Salt-petre, of the United States. A part of the Saw mills, boards, &c. part of, Saving labor by machinery, processes and devices, Ships, vessels and boats, Shoes, boots and slippers, Seeds, manufactures of, Sheep, merino, Tunisian, common, and heavy fleeced, for kerseys, blankets, &c. Z I. & II. counties. 12, 13, 29, 30, 31, 55 proper climates, 11, 12. North America no where too hot Spanish wool and cloths, Southern and productive countries earliest in manufactures Supplement, added after communication to Mr. Gallatin, in 1814, 54 32, 36 Spindles, mules, billies, jennies, &c. 7,8 Spinning wheels, Silk, manufactures, region, Stockings and looms, Spirits from grain, fruit, potatoes and molasses, and stills, 16, 22 Trade or commerce; manufactures are the internal part or branch of, Trading men will not become farmers; they will rather manufacture if trade continue to be injured by foreign acts and laws Trade and manufactures considered together, 26 41 1 to 146 1 to 169 1.3 17 17 44 3 preservation without bottles, Wire, manufacture promptly obtained when Britain stopt exportation, 32 {PARTS Tables for states. & Tables for counties. ១៩ 18, 39, 40 18 39, 40 10, 24, 25, 29 Wood, manufactures of, 16, 17 37 Wool, of United States, France, England, &c. 11, 12, 13, 14, 29, 30, 55 30 Wolves and other wild animals not so obstructive of sheep farming as supposed, 55 Workmen interrupted by frost may learn to manufacture in winter, Working up raw materials, and consuming fuel, provisions and Y Yarn, and cotton wool spun 10, separately reported, 56 29 PAGE. ERRORS OF THE PRESS. vii. line 20, for amounts, read counties, PAGE. xliii. line 28, for masonary, read masonry, liv. line 42, for carreer, read career, In the second title, line 5 for manufacturers, read manufactures, Page 37. line 16, of tables of manufactures by states, for case liquors, read cane liquors, The lande! a.terest. A COLLECTION OF Facts, evincing the benefactions of the arts and manufactures to agriculture, commerce, navigation and the fisheries, and their subserviency to the public defence, with an indication of certain existing modes of conducting them, peculiarly important to the United States, in a communication to Mr. Gallatin. SIR, PHILADELPHIA, DECEMBER 8, 1812. I have already had the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 26th day of June last, committing to me the preparation of a statement of the arts and manufactures of the United States, in pursuance of the joint resolution of the Senate and House of Representatives, approved by the President, on the 19th day of March, 1812. The resolution of Congress is formed with a view so comprehensive, as to include all pertinent information of an authentic character, while it allows the most convenient latitude, as to the form and manner; requiring only, that the statement shall so exhibit the matter, as to be most conducive to the interests of the United States. As the tables, which will comprise the whole mass of the returns of the marshals, will exhibit many genuine parts of the entire body of our manufactures, as they existed in the year 1810, it appeared expedient, that they should be preceded by certain fundamental and relative facts, which may contribute more fully to display the objects of investigation, in their bases, commencement, progress and actual situation, and to facilitate public and private measures in this branch of the national industry, and in the other branches, to which manufactures have a great and permanent relation. As some of the facts are of a nature favorable to the landed interest; as some of them are beneficial to foreign commerce, and as some of them are advantageous to the business of the fisheries, it was deemed most convenient, in this part of the exposition, to class them under those three several heads and relations. It has also appeared proper, separately and distinctly to present, in this first part, another class of facts, which shew the connexion of manufactures with the public defence. It is considered as a very interesting and fundamental truth, that manufactures facilitate the first struggles of the American settlers, for decent comforts, thrifty profits and farming establishments. For the purpose of effectually testing the correctness of this allegation, two measures have been adopted. The first of these measures is an examination into the state of manufactures, in four several sparsely settled districts of our country, which in 1819, had been recently laid out, according to the nature of the places, for future establishments as counties. The inconsiderable population, within these four intended counties, exhibits the infantine condition of their respective Settlements in that year. A note of the persons of both sexes, within four of the districts of Pennsylvania, intended to be organized as counties, when sufficiently populated; and of the stock of animals, producing materials for manufactures, with the implements, &c. for the operations of manufactures, and the goods made in 1810, so far as they are returned by the marshals' assistants. In these new and widely scattered settlements, where foreign consumers have no agents the presence of flax and of sheep and cattle, supplying wool, hides, skins, horns, and tallow, with other materials for manufactures; that is to say, the presence of the raw materials occasions the corresponding manufactures. In such places, profit, comfort and necessity appear to invite, or rather to compel the farmers and their families to that mode of industry. The returns of the assistant officers, necessarily every where defective in this first experiment, must be extremely imperfect in settlements so widely separated Carriage makers, blacksmiths, hatters, shoemakers, tailors, domestic makers of garments and other manufacturers, known to exist among recent improvers, and in old establishments, are omitted, or did not appear to the officers. Boards, pot-ashes and maple-sugar are also omitted by the marshal or his assistants. It is observed, that the surplus industry of these new settlements is applied to the manufacture of cotton, from the Atlantic, Ohio, and Mississippi.* The second measure of examination to ascertain, that manufactures commence with our first settlements, and aid their progress in its earliest stages, relates to the interior state of Ohio, the youngest member of the union, in 1810. It will be remembered that a number of the revolutionary officers and soldiers commenced the settlement of that state, originally a part of the northwestern territory, soon after the peace of 1783; that the French settlement at Sciota was made a few years later, and that these were followed by the settlements of emigrants from various states, and particularly of a great number, who improved the tract on lake Erie granted to Connecticut. The settlements in the state of Ohio were very much retarded and confined by the destruction of the western posts, and by the Indians, until the victory of the Miami, achieved by general Wayne, in the year 1794. Within the fourteen years, which preceded the taking of these accounts of manufactures in the utumn of 1810, the settlements in the state of Ohio were principally commenced. Its whole population, according to the census of that year, was 230,760 persons, whose comfortable condition and prosperous agriculture were occasioned, maintained and manif sted by a number of manufactures, of which, and of the connected instruments and machi. nery for which, the following is the imperfect, official summary. The whole number of looms in the state, actually returned, is 10,856 1,212,266 gallons of distilled spirits, and 35,140 gallons of beer, Cut nails, Iron made: machines for carding wool and spinning: cotton, fulling, paper, Considerable as this amount is, the important fact will not escape notice, that shoes, boots, saddles, bridles, harness, fur and wool hats, common smiths work, knit stockings, the making of garments in shops and families, manufactures of wool, soap, candles, potash, wares of metal (except iron) watches and clocks, and various other things actually made, are omitted. To subject the raw materials of the state of Ohio, wrought into these manufactures, to the expences of transportation to the Atlantic ports of Canada, or of the United States, and to import such substantial, large and heavy supplies, from the usual ports of Europe and Asia, and to transport them into those interior settlements, would discourage or deter all new migrators towards that young state, and involve its present population in much distress, if not in ruin. The domestic manufacture of cotton appears in the accounts of Ohio, which does not produce that raw material. In further evidence of the favorable effects of manufactures upon our interior settlements, those of the county of Washington, on the western boundary of Pennsylvania, may be correctly adduced. Its whole population in 1810, was 36,289 persons. Its sheep, more numerous than those returned by any other county in the state, were 47,206. Its spinning wheels, 8,763. Its looms, much the greater part of which are supposed to be worked by male weavers regularly in the trade, 1774. Its hand-cards, 4,115 pairs. Its carding machines 6. Fulling mills, 12 Distilleries, 301. blacksmiths' shops, 146 Hatters, 20. Saddlers, 19. Shoes and boots, 37,000 pairs. Coopers, 62. The yards of goods made, 530,773. Bricks, 913,000. These, with the goods made in the oil mills, saw mills, powder mills, tanneries and other manufactories and works, exhibit a value exclusively of flour, of 1,630,000 dollars. As the boroughs, towns and villages of Washington, in Pennsylvania, do not contain more than a twentieth of its population, the benefits ofmanufactures, where conveniently or closely adjacent to agriculture and the landed interest, are clearly displayed. Tracing this case to a national result, it will be found, that the whole population of the United States in 1810, combining agriculture, the productions of nature and manufactures, with the same suc cess, would have exhibited an aggregate value of manufactured goods, nearly amounting to $325, 000,000+. The quantity of meal manufactured in the county of Washington is greater than that of any other county of Pennsylvania. Its number of horses is greater than that of any other, one excepter. Its number of neat cattle is greater than that of any other county, except four It has not one open or worked mine of any metal, nor a furnace, nor a forge, on the return of the marshal. Pursuing the current of facts from this western scene to the adjacent banks of the Susquehannah and Schuylkill, it is found that the counties of Lancaster and Berks with a j int population of 97,073 persons, manufacturedan aggregate value, including flour, of 5,055,000 dollars. Twelve other counties of the same state, from the head of the Ohio river to the banks and county of Delaware, respectively exhibit similar manufactures, exceeding, on a medium one million of dollars in each. The manufactures of the very limited but swarming county of Philadelphia, exclusively of the incorporated or city part of the entire town, and deducting all the flour and meal, amount to 86,070,652. The manufactures of the city of Philadelphia (within the strict charter limits of less than two square miles, not including any of the suburbs or liberties) containing on about eleven hundred acres of land, 53,722 persons, amount to 9,347,767 dollars. The manufac *The township of Aurora, in Ohio, is stated to have made 17 tons of maple-sugar in the spring of 1814. It contains about 15,600 Acres *Pinkerton, in one edition, states the total value of manufactures of England, at 63,200.000 pounds sterleg, about 280 millions of dollars. In another edition, he states them at 67,200,000 pounds sterling. They exclude some things, which the United States include. |