E Trunco Rami Arboris enafcuntur.

Ut e Radice Truncus,

Quæ alia ex aliis derivantur,

Synopfis Græcorum Temporum

Fut.

A&t.

Præt. Activ.

Præt. Paff.

Aor. 1. Paff

Fut. 1. Paff.

V z joy-Præfens.-Imperf. Activ.

Examples of Verbs, in the Active, Paffive, and Middle Voices.

Active Voice.

Indicative Mood,

Present Tense.

1. I wonder, Javμalw. 2. Thou doft tranfact, 3. He doth hear, new. 4. We fend, weμTW.

5. Ye think, vouw.

Xen.
parlw. Xen.
Demofth.

Xen.

6. Ye fuffer (dual), warxw. Eur.

7. They teach, didarxa.

Xen.

Xen.

Imperfect.

1. I was weeping, or did weep, daxpow. Lucian,

2. Thou waft teaching, didarxa. Xen.

3. He did fay, λɛyw. Xen.

4. We plundered, apraw. Thucyd. 5. Ye fled (dual), aTopEυyw. Soph. 6. Ye perfuaded, wew. Xen.

7. They were leaving (dual), λerw. Eur. 8. They did rejoice, xaigw.

Xen.

1ft Future.

1. I fhall omit, wapalaw. Demofth. 2. Thou wilt fhew, dnλow. Demofth.

5. Ye fhall attempt,

Xen.

Xen.

6. They will bid, λ. Xen.

7. They will make bloody (dual), aiμartw. Eur.

Præter-perfect.

1. I have taken care, opovri. Xen. 2. Thou haft done, wow. Xen.

3. Thou haft protected, and dost still protect, app

Hom.

4. We have admired, and do ftill admire, Javμag.

Xen.

5. Ye have, and do overcome, xpaτew. Plato. 6. They have fworn falsely, wopew. Xen.

The third, fourth, and fifth examples here given, exactly express the force of the Præter-perfect Tense, which connects the past with the prefent. This tenfe is particularly used by Orators.

Præter-pluperfect.

I. I had deceived, araraw. Xen.
2. He had ftruck, Banλw. Hom.
ßanaw.
3. I had benefited, woλew. Plato.
4. They died, now. Thucyd.
5. They had compofed, wow. Plato.
6. He had written, yeapw. Epict.
7. They had learnt, Mavdavw. Xen.

ift Aorift.

1. I feared, dada. Plato.
2. You wrote, yeaqw. Xen.
3. He nodded, veuw. Plato.

The first Aorift is much used by Hiftorians. The common mode of diftinguishing between the times expreffed by the Præter-perfect and first Aorist, is by an illustration of this kind, " γεγραφα, I have written"-"ypala, I wrote;" or, as in the French language, "J'ai fait, I have made or done"-" fe fis, I made or did."

The examples of this Aorift cited above, exprefs its reference to time paft, but do not determine whether a long or fhort period has intervened fince the action was done. It is however to be observed, that this tenfe is found in different authors to imply not past time alone, but prefent and future alfo. But its ufage in this wide acceptation is not arbitrary; it then only takes place, when the circumftance mentioned is fuch, as that its effect ftill continues, and will not cease to prevail.

See LENNEP de Analogia Græca Lingua, Cap. 5. and Animadverfiones ad Lennep by SCHEIDIUS. See alfo HOOGEVEEN's edition of VIGER de Idiotifmis, C. 5. S. 3. R. II.

2d Aorift.

Herodot.

1. I fled, pɛʊyw. Polyæn.

2. Thou diedft, aπovnonw.

3. He hath received, λaμbavw. Plato.

4. We have left, xxraharw. Xen.

5. Ye have learned, pavJavw. Xen.

6. They made an incurfion, sobaλaw. Thucyd. 7. They came (dual), ɛpxoμai. Eur.

Paffive

Paffive Voice.

Indicative Mood.

Prefent Tenfe.

1. I am fent away, aтотεμт..

I.

αποπεμπω. Herodot. 2. You are named, ovoμaw. Lucian. 3. He is rejoiced, suppavw. Eurip. 4. We are governed, agx. Xen. 5. Ye are nourished, τρέφω. Xen. 6. They are reckoned, vouw. Xen.

•Imperfect.

1. It was remembered and mentioned, moveuw. Thucyd.

2. They were deftroyed, dixqpw. Thucyd.

3. He was admired, Jaupaw. Polyæn.

4. They were killed, xтavw. Polyæn.

5. He was thrown down a precipice, xaraxonusw. Polyæn.

6. They were taken alive, Cwyeeuw. Polyæn.

7. It was prolonged, unxvw. Thucyd. 8. They were preffed, wew. Thucyd.

Præter-perfect.

r. It has been decreed, κυρόω. Lucian.
2. They have been chofen, aipew. Xen.
3. It has been done, wparlw. Ifocr.
4. It has been confulted, BλEUW. Herodot.
5. It hath been bruised, Tpiew. Plato.
6. You have been caft out, anoppiтw. Xen.

Præter