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19. Ennius, a Roman poet (d. 169 B. C.): Accius, a Roman tragic poet (d. about 100 B. C.).

21. Varronem: not the celebrated antiquary, but Varro Atacinus (b. 82 B. C.), who translated the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius. 23. Lucretius, a sublime poet upon philosophy: De Rerum Naturâ (d. about B. C. 52).

25. Tityrus, a character in Virgil's first Eclogue. — fruges, the subject of the Georgics.

28. Tibullus, a favorite poet of love, of Ovid's own time. Ovid laments his death, Am iii. 9.

29. Gallus, another elegiac poet, contemporary of Ovid, also renowned as a soldier, in east and west: Lycoris was the name of his mistress.

34. Tagi: a river of Spain, then famed for its gold mines. 36. Castalia, a fountain at Delphi, sacred to Apollo.

37. myrtum: this plant was sacred to Venus.

2. Elegy on a Parrot.

II. 6. 2. exsequias, funeral procession.

7. quod scelus ista querella, that lamentation for the crime which, &c.—Ismarii, Thracian: this was Tereus, king of Thrace. Philomela, the nightingale.

9. devertere, imperative.

10. Itys, son of Tereus, served up to him by his wife Progne, and her sister Philomela, in revenge for an atrocious crime.

15. juvenis Phocēus, Pylades, son of king Strophius of Phocis, and friend of Orestes.

21. hebetare, make dull.

22. Punica, of Tyrian dye, a deep purple. —croco, saffron, of a reddish yellow, or orange.

28. fiant anus, i. e. grow old.

29. minimo, abl. of means, not of fulness. —præ sermonis amore, by reason of your love of talking.

30. ora, synecdochical accusative.

34. auctor, prophet.

35. invisa Minervæ: the crow had lost the favor of Minerva by prating (see Met. II. 551).

36. vix moritura: the longevity of the crow has always been proverbial.

38. extremo ab orbe, from the ends of the earth. .

II. 6; III. 15.] Farewell to the Loves.

40. suis, i. e. of their years.

267

41. Phylacidæ, Protesilaus, the first slain of the Greeks at the siege of Troy; for Thersites, see note on Met. XIII. 233.

44. per mare rapta, swept to nought.

45. septima lux, i. e. of his illness.

46. vacuo colo: the thread of his life had been spun out. The Parca, or Fates, were represented as spinning out the thread of life.

48. Corinna, the name of the young lady (puella, v. 43).

54. unica, the only one of his kind. The belief of the ancients was that there was but one phoenix at a time, and upon his death a young one sprang from his ashes.

55. ales Junonia, the peacock.

61. colligor, etc., it is inferred from my very tomb that I, &c. (§ 70, 2, b; G. 528, R).

82. ora fuere mihi, etc., I had a mouth taught to speak more than (would be expected of) a bird.

3. Farewell to the Loves.

III. 15. 1. mater Amorum, Venus.

2. meta: a conical pillar, or goal, at the end of the Circus, about which the chariots turned in the race, of course often grazing it.

3. quos relates to elegis (Amores). — Peligni, see Life.

5. ordinis, sc. equestris; this was an aristocracy of wealth in Rome; here it appears to indicate a class of country gentlemen. 6. militiæ turbine: referring to the parvenu aristocracy which had sprung from the civil wars.

7. Catullo, a lyric poet of great merit, who lived about a generation before Ovid (B. C. 87).

9. coegerat ad arma, in the Social or Italian War, B. C. 90. This was a revolt of the Italian allies, to force from Rome an equality of political rights.

15. Amathusia, an epithet of Venus, from Amathus, a city of Cyprus.

16. aurea signa, golden ears of grain.

17. corniger: Bacchus was sometimes represented with horns, as a symbol of the powers of nature; it was chiefly in his mystic worship (see Tib. ii. 1, 3).

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18. area major: this refers to his undertaking greater works, the Metamorphoses and the Fasti.

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48. Parrhasis, Arcadian: the Great Bear was originally an

Arcadian maiden, a companion of Diana, named Callisto.

50. fugæ, exile.

57. vale dicto, ablative absolute.

62. utraque, i. e. for either reason.

66. Thesea, i. e. with the love of Theseus for Pirithous.

75. Mettus Fufetius, king of Alba, who was thus punished for treachery by Tullus Hostilius (Liv. i. 28).

83. ultima, far distant.

88. utilitate, i. e. that this was best.

89. ferri, the technical term for carrying upon the bier. 92. sēm(i)ănĭmis, § 78, 1. d, R.

100. mei limits respectu.

2. The Exile's Sick Chamber.

III. 3. 2. eram, epistolary imperfect (§ 58, 8; G. 244). 6. inter, among, not between; for both these tribes were north of Tomi: the Sauromatæ (Sarmata) inhabited Southern Russia, the Getæ the modern Moldavia and Wallachia.

10. Apollinea: Æsculapius, god of healing, was son of Apollo. 16. parte, sc. tua, for thy share.

19. sic qualifies aliena locutum 23. restituenda, sc sit.

58. rude, inexperienced.

= = been delirious.

62. Samii senis, Pythagoras. - rata, authentic.

67. fratrem, Polynices; who was killed in the war of "the Seven against Thebes," and buried by his sister Antigone, contrary to the command of the tyrant Creon.

70. suburbano: the Roman tombs were along the sides of the roads which led from the city.

72. tituli, inscription, limits notis (§ 50, 1, ƒ; G. 359).

77. majora monimenta, predicate.

81. feralia munera: gifts carried to the grave of the departed; there was a special festival styled Feralia, celebrated Feb. 21. 88. vale, i. e. good health.

1. 3: III. 3, 10.] Winter Scenes in Thrace.

3. Winter Scenes in Thrace.

269

III. 10. 3. suppositum agrees with me, and governs stellis. 5. Bessi, a native of Thrace: for the others, see III. 3, 6.

6. quam qualifies non digna.

7. medio, intervening, i. e. between us and the savages.

12. axe tremente, the pole, poetically represented as quivering with the earth's weight.

19. braccis: trousers were unknown to Greeks and Romans until they came in contact with Gauls and Sarmatians.

20. ora, face.

23. nuda, bare, i. e. without the jar.

27. papyrifero amne, the Nile.

28. multa ora, seven according to Ovid (Trist. ii. 189); according to Tacitus (Germ. 1), there were six: septimum os paludibus hauritur. The Danube was known to the ancients in its lower course by the name Hister, and afterwards in its upper waters as the Danubius. — vasto freto, the Black Sea.

34. plaustra: the Sarmatians, a nomadic race, dwelt in carts drawn by oxen.

41. Leandre: the youth Leander swam across the Hellespont from Abydos to Sestos, to visit his mistress Hero.

45. alis: the winds were personified as winged creatures, and are so represented in art.

52. redundatas, brimming.

55. equo pollens, like the Cossacks of the present day.

64. tinctile, from being dipped.

73. Acontius, who wrote upon an apple the words Per Dianam juro me Acontii futuram conjugem, and laid it where his mistress Cydippe should pick it up. As soon as she had read off the words, she was held bound by the solemn vow.

4. The Poet's Autobiography.

IV. 10. 2. ut noris, depends on accipe.

3. gelidis undis: it was in the mountain region of the Peligni. 6. cecidit, etc.: B. C. 43, when both consuls, Hirtius and Pansa,

were killed in the civil war, before Mutina.

7. usque a proavis: see note, Am. iii. 15. 5.

12. liba: the cakes offered to the genius or inborn spirit on the birthday. These were made of flour, cheese, and eggs, and honey was usually poured over them.

13. festis quinque: the Quinquatria, or five days' festival of Minerva, began March 19, and the gladiatorial shows began on the second day.

16. ab arte, from their professional skill.

22. Mæonides, Homer.

24. soluta modis, devoid of rhythm, i. e. prose.

25. numeros, measures.

28. liberior toga, the toga virilis, the ordinary dress of a Roman gentleman, was assumed at about the age of sixteen, on the festival of the Liberalia, March 17. Before this age boys wore the toga prætexta, bordered with purple.

29. lato clavo: this was a broad purple stripe running up and down the front of the tunic or body-garment: it was the mark of senatorial dignity, and was also given by Augustus to a special body of the equites, - the illustres, who were thus marked as being destined to the Senate and a political career.

30. studium, taste.

33. primos honores, the first steps of honor: no person could aspire to the higher offices until he had held certain lower positions. The first grade was usually the vigintiviratus, or occupancy of one of the group of twenty magistracies; this was a step to the quæstorship, but did not entitle him to a seat in the Senate. The office held by Ovid was probably that of triumvir capitalis, police commissioner.

35. curia, the Senate-house: as Ovid did not care to pursue a political career, he exchanged the broad senatorial stripe for the narrow equestrian.

41. poetas, i. e. those enumerated below.

44. Macer: he wrote a poem on birds, herbs, &c., not a line of which is extant.

45. Propertius, an elegiac poet of great merit.

46. sodalicio: they were members of the same sodalitas.

47. Ponticus, who wrote a Thebaid: there were more than one poet of the name of Bassus.

50. Ausonia: Horace himself claims

Principes Aeolium carmen ad Italos
Deduxisse modos. - Od. iii. 30. 23.

53. Galle: see notę, Am. i. 15. 29.

60. Corinna see note, Am. ii. 6. 48: it has been conjectured that she was Julia, daughter of Augustus, and that this intrigue may have been the cause of Ovid's banishment.

67. hic, i. e. in Rome.

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