and 35 NW. of Stockholm. Lon. 17. 48. E. Lat. 59. 52. N.

* UPSHOT. n. f. [up and shot.] Conclusion; end; laft amount; final event.-The only up/hat, whereto he doth aim. Hubbard.-I cannot purfue with any fafety this sport to the upshot. Shak.In this up/bot, purposes miftook Fall on th' inventor's heads. Shak. -The main up/bot of all. More.-Upon the upshot, afflictions are but the methods of a merciful providence, to force us upon the only means of fetting matters right. L'Efr.-Here is the upshot and refult of all. Burnet. We fhall quickly core to the upshot of our affair. Arbuth.-At the upshot, after a life of perpetual application. Pope.

*UPSIDE down. Lan adverbial form of speech.] 1. With the lower part above the higher.-Turn ing them upfide down. Heylyn. 2. In confufion; in complete diforder.

In his lap a mass of coin he told, And turned upside down to feed his eye. Spenfer. -The flood did not turn upfide down the face of the earth. Raleigh.—The severe notions of Chrif tianity turned all this upfide down. South.

* UPSPRING. n, S. [up and spring.] This word feems to fignify upstart; a man suddenly exalted. Not pfed.

The king doth wake to-night, and takes his roufe;

Keeps waffel, and the fwaggering up/pring reels. Shak, *To UPSTAND. v. n. [up and stand] To be erected. The water fnakes with fcales upflanding die. May.

* UPSTART. n. f. [up and start.] One fuddenly railed to wealth, power, or honour, what fud denly rifes and appears.-Keeping under all fud den parts. Spenfer.-Upfart unthrifts. ShakUpftarts in ftate. Bacon. Mushrooms and upfart weeds. Bacon.-A race of upftart creatures. Milt. -Upftart paffions. Milt.-Mean upfarts. L'Efr. -A parcel of upfarts. Addison.

To UPSTART. v. n. [up and fart.] To fpring up fuddenly. He upfarted brave. Spenfer.-Upfarting from his throne. Dryden.

*To UPSTAY. v. a. [up and stay.] To fuftain; to fupport.

Them the upftays

Milton.

Gently with myrtle band. * To ÚPSWAŔM. v. a. [up and fwarm.] To raife in a fwarm. Out of ufe.

You've taken up the fubjects of my father, And, both against the voice of heaven and him, Have here upfwarm'd them. Shak. * To UPTAKE. v. a. [up and take.] To take

into the hands.—

He hearken'd to his reason, and the child Uptaking, to the palmer gave to bear. Spenfer. (1.) UPTON, an elegant town of England, in Worcestershire, with a market on Thurfday. It is feated on the Severn, and was famous in the time of the Romans. It lies 11 miles S. of Worcefter, and 190 WNW. of London. Lon. 1. 55. W. Lat. 51. 59. N.

(2.) UPTON, James, was born at Taunton, and educated at Exeter College, Oxon, became rector of Riffington, and prebendary of Rochester. He

published Epictetus, 2 vols. 4to: Spenfer's Faerie Queen, and Obfervations on Shakespeare, 8vo.,

* To UPTRAIN. v. a. [up and train.] To bring up; to educate. Not ufed. But three fair daughters, which were well uptrain'd. Spenfer.

To UPTURN. v. a. [up and turn.] To throw up; to furrow.

So fcented the grim feature, and upturn'd His noftrils wide into the murky air. Milton.

Down rushing, it upturns a hill of ground. Pope. UPUPA, in ornithology, a genus belonging to the order of pica. The beak is arcuated, convex, and fomething blunt; the tongue is obtufe, triangular, entire, and very fhort; and the feet are fitted for walking. There are ten fpecies; one of which, the epops, hoopoe, or dung bird, is frequently feen in Britain. It may be readily diftinguished from all others that vifit this ifland by its beautiful creft, which it can erect or deprefs at pleasure. It is in length 15 inches; the bill is black, two inches and a half long, flender, and incurvated; the irides are hazel: the creft confifts of a double row of feathers, the highest about two inches long; the tips are black, their lower part of a pale orange colour: the neck is of a pale reddish brown; the breaft and belly white; the leffer coverts of the wings are of a light brown; the back, feapulars, and wings, croffed with broad bars of white and black; the rump is white; the tail confifts of only ten feathers, white marked with black, in form of a crefcent, the horns pointing towards the end of the feathers. The legs are fhort and black; the exterior toe is closely united at the bottom to the middle toe. According to Linnæus, it takes its name from its note, which has a found fimilar to the word; or it may be derived from the French buppe, or crefled: it breeds in hollow trees, and lays two afh-coloured eggs: it feeds on infects, which it picks out of ordure of all kinds. Dr Pallas affirms, that it breeds in preference in putrid carcafes; and that he had feen the neft of one in the privy of an uninhabited houfe in the fuburbs of Tzaritfyn.

(1.) * UPWARD. adj. [up and teard, Saxon.] Directed to a higher part.-Spread upon a lake, with upward eye. Dryd.-With upward speed his agile wings he fpread. Prior..

*

(2.) UPWARD. n. f. The top. Out of ufe.From th' extremelt upward of thy head. Shak. (3.) *UPWARD.adv. [up and weard.] 1. To* UPWARDS. wards a higher place: oppofed to downward.-You upward move. Dryd. And ocean fwell'd with waters upwards tends. Dryden.-To leap twenty yards upwards. Locke. 2. Towards heaven and God.-Looking upward. Hooker. 3. With respect to the higher part.—

Dagon, fea-monster! upward man, And downward fish.

Milton.

4. More than; with tendency to a higher or greater number.-Twelve hundred years acquaintance and upwards. Hocker.-Your wife-Upward of twenty years. Shak. 5. Towards the fource.And trace the mufes upward to their spring. Pope.

*To UPWIND. v. a. pret. and paff. upwound, [up and wind.] To convolve. Her tail in knots and many boughts upevound. Spenfer.

UR, in ancient geography, a town of Mefopo

tamia, fituated between the Tigris and Nifibis; taken by fome for Ur of the Chaldees, the refidence of Abraham. What feems to confirm this is, that from Ur to Haran, the other refidence of the patriarch, the road lies directly for Paleftine. And it is no objection that Ur is faid to be in Mefopotamia; because the parts next the Tigris were occupied by the Chaldeans, as feems to be confirmed from. Acts vii. 2, 4. It is called ORCHE by Strabo, ORCHOE by Ptolemy. The Chaldean philofophers had a kind of university in it, for teaching aftronomy, aftrology, magic, &c. URABA, a province of S. America, in Terra Firma, on a gulf so named, in the province of Carthagena, E. of Darien.

URAC, the most northern of the MARIANA ISLANDS.

URACH, a town of Suabia, in Wurtemburg, famous for its linen manufactures; 21 miles SSE. of Stuttgard, and 24 W. of Ulm.

URAGUA, a Spanish province of S. America, in La Plata; bounded on the N. by that of Guayra, on the E. by Rey, S. by the river Plata, and W. by the province of Parana.

URAL, a river of Ruffia, which rifes in Mount Caucafus, and running through Uralfkoe and Orenburg, falls into the Cafpian by three mouths, below Gurief. It was formerly called YAIK. (1.) URALIAN, adj. Of, or belonging to, or derived from the URAL, or watered by that river. (2.) URALIAN CHAIN. See RIPHEI MONTES. (3.) URALIAN COSSACS, a nation of Ruffian Tartars, who inhabit the provinces of Uralkoi and Orenburg. They originate from the Don COSSACS, and are very brave and valiant. They profefs the Greek religion; but there are among them diffenters, whom the Ruffians call Rokolniki, or Separatifts; but they ftyle themfelves Staroverfii, or old believers. They will part with their lives almost as soon as their beards. A barbarous Ruffian officer, having ordered a number of Coffac recruits to be fhaved, in Yaitfk, in 1771, an infurrection followed, which was not fuppreffed with out difficulty. The impoftor Pugatchef, who pretended to be Peter III. took the opportunity of flattering their prejudices, and roused them to rebel. After fome ftruggle he was defeated, and the name of YAIK COSSACS was changed to Uralian, and that of the YAIK to URAL. These Coffacs enjoy the right of fishing on the coaft of the Cafpian, for 47 miles on each fide of its banks. Sturgeon and belug are their chief objects: the roes of the latter afford caviare, (fee CAVIARE); and from the fale of the fish dried and falted, the Coffacs carry on a lucrative trade.

(4.) URALIAN MOUNTAINS. See MOUNTAINS, $8; and SIBERIA, § 7.

URALSK, a town of Ruffia, in Uralskoe, on the Ural, 375 miles NNE. of Aftracan. It was called YAITSK before 1774.

URALSKOE, an extensive province of Ruffia, on the banks of the Ural, on both fides of that river.

(1.) URANA, a lake of European Turkey, in Dalmatia, 12 miles of Scardona.

(2.) URANA, a town of Iftria, 9 miles ESE. of Pedena.

URANDUK, a town of Bofnia, 2 m. E. of Seraja.

S

URANE, a river of Bulgaria, which runs into the Black Sea at Varna.

(1.) URANIA, one of the nine MUSES. She presided over ASTRONOMY. She was the mother of HYMEN, the god of marriage, and of the poet LINUS. She is reprefented by painters as very young, dreffed in an azure-coloured robe pow. dered with ftars, and crowned with ftars, and holding a globe in her hands, with mathematical and aftronomical inftruments around her.

(2.) URANIA, a name of Venus, as a celeftial goddefs.

(3.) Uranța, in astronomy. See HERSCHEL. URANIENBURG, (i. e. the cafle of the bea vens,) a town and castle of Denmark, on the isle of Huen, built for the accommodation and expe riments of the celebrated TYCHO BRAHE. It is now ruinous. Lon. 12. 58. E. Lat. 55. 54. N. URANII, an ancient nation of Gaul. (1.) URANITIC, adj. Of or belonging to uranium; tinctured with uranium.

(2.) URANITIC OCHRE. See MINERALOGY, Part III. Chap. IV. § XIX. § 2,

URANIUM, one of the 22 new metals, lately afcertained by mineralogifts. See METALLURGY, Part I. Se&. I. For its ores and other phenomena, see MINERALOGY, Part III. Chap. IV. § XIX. 1-3; and Chap. V. § 19. Klaproth mentions three fpecies of this metal, viz,

1. URANIUM OCHRACEUM. Brimftone colour, lemon colour, deep yellow, reddish brown.

2. URANIUM SPATHOSUM. Tinged with green by copper. Yellow. This is the green mica or chalcolithe.

3. URANIUM SULPHURATUM, Dark grey, often exhibiting traces of galena. Black, refembling pit coal.

URANOPOLIS, a town on the top of Mount

Athos.

URANOS. See URANUS.

URANOSCOPUS, in ichthyology, a genus of fifhes belonging to the order of jugulares. The head is large, rough, and depreffed, the upper jaw being fhorter than the under one; there are fix dentated rays in the membrane of the gills; and the anus is in the middle of the body. There are two fpecies, one of which is found in the Mediterranean sea.

URANUGRATZ, a town of Croatia, 18 miles NNW. of Novi.

URANUS, [Gr. Oupavos, i. e. Heaven,] in the mythology, the moft ancient of the gods. He married his fifter TELLUS, by whom he had COELUS, Ceus, Creus, and MNEMOSYNE (OF MEMORY), the mother of the Mufes, &c.

URASA, a town of Sweden, in the province of Smaland; 16 miles S. of Wexio.

URAS,. in chemistry, a new falt, formed URAT, by the union of the URIC ACID with various bafes..

1. URAT OF AMMONIA is thus defcribed by Dr Thomson. "This falt was firft diftinguished from URIC ACID by Fourcroy and Vauquelin. The calculi formed of it refemble thofe formed of uric acid; but they are ufually compofed of thin layers, and have the colour of coffee. Urat of ammonia is eafily detected by its rapid folubility in fixed alkaline leys, and the odour of ammonia,

which

which is perceived during the solution. It is not fo often prefent in urinary calculi as the uric acid. No calculus has hitherto been found compofed of it alone, except the very small polygonal calculi, feveral of which sometimes exift in the gall-bladder together."

2. URAT OF POTASS. See URIC ACID. 3. URAT OF SODA.

URAZZA, a town of European Turkey, in Bulgaria; 24 miles NE. of Sophia.

URBA, an ancient town of the Helvetii, on a river fo named; now called ORBE.

URBAN I. pope, fucceeded Calixtus I. A. D. 223. He was beheaded during the perfecution under Severus, in 230.

URBAN II. pope, fucceeded Victor III. in 1088, and promoted the great croifade. He died in

URBAN V. fucceeded Innocent VI. in 1362. He removed the papal feat from Avignon to Rome; but died on a vifit to Avignon, in 1370.

URBAN VI. was elected in 1378. His feverity was fo great, that a party of the cardinals chofe Robert of Geneva as antipope, by the name of Clement VII. Urban perfecuted his opponents violently, but died in 1389.

URBAN VII. fucceeded pope Sixtus V. in 1590, but died the fame year, 12 days after his election. URBAN VIII. fucceeded pope Gregory XV. in 1623, and died in 1644.

URBAN IX. Barberini of Florence, was elected in 1633. He condemned the Janfenifts; was a man of genius, and very learned. His Latin poems were published at Paris, in folio; and his Italian poems at Rome in 1640, 12mo. He died in 1649. URBANEA, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, with a bishop's fee, on the Metro, built by pope Urban VIII. 12 miles S. of Urbino. Lon. 12. 58. E. Lat. 43. 34. N.

* URBANITY. n. f. [urbanité, Fr. urbanitas, Lat.] Civility; elegance; politenefs; merriment; facetioufnels. A ruftical feverity banishes all ur. banity. Brown.-Without fome tincture of urbanity, good-humour falters. L'Etrange.-Urbanity, or well-mannered wit. Dryden.

URBANNA, a town of Virginia, in Middlefex county, on the SW. bank of the Rappahannock, 73 miles E. by S. of Richmond, 78 E. of Fredericksburg, and 28 of Tappahannock.

(1.) URBINO, a duchy of Italy, in the territory of the church, bounded on the N. by the Adriatic, S. by Perugino and Umbria, E. by Ancona, and W. by Etruria and Romagna. It is about 55 miles long and 45 broad. It has plenty of game and fish; but the air is not very wholefome, nor is the foil fertile. URBINO is the capital.

(2.) URBINO, a town of Italy, in the territory of the pope, and capital of the duchy (N° 1.), with an old citadel, an archbishop's fee, and a handfome palace, where the dukes formerly refided. The houses are well built, and great quantities of fine earthen ware are made. It is feated on a VOL. XXIII.

mountain, between the rivers Metro and Foglia, 18 miles S. of Rimini, 58 E. of Florence, and 120 NE. of Rome. Urbino was taken by the French republicans in 1793. See REVOLUTION, N° VI. 39. Lon. 12. 40. E. Lat. 43. 46. N. (3.) URBINO. See RAPHAEL.

URCEUS, Anthony Codrus, a learned Italian, born in 1446. His works, confifting of Letters, Speeches, and Poems, were publithed after his death. Being difgufted with the world by various misfortunes, he retired into a wood, where he died in 1500.

URCEOLA, a lately difcovered genus of the pentandria class, and monogynia order of plants, and belonging to the 30th natural order or clafs called Contorta by Linnæus in his natural method. The genus is thus characterized by Dr Roxburgh: Calyx beneath five-toothed; corol one-petaled, pitcher-fhaped, with its contracted mouth fivetoothed; nectary entire, furrounding the germs; follicles two, round, drupacious; feeds numerous, immerfed in pulp. There is but one known fpecies, which the fame eminent botanist describes

thus:

URCEOLA ELASTICA: Shrubby, twining, leaves oppofite, oblong, panicles terminal, is a native of Sumatra, Prince of Wales's Ifland, and the Malay countries. Stem woody, climbing over trees, &c. to a very great extent; young fhoots twining, and a little hairy; bark of the old woody parts thick, dark-coloured, confiderably uneven, a little fcabrous, on which are found feveral fpecies of mofs, particularly large patches of lichen; the wood is white, light, and porous. Leaves oppofite, fhort-petiolated, horizontal, ovate, oblong, pointed, entire, a little fcabrous, with a few feattered white hairs on the under fide. Stipulus none. Panicles terminal, brachiate, very ramous. Flowers numerous, minute, of a dull greenish colour, and hairy on the outfide. Brads lanceolate, one at each divifion and fubdivifion of the panicle. Calyx perianth, one-leaved, five-toothed, permanent. Corol one-petaled, pitcher-shaped, hairy, mouth much contracted, five-toothed, divifions erect, acute, nectary entire, cylindric, embracing the lower two thirds of the germs. Stamens, fila ments five, very short from the base of the corol. Anthers arrow fhaped, converging, bearing their pollen in two grooves on the infide, near the apex; between these grooves and the infertions of the filaments they are covered with white foft hairs. Piftil, germs two; above the nectary they are very hairy round the margins of their truncated tops. Style fingle, thorter than the framens. Stigma ovate, with a circular band, dividing it into two portions of different colours. Per. Fol licles two, round, laterally compreffed into the fhape of a turnip, wrinkled, leathery, about three inches in their greatest diameters-one-celled, twovalved. Seeds very numerous, reniform, immerfed in firm fleshy pulp. See Plate CCCXXXIX. where fig. 1. is a branchlet in the flower of the natural fize. 2. A flower magnified. 3. The fame laid open, which expoles to view the fituation of the ftamens inferted into the bottom of the corol, the nectarium furrounding the lower half of the two germs, their upper half with hairy margins, the ftyle and ovate party-coloured; ftigma appear.

D

ing

ing above the nectary. 4. Outfide of one of the ftamens; and, 5. Infide of the fame, both much magnified. 6. The nectarium laid open, expofing to view the whole of the piftil. 7. The two feed veffels (called by Linnæus follicles), natural fize; half of one of them is removed, to fhew the feed immerfed in pulp. A portion thereof is alfo cut away, which more clearly fhews the fituation and fhape of the feed. From wounds made in the bark of this plant there oozes a milky fluid, which, on exposure to the air, feparates into an elaftic coagulum, and watery liquid, apparently of no ufe after the feparation takes place. This coagulum is not only like the American caoutchouc or Indian rubber, but poffeffes the fame properties. See CAOUTCHOUC, and CHEMISTRY, Index; RUBBER, 2, &c. The chemical properties of this vegetable milk, while frefh, were found by Mr Howifon, late furgeon on Prince of Wales's Island, `furprifingly to refemble thofe of animal milk. From its decompofition, in confequence of fpontaneous fermentation, or by the addition of acids, a separation takes place between its cafeous and ferous parts, both of which are very fimilar to thofe produced by the fame proceffes from animal milk. An oily or butyrous matter is alfo one of its component parts, which appears upon the furface of the gum fo foon as the latter has attained its folid form. He endeavoured to form an extract of this milk, fo as to approach to the confiftence of new butter, by which he hoped to retard its fermentative ftage, without depriving it of its ufeful qualities; but as he had no apparatus for diftilling, the furface of the milk that was exposed to the air inftantly formed into a folid coat, by which the evaporation was in a great degree prevented. He however learned, by collecting the thickened milk from the infide of the coats, and depofiting it in a jelly pot, that, if excluded from the air, it might be preferved in this ftate for à confiderable length of time; and even without any preparation he kept it in bottles, tolerably good, upwards of a

year.

a

URCHANY, a hill in Nairnshire, near Nairn. URCHAY, a river of Perthshire, which rifes near the fource of the Tay, and, running 12 miles through GLENURCHAY, falis into Lochow.

(1.)* URCHIN. n. f. [heureuchin, Armorick; erinaceus, Latin.] 1. A hedge-hog.

Urchins fhall, for that vaft of night that they may work,

All exercife on thee. Shak. -Ten thousand fwelling toads, as many urchins. Shak.-The common hedgehog, or urchin. Ray. 2. A name of flight anger to a child.-And who's blind now, mamma? the urchin cried. Prior.

(2.) URCHIN, in zoology. See ERINACEUS. (3.) URCHIN, SEA. See ECHINUS, 1. N° 3. UŔDINGEN. See ORDINGEN.

(1.) URE, the Rev. David, a learned clergyman, who was first schoolmafter, and afterwards affiftant preacher in the parish of Eatter Kilbride. Of that parish and its antiquities he wrote a very learned and elaborate ftatifical account. He was employed by the patriotic Sir John Sinclair to make out the statistical accounts of feveral parishes, in his great work. Sir John recommended him to the earl of Buchan; who firft appointed him

his domeftic chaplain, and afterwards minifter of Uphall, in Linlithgowfhire; where he died two years afterwards of a dropfy, and was interred by the earl in his family vault, where bis lordihip erected a tomb to his memory, with an honourable infcription. He was a man of univerfal genius, and left a great number of MSS. on various branches of science, particularly agriculture, some of which are inferted in this work. (2.) URE. n. f. Practice; ufe; habit. Obfolete.-Such proceedings as are and have been put in ure for the establishment of that caufe. Hooker. -He would keep his hand in ure with fomewhat of greater value. L'Efrange.

*

UREA, a new falt, lately difcovered, of which Dr Thomson gives the following account. "Urea may be obtained by the following procefs. Evaporate by a gentle heat a quantity of human urine, voided fix or eight hours after a meal, till it be reduced to the confiftence of a thick fyrup. In this ftate, when put by to cool, it concretes into a cryftalline mass. Pour at different times upon this mafs four times its weight of alcohol, and apply a gentle heat. A great part of the mafs will be diffolved, and there will remain only a number of faline fubftances. Pour the alcohol folution into a retort, and diftil by the heat of a fand-bath, till the liquid, after boiling fome time, is reduced to the confiftence of a thick fyrup. The whole of the alcohol is now feparated, and what remains in the retort cryftallizes as it cools. Thefe cryftals confift of the fubftance called UREA. It was first defcribed by Rouelle the younger, in 1773, under the name of the faponaceous extract of urine. He mentioned feveral of its properties: but very little was known of it till Fourcroy and Vauquelin published their experiments on it in 1799. Thefe celebrated chemifts have named it UREA, which has been generally adopted. Urea, obtained thus, has the form of cryftalline plates croffing each other in different directions. Its colour is yellowifh white. It has a fetid fmell, fomewhat refembling garlic, or arfenic; its tafte is strong and acrid, refembling that of ammoniacal falts. It is very vifcid and difficult to cut, and has a good deal of refemblance to thick honey. When expofed to the open air, it very foon attracts moifture, and is converted into a thick brown liquid. It is extremely foluble in water; and during its evolution a confiderable degree of cold is produced. Alcohol diffolves it with facility, but fcarcely in fo large a proportion as water. alcohol folution yields cryftals much more readily on evaporation than the solution in water. When nitric acid is dropt into a concentrated folution of urea in water, a great number of bright pearlcoloured crystals are depofited, composed of urea and nitric acid. No other acid produces this fingular effect. The concentrated folution of urea in water is brown; but it becomes yellow when diluted with a large quantity of water. The infufion of nutgalls gives it a yellowish brown colour, but caufes no precipitate. Neither dots the infufion of tan produce any precipitate. When heat is applied to urea it very foon melts, fwells up and evaporates with an infupportably fetid odour. When diftilled, there comes over first benzoic acid; then carbonat of ammonia in

The

crystals;