particularly, in the early as well as more recent period of our history, the town is indebted for large portions of its population.' Middlesex, Suffolk, and the Old Colony were not without their contributions. But the people did not come from such widely different sources as to produce any difficulty of amalgamation, or any striking diversity of manners. They formed one people, and brought with them the steady habits and good principles of those from whom they had separated. There were some accessions before the revolution made to our population from the other side of the Atlantic; the immigrants readily incorporated themselves with our people and form a substantial part of the population. Since the revolution the numbers by immigration have increased more rapidly, especially from Great Britain, but not sufficiently to destroy the uniformity which characterizes our population, nor to disturb the harmony of our community.3

From 1820 the number of immigrants who arrived in the United States rapidly increased. In 1820 only eight thousand three hundred and eighty-five came over; in 1830 twenty-three thousand three hundred and twenty-two; in 1840 eighty-four thousand six hundred and sixty-six; in 1850 three hundred

1 The following are some of the families which emigrated from Essex: Appleton, Baker, Bartlett, Bradbury, Bailey, Bagley, Carter, Chase, Coffin, Chadwick, Cross, Davis, Dole, Emerson, Haskell, Huse, Ingersoll, Ilsley, Kent, Kimball, Knight, Longfellow, Lovitt, Lowell, Little, Moody, Morse, Merrill, Mussey, Newall, Noyes, Nowell, Osgood, Pearson, Pettingill, Poor, Proctor, Plumer, Pike, Pote, Richardson, Riggs, Sawyer, Sewall, Somerby, Swett, Titcomb, Tolman, Tucker, Thurlo, Waite, Webster, Weed, Willis, Winship, Wheeler.

2 The Rosses, McLellans, Armstrongs, Mains, Johnsons, Robinsons, Pagans, Wildridges, Cummings.

Among the enterprising men who came to Portland after the war, and before the close of the century, and whose posterity remain, were Boyds, Becketts, Chadwicks, Chase, Deblois, Dows, Fosdick, Greely, Harris, Hopkins, Goddard, How, Evans, Horton, Hussey, Jewetts, Radfords, Robison, Storers, Wadsworth.

and ten thousand six hundred and four; in 1860 one hundred and fifty-three thousand six hundred and forty; of these sixty per cent were males, eight per cent were five years old and under, twenty-one per cent between twenty and twenty-five, fifty-four per cent between twenty and forty years old. In the five years from 1855 to 1860 the number of aliens who arrived with the intention of settling in the country, was seven hundred and eighty-one thousand six hundred and eighty-six. Of the alien passengers who arrived in the United States in forty-one years ending with 1860, seven hundred and sixty-four thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven were farmers, four hundred and seven thousand five hundred and twenty-four were mechanics, and eight hundred and seventy-two thousand three hundred and seventeen were laborers.

In Maine the foreign population in 1860 was thirty-seven thousand four hundred and fifty-three; of which fifteen thousand two hundred and ninety were from Ireland, seventeen thousand five hundred and forty from the British Provinces, probably the larger portion Irish, England sent two thousand six hundred and seventy-seven.

In Portland the foreign population in 1860 was three thousand nine hundred and eight, nearly fifteen per cent of the whole, of whom one hundred and eighty-eight were from England, two thousand six hundred and twenty-seven from Ireland, eighty-four from Scotland, eight hundred and sixty-three from the British Provinces, thirty-six from the German States, fourteen from France, and ninety-six from other foreign States.

It cannot have escaped observation that one of the principal sources of our wealth has been the lumber trade. We have seen on the revival of the town in the early part of the last century, how intimately the progress of the town was connected with the operations in timber. Before the revolution our commerce was sustained almost wholly by the large ships from England which loaded here with masts, spars, and boards for the mother country, and by ship building. The West India

business was then comparatively small, employing but few vessels of inferior size. After the revolution our trade had to form new channels, and the employment of our own navigation was to give new activity to all the springs of industry and wealth. We find therefore that the enterprise of the people arose to the emergency; and in a few years our ships were floating on every ocean, becoming the carriers of southern as well as northern produce, and bringing back the money and commodities of other countries. The trade to the West Indies, supported by our lumber, increased vastly, and direct voyages were made in larger vessels than had before been employed, which received in exchange for the growth of our forests and our seas, sugar, molasses, and rum, the triple products of the This trade has contributed mainly to the advancement and prosperity of the town, has nourished a hardy race of seamen, and formed a people among the most active and enterprising of any in the United States.

cane.

The great changes which have taken place in the customs and manners of society since the revolution, must deeply impress the mind of a reflecting observer. These have extended not only to the outward forms of things, but to the habits of thought and to the very principles of character. The moral revolution has been as signal and striking as the political one; it upturned the old landmarks of antiquated and hereditary customs and the obedience to mere authority, and established in their stead a more simple and just rule of action; it set up reason and common sense, and a true equality, in the place of a factitious and conventional state of society which unrelentingly required a submission to its stern dictates; which made an unnatural distinction in moral power, and elevated the rich knave or fool to the station that humble and despised merit would have better graced. The age of realities succeeded that of forms.

These peculiarities have been destroyed by the silent and gradual operation of public opinion; the spirit which arose in