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EXAMPLES.

Education is a possession (Krua) that-cannot-be-taken-from (ἀναφαίρετον) mortals.

Ever chase out (exdiákw) from life that-which-pains-thee. As thou art (Gr. being) a mortal, keep not up (pvλáoow) immortal enmity (exos).

It behoves thee, as thou art a man, to have the feelings of a man (φρονέω τ' ἀνθρώπινα).

Let us not imitate those things which we blame (†éyw).
Every gain that is (Gr. being) unjust, brings hurt.

All things done in season have grace.

As thou art a man, be mindful (perf.) of the common lot (rúxn).
It is unjust to pain one's friends wilfully (ékovoíws).
Whosoever having received good (Gr. having suffered well) is
unmindful (aμvnuov@), is ungrateful.

Now time brings (aye) the truth to light.
Wisdom (opóvnois) is ever the greatest good.

1. 2. When that, or which, or who, is the nominative case in a clause of several words, it may be rendered by the Greek relative: but when a relative stands connected with no other word than its verb, it is more usually rendered by the participle, or the participle with the article: "that which pains thee," may be rendered Tò AUTOûv. Similarly in 1. 6, "that is," ov; in l. 16, "that thou art," ovra; the case of the participle being that of the antecedent to the relative.

1. 3. As thou art, v. In the same way, the participle is employed to express since, though, because.

1. 5. things," "objects," "affairs," and other similar words, are generally not expressed in Greek otherwise than by the neuter plural of the adjective.

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Possessive

1. 9. One's friends. pronouns are often expressed by the article.

1. 10. πάσχειν to be the subject of treatment; eû náσxew of good; κακῶς πάσχειν of evil. Thence, to be benefited, is εὖ παθεῖν. The verb σT is often omitted in maxims.

1. 11. In Greek the article is often prefixed to the names of virtues or moral qualities, and to any object of which the excellence is asserted: àλhoeιa, truth: † φρόνησις, discretion: ἡ παίδευσις, education; pyn, passion.-Now is to be rendered here, and elsewhere in these maxims, by de or yáp: not that the general sense of those particles is now, but because they cannot be translated in a fragment as they would have been in their proper connexion ; ánd

It is a man's part to bear nobly the things that-fall-upon-him (part. and art.).

The divinity leads the bad to their punishment (dín).

Now mortals are hurt in-many-ways (neut. plur. of modus) by want-of-counsel (åßovλía).

Ever recollect thyself, that thou art man.

Punish (κολάζω) not any one unexamined (ἀνεξέταστος). Pursue not unseen (aparns) things, giving up apparent (pavepòs) things.

A wicked man is unhappy (dvoruxê) even if he be prosperous. As thou art man, know how to rule (pareiv with gen.) thy

anger.

None escapes the punishment of arrogance (aλašoveía).
Necessity makes all weaker (row) than itself.

Now do (πрárтw) thou nothing base, neither learn it.
Always shun the company (ovvodía) of a bad man.
Evil communications corrupt good manners.

The reward (kapπòs) of a just man perishes (drovμai) not.
Now a good man hateth not a good man ever.
Now man saves man, and city (saves) city.

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The bowels (sing.) of a wicked man relent (paλáoσoμai) not. Friends stand aloof (ékπodwv) from a man that fares ill (πрáσ

σων κακῶς).

It is very good (superl.) to know all honourable things.

With men no evil is without excuse (#рópaσis).

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Now they-that-love-money (pλápyvpos) are mean (áveλeú

θερος).

when they stand at the beginning and depend upon nothing, now is the nearest approach one can make to their sense.

1. 13. Part, task, duty, and similar words, are often suppressed, and the genitive of the person, with or without σT, used to express them. Thus, "it is man's duty to bear" · ἀνδρὸς φέρειν . .

1. 15. The Divinity, Tò letov, literally the divine (essence). Similarly, τὸ γενναῖον (the generous) generosity: Tò oppov, discretion.

1. 17. Observe to double the negative, μὴ μηδένα.

1. 18. In contrasts, employ the article, τὰ φανερὰ . . . . τἀφανῆ (crasis).

1. 13. Circumflex TρâTTE; for the vowel is long not merely by position, as is seen from πέπραγα, πρᾶγος.

1. 28. Put close together the words for man, and in all like cases, as in Æsch. Prom. kovтá o' ἄκων δυσλύτοις χαλκεύμασιν, κ.τ.λ.

1. 33. They that love money, oi φιλάργυροι, the article with the adjective, as with the participle in 1. 2. Greek compound adjectives often require to be translated by a whole clause.

Of a truth (apa) sound (xpnoròs) reason is the cure (pápμaKOV) of passion.

When we do (рáττш) well, we please (imperf.) all friends. Neither hear nor see the things which become (πрoσńκе) not. Let not a thankless man be accounted (voμí¿w) a friend. Education (Taidevois) makes all gentle (epos).

Their hopes feed (Book) the empty (Kévos) among men (gen.). While thou art not envied by the weaker citizens,

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be sure (o) that thou hast obtained (nom, part.) this (öde) office worthily (érágios adj.).

The man that flees will also fight again.

We are all sage for the cautioning (vovberéw infin.) others ; but we are not sensible (ytyvóσkw) when we err ourselves. Please (apéσkw) thou all, and not thyself alone.

Freedom-of-speech (rappnoía) is a thing not to be checked (ἀνουθέτητον).

Wickedness is a thing that cannot be argued with (ảovdλóγιστον).

A man without counsel, when he runs, labours in vain (eis kevóv). A just man acquires (kráoμai) not wealth quickly (neut adj.). Consider it the-first-thing (px) to fear (perf. m. deida) God. 50 Be not entangled (ovμnλékoμai) with wicked or unjust friends. An ill-counselled (äßovλos) man is caught (Onpevoμai) with pleasures.

Thou wilt lead (aye) thy (art.) life-free-from-pain (aλuros) while without children.

Nothing is enduring (Béßauov) in the life of mortals.

It is not easy for one that is (Gr. being) a mortal to live freefrom-pain.

My good friend (Béλrioros), seek (σKоT) not gain in all things. Get thyself (Topígopai) maintenance (Bíos) from-all-quarters (πάντοθεν), except from crimes (κακά).

Now none lives the life which he prefers (рoapeîobai).
The end of a just life is honourable.

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Now nothing is more-a-preserver (ao paλns) than good counsel. To die (aor.) is-a-debt-due (opeλerai) by all mortals (dat.). Take counsel before every action (take before, рodaμßávw). The mind (úμos) that-has-fallen into anger harms the man.

1. 39. Among men, without a preposition, by the simple genitive βροτῶν.

1. 48. When he runs, present

participle.

1. 50. The perfect is continually used to express a permanent, habi-` tual state, οἶδα, πέφυκα.

Resolve(Bouλopa) to have parents in honour(pl.) before every one.
Be a helper to the things that are done honourably.
Life destitute of maintenance (Bíos) is not life.

It is better that the body at least be diseased (voreîv), than that the soul be.

Resolve also (de) to please all, not thyself alone.
The joy of life to men is (répuкe) woman.

Who lives a happy (kaλòs) life, if he have not a wife?

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Now sovereignty (Bariλela) is the living (μvxos) image of God. Of all things, on all occasions (pádioтa tavтaxĥ), try to govern the tongue :

and try (Teippai) to hold-fast (xpaтeîv) every rein (ývía) over appetite (yaorp, gen.).

Resolve (yvook) to admonish thyself, whatever way (ŏπо) thou runnest.

Silence (σyn) brings honour (kóσμos) to all women.

It is the province of a good woman to uphold (σw(w) the household (oixía):

for woman to a house is ruin (μa) and salvation. What wise man tells secrets (rárópóŋra) to a woman? having-told-them, she will do harm (Bλánrw): having not told them, she is tormented (aλyúveσðαi).

Unseasonable(akaιpos) mirth (yéλws) is a fearful evil among men. The earth produces (TíKT) all things, and receives (Koμíčerαι) them back-again.

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An old-man a lover (épaσrns) is the utmost (oxaros) ill-fortune. Not golden ornaments (rà xpvoía), but conduct (ó rpóños), is an honour to a woman.

A righteous woman is the salvation of one's life:

but it is not easy to meet with (étituɣeîv) a good woman.

Wife it is better to bury than to marry.

A second

It is meet to acquire learning (ypáμμaтa); and, having acquired it, to have discretion (vous).

Marry thou not the dowry (πpoig), but the woman.

A good woman is the rudder (ŋdáλiov) of the household. 90 Nature allows not women to rule.

Now the judgments (yv@pai) of elders are better.

1. 64. βούλεσθαι and θέλειν imply every degree of willingness, from mere consent up to determination.

1. 66. Bíos, life, or the means of livelihood: Bids, a bow.

1. 67. At least, ye: place it close to the emphatic word, if possible.

Train up (yvμvá(w) boys, for thou wilt not train up man.
Honour thou parents, and benefit (evepyer@) friends.

The opinion (yváμŋ) of old-men is safer than (that of) young

men.

Now the fool laughs even if there be nothing laughable. When-thou-hast-become (aor. part.) an old man, marry not a younger woman.

A penalty (nuía) is inflicted on (pooтpißopai) an idle (uáTalos) tongue.

From good counsel (yvóμŋ) arise (yíyvoμai) good deeds. Now what turning-aside (KTрon) of feeble (pavλos) age can there be?

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Choose (é) rather to be just than good-natured (xpησtós). It behoves those loving one to bring proof, not professions (λóyos). Having-been-born (πe¶ʊкòs) a servant, be true (evvoeîv) to thy lord.

May I be ugly (dúoμoppos) rather than slanderous (kakńyopos). It is just to remember (perf.) God when faring (Tрáτтw) well. Be just, that thou mayest meet with just things (évdikos). Wealth (rò Toureîv) is able even to make men lovers-of-mankind. To err twice as to the same thing is not the part of a wise man. Part (diaλów), do not bring-to-collision (ovykρouw) friends quarrelling (μάχομαι).

When an oak (dpûs gen. abs.) has fallen every man gatherswood (ξυλεύομαι). 110

By committing (part. aor.) a little to fortune, thou wiltreceive-of-her much.

It must be (de), that some be fortunate indeed, but some unfortunate.

Having done just things, thou wilt have the gods helpers (σύμμαχος).

There is not another evil more fearful than a step-mother (μητρυιά).

Now the counsels (Bouλevua) also of cowardly man are cowardly

(δειλός).

Flee a deceitful man throughout thy whole life.

1. 93. Man, as opposed to woman or child, avhp.-Impossibility is sometimes expressed by the future with a negative.

1. 103. In maxims, the infinitive is often used for the imperative,

some verb equivalent to "remember," "be careful," being not expressed.

1. 112. deî sometimes, "it is right," or "one's duty;" sometimes, "it must be," or, "is inevitable."