rations and a more determined spirit on the part of the mother country. The provinces also partaking of the zeal which animated the ministry at home, raised large supplies of men to co-operate in the favorite design upon Canada. Massachusetts raised six thousand eight hundred men, of whom two thousand five hundred served in the garrison at Louisburg, several hundred in the navy, three hundred joined General Wolfe before Quebec,' and the remainder served under General Amherst, who entered Canada by Lake Champlain, with a triumphal progress, capturing in his course the forts at Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Niagara.

It was one of the conditions imposed by the General Court in voting the last division of this large enlistment of soldiers, that four hundred men of the levy should be employed under direction of the Governor to erect a fort at the mouth of Penobscot river. In pursuance of this plan, Gov. Pownal went to Penobscot in May' and constructed upon a point in the town of Prospect, since called Fort Point, one of the most substantial and well appointed fortifications that had ever been erected in Maine.3 Gov. Pownal was accompanied in this expedition by Brigadier General Waldo, who being a large proprietor in the Waldo patent, on which the fort was laid out, was deeply interested in the result of the enterprise.

After laying out the ground for the fort and making preparations for its construction, Gov. Pownal with Gen. Waldo, and a portion of his force, made an expedition up the Penobscot river, of which he thus speaks in his Journal, in the 5th Vol. of the Maine Historical Collections. "Landed on the east

Among the persons from Falmouth who served in Wolfe's army, were Brigadier Preble, then a captain, John Waite, afterward a colonel, and William McLellan. Col. Waite commanded a transport.

2 He touched in here May 4th, and remained until the 8th.

3 It was called Fort Pownal, in compliment to the governor, and cost five thousand pounds which was repaid by England. For details concerning this transaction, see 5th Maine Historical Collections, p. 363.

side of the river with one hundred and thirty-six men and proceeded to the head of the first falls, about four and a quarter miles from the first ledge. Clear land on the left for near four

miles. Brigadier Waldo, whose unremitted zeal for the service had prompted him, at the age of sixty-three, to attend me on the expedition, dropped down just above the falls of an apoplexy, and notwithstanding all the assistance that could be given, expired in a few moments." This was in the town of Brewer, and corrects erroneous statements in Williamson's History of Maine, vol ii. p. 338, and of Mr. Sabine in the North American Review, vol. lviii. p. 313, in which Waldo is made to say "Here is my bound," and as Sabine adds, "dropped dead on the site of a city." At the head of the Falls, Pownal adds "Buried a leaden plate with the following inscription. May 23, 1759, Province of Massachusetts Bay. Dominions of Great Britain. Possession confirmed by T. Pownal, Governor.

Erected a flag staff.-Hoisted the king's colors and saluted them." 991

1 Gen. Waldo was born in England; a son of Jonathan Waldo, a respectable merchant in Boston, who died in 1731, leaving a large estate to his five children. He was interested in eastern lands, and his son Samuel was connected with him in these speculations. On his death, Samuel came into possession of large tracts here and further east. The General was the largest proprietor of land in this town for many years, having purchased the rights of old proprietors previous to 1730. In 1730 he bought eight hundred acres of the proprietors' committee, and seized every opportunity to extend his interest here. He was an active, intelligent, and persevering man, and spent much time in town. He died at the age of sixty-three, leaving by wife Lucy Wainwright of Ipswich, two sons, Samuel and Francis, who lived in this town, and daughters, Hannah, married to Isaac Winslow of Roxbury, and Lucy married to Thomas Flucker of Boston, who were the parents of the late Gen. Knox's wife; a third son, Ralph, died young. Gen. Waldo went to England in 1729 to defend the interest of the Lincoln proprietors, and published a pamphlet in vindication of their rights. He was an accomplished gentleman, and as a military officer, of an elegant and commanding figure. His portrait, which adorned the walls of the Knox mansion, represented him as tall and straight, of dark complexion. He had crossed the Atlantic fifteen times.

The fort was completed in July, garrisoned by one hundred men placed under the command of Colonel Jedediah Preble of Falmouth, on his return from Canada. He was there in March, 1760.

The campaign of 1759 was crowned with complete success by the capture of Quebec on the 17th of September. No event could have produced greater joy in the colonies than this. It had been the place from which, for a long series of years, had issued the decrees that had armed and let loose upon our frontiers a merciless and remorseless enemy. Various unsuccessful attempts had been made in the previous sixty years, at an immense cost and an extravagant waste of life, to drive this power from the continent. Now that the object of the most ardent wishes of the colonists was accomplished, public feeling swelled to the highest note of joy. Mr. Smith in his Journal says, "the country is all in extasy upon the surprising news of the conquest of Quebec." Information of the battle on the plains of Abraham, September 13, in which the opposing generals, Wolfe and Montcalm, were killed, reached here October 14; on the 15th and 16th the cannon at the fort were fired, Mr. Mayo's house was illuminated, and small arms were fired in the evening. The next evening three mast ships in the harbor were illuminated. The 25th of the same month was

2

1 Mr. Preble had the command of a company of provincial troops in the expedition against Canada, was in the battle on the plains of Abraham before Quebec, and near Gen. Wolfe when he fell, and was wounded in the thigh. He was subsequently promoted.

2 Ebenezer Mayo; his house stood on the west side of India street, near the corner of Newbury now Sumner street. He was a respectable merchant and came here from Boston. He left three children, Apphia, Simeon, and Ebenezer, the last of whom was born in 1764, and died in this town September 12, 1840, aged 70; no child survived him. His first wife was a daughter of Dr. Coffin, whom he married in 1792 and who died in 1793; his second was Jane Brown of Boston, married in 1795; third, Catharine, a daughter of Deacon Richard Conman, married in 1811. He and his brother Simeon became intemperate and died poor. Simeon left several children.

observed as a day of public thanksgiving for the brilliant successes of the campaign.

The French power in this country having been thus broken, the Indians who had fought under it, immediately sought safety by submission to the conqueror; in the spring of 1760, the Penobscots, the St. John's, and Passamaquoddy Indians, and those of Nova Scotia, finding they could not unaided by French power and influence, resist the English arms, entered into a treaty of peace, and from that time forever ceased to become formidable in the northern colonics. The conquest of Canada was completed September 8, 1760, by the surrender of Montreal, the other posts of the French having previously capitulated; but in Europe the war was not terminated until February 1763. News of the surrender of Montreal and the total extinguishment of French hopes on this continent, was received in town September 20, 1760, and caused a renewal of the rejoicing of the preceding year: on the evening of September 22, Rev. Mr. Smith's house and several others on the Neck were illuminated, and a public thanksgiving was kept for the reduction of Canada.

By the treaty of peace which was signed at Paris, in March, 1763, the French ceded all Canada to Great Britain, and Louisiana to Spain, and thus took leave of the North American Continent: since which, they have never had foothold upon it, save the short period in the reign of Napoleon, that they held Louisiana. When it is considered how much blood had been shed, how much suffering, desolation, and sorrow had been brought upon the English colonies by the arms and the influence of the French over the Indians, their ever faithful allies, from 1688, we cannot be surprised at the deep and well founded satisfaction with which they viewed the removal of all fear of future alarm and depredation from that quarter.

CHAPTER XVII.

POPULATION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS BEFore the revOLUTION-TAXES-CURRENCY-LUMBER AND SAWMILLS-GRIST MILLS-Trade and COMMERCE-CUSTOMS—WHARVES─General DESCRIPTION OF THE TOWN AND BUILDINGS AT THE TIME OF THE REVOLUTion-StreetS.

The Neck, now Portland, at the time of which we are speaking, was the chief seat of business and the central point of population of the town. It had increased more rapidly than any other part of the territory, and from its single family in 1715, had gone on with a steady progress to the period of the revolution. In 1725 the number of families in the whole town was forty-five, of which twenty-seven were upon the Neck, seventeen in Purpooduck and Spurwink, and one at New Casco. The next year, although it was the termination of a destructive war, the number of the families had increased to sixty-four, beside thirteen or fourteen unmarried men. By a calculation of six to a family, which may be considered a fair average, the population at that time will be found to have been about four hundred. Some idea of the number of inhabitants in 1740

At the birth of Peter, the second son of Rev. Mr. Smith in 1731, most of the married women on the Neck attended, and their husbands, as the custom was, at supper. This anecdote related to me by a member of that family, now no more, shows the small population on the Neck, and at the same time is illustrative of the simple manners of that day, Mrs. Blake, who died at a very advanced age in 1821, said that when she first came here, she could go out after tea and make a call upon every family on the Neck and return home before nine o'clock.