lon. 9. 10. W. of that city. Lat. 38. 40. N. A (14.) WASHINGTON, a large maritime county of Maine, and the most Eastern of the United States. It is bounded on the N. by Lower Canada, E. by New Brunswick, S. by the Atlantic, and W. by Hancock county. It contained 758 inhabitants in 1795 MACHIAS is the capital, where the courts are held. (15.) WASHINGTON, a fertile county.of Mary Jand, bounded on the N. by Pennfylvania, E. by South Mountain, which divides it from Frederick county; SW. by the Potomac, which feparates it from Virginia, and W. by Allegany county. It is 27 miles long, 22 broad; and in 1795, contained 14,536 citizens and 1286 flaves. It lies chiefly between North and South Mountains, and includes the fertile and well cultivated valley of Conecocheaque. The ground is the moft fertile in Maryland, and alfo the best cultivated, being watered by many treams. The climate is healthy; limeftones and iron ores abound; and various furnaces are erec. ted, with forges, &c. where pig and bar iron are manufactured to a great amount. Elizabeth-town is the capital. See ELIZABETH-TOWN, No 10. (16.) WASHINGTON, a township of Massachufetts, in Berkshire county; containing 588 citizens in 1795. (17.) WASHINGTON, a county of the United States, in the NORTH-WESTERN TERRITORY, erected in 1788. (18.) WASHINGTON, a county of Pennsylvania, bounded on the N. by Allegany county; E. by the Monongahela, which divides it from Fayette county; S. by Monongahela county; and W. by Ohio county in Virginia. It is 64 miles long, and 37 broad and is divided into 19 townships; viz. WASHINGTON, (N° 19.) HANOVER, Smith, Crofs. Creek, Chartier, Cecil, Strabane, Hopewell, Do negal, Amwell, Somerfet, Followfield, Eaft and Weft Bethlehem, Morgan, Findley, Franklin, Greene, and Cumberland. It contained 23.603 citizens, and 263 slaves, in 1795. The furface is beautifully diverfified with green hills, valleys, and rivers. A high ridge of hills, interfects it in the middle from N. to S. from which on the one fide many rivers run into the Monongahela, and on the other many others run into the Ohio. The loftieft of them afford large crops of grafs to the tops. The ground on the N. fide is beft adapted for pafture. Mines of copper and iron ore are found in it. WASHINGTON is the capital. (19.) WASHINGTON, a city of Pennsylvania, the capital of the above county, with a township, on a branch of Charters Creek, which runs into the Ohio, 20 miles SSW. of Pittsburg. It has a confiderable trade, and carries on various manufactures. Lon. 80. 21. or 6. W. Lat. 40. 13. or 21. N. (20-22.) WASHINGTON is also the name of 3 other townships of Pennsylvania; in FAYETTE, FRANKLIN, and WESTMORLAND Counties. (23.) WASHINGTON, a maritime county of Rhode Island, formerly called CHARLOTTE, bounded on the N. by Kent county; E. by Nar. raganfet Bay; S. by the Atlantic Ocean; and W. by Connecticut. It is 22 miles long, and 21 broad: and is divided into 7 townships; viz. WESTERLY, Charleftown, Hopkinfon, Richmond, North and South Kingstowns, and Exeter. It contained 17,736 citizens in 1795, and 339 flaves. South Kington is the capital. (24.) WASHINGTON, an extenfive diftrict of TENNASSEE, bounded on the N. by the Clinch, which feparates it from the Indian territory; E. by Hamilton district; and S. and SW. by S. Caro lina, and the Indian territories. The foil is fertile, and well watered by many large rivers, as the TENNASSEE, OHIO, &c. It is divided into four counties, viz, WASHINGTON, (N° 25.) SULLI VAN, GREENE, and HAWKINS. It contained 24,838 citizens in 1795, and 4693 flaves; in all 29,531 fouls. (25.) WASHINGTON, a county of Tennaffee, in the above diftrict. (N° 24.) abounding with iron ore; to melt and manufacture which, it has a furnace and bloomery, near the Virginia line, below the mouth of the WATAGA, It contained 5,337 citizens, and 535 flaves, in 1795 (26.) WASHINGTON, a town of Tennassee, ca pital of the above county, with a court-house, wherein the county courts are held on the ad Monday of Feb. May, Auguft, and November. (2.).WASHINGTON, a township of Vermont, in Orange county. (28.) WASHINGTON, a large county of Virgi nia, bounded on the NE. and E. by Withe; & by N. Carolina, W. by Lee, and NW. by Ruffel, counties. It contained 5175 citizens, in 1795) and 450 flaves. It is well watered by feveral ftreams, which unite, and form the HOLSTEIN. The capital is ABINGDON. (29.) WASHINGTON, a county of New York, bounded on the N. by Clinton county, E. by Ver. mont, S. by Renffelaer, SW. by Saratoga, and W. by Herkemer counties. It is 51 miles loog from N. to S. and 3 from E. to W. It containe |