the US If Equality is as I contend the leading feature of ["our system" stricken out], where then are the whose riches & the wealth ["of the states" stricken out] representation & protection is the peculiar province of this permanent body.—are they in the hands of the few who may be called rich, in the possession of less than 100 citizens.— certainly not they are in the great body of the people among whom there are no men of wealth & very few of real propertyis it probable, that a change will, be created, & that a new order will arise.-if under the British of men may change apprehend Λ Government, for a century, no such ["order" stricken out] was probable, I think it ["will" stricken out] be fairly concluded it will not take place while even the semblance of republicanism remains. How Is this change to be effected.- Where are the sources from whence it is to unproductive & flow. from the landed interest.-no-they are too equally divided in the majority of the States, ["& too unproductive" stricken out].-from the monied interest if such exists at present, little is to apprehended.-are they to spring from Commerce--I believe it will be the first Nobility that ever sprung from merchants.-Besides Sir I ["believe" stricken out] upon this point the policy of the U States has been ["so" stricken out] much mistaken, [illegible word stricken out] We have unwisely considered as the inhabitants of an old instead of a new country.-We have adopted the maxims of a ["popula" stricken out] state full of people & established in credit.-Iwe have deserted ["the" stricken out] our true interests & instead of applying closely to those improvements in domestic policy which would have insured the future importance of our commerce We have rashly & prematurely engaged in schemes as extensive as they are imprudent. - this however is an error which daily corrects itself & I have no doubt that a few more severe trials will convince us, that very different commercial principles ought to govern the conduct of these states & manufactures not only very different from the inhabitants of any ["country" stricken out] we are acquainted with in the modern world, but I assert that their political situation is distinct from either the people of ["the" stricken out] Greece or Rome or of any state we are acquainted with among the Antients.can the orders introduced by the institution of Solon, can they be found in the U S.-.-can the military habits & our manners of Sparta be assimilated to ["the same" stricken out] habits & manners.-are the distinctions of patrician & plebian known among us?—can the helvetic or belgic confederacies, or can the unwieldy, unmeaning body called the Germanic Empire can they be said to possess either the perfection or a situation like ours.-I apprehend notthey are perfectly ["distinct" stricken out] different, either in their distinctions of rank, their constitutions their manners & their policy All that we have to do then is to distribute the powers of government in such manner & for such limited periods as "will" stricken out] while it gives a proper degree of permanency to the magistrate will reserve to the people the right of election they will not or ought not frequently to part withI am of opinion that this may be easily done & that with some amendments the propositions before the committee will fully answer this end the states No position appears to me more true than this that the general government cannot effectually exist without retaining in the possession of their local rights.—they are the instruments upon which the Union must frequently depend for the support & execution of their powers however immediately operating upon the people & not upon the states Much has been said about the propriety of x removing the distinction of state governments, & having but one general system, suffer me for a moment to examine this Question INDEX. A. Abolition of slavery, 586, 587. Of slave trade, 583, 584, 585, 586, 587, 588, 589, 616. Absence of delegates to convention, 13. Of Members of Congress, 500, 722. Absolutism favored by threatened external dan- ger to the community, 242. Accounts. (See also Unsettled accounts.) Between States and United States to be gov- Achæan League, 156, 158, 176. Appointment of a skilled person to draw, 393, Cases arising under, to be under jurisdiction Method of enactment of, 448, 536, 537, 538, 539, (See Negative of either House on the other in en- Origin of, relating to money, 118, 119, 120, 270, Presidential veto of, 55, 56, 57, 58, 61, 122, 150, Supreme law, 127, 353, 451, 600, 619, 733. Acts of Congress-Continued. States to vote in proportion to their contribu- When to be passed by two-thirds vote, 79, 606, Negative in Congress upon certain, 80, 89, 90, Address. (See also Letter.) Of Congress of the Confederation to States, 5. "Adequate compensation" for Representatives, 190. Adherence to enemy to be treason, 450, 568, 569, Adjournment from day to day of each House To other place than where it sits not to be 722, 723. When, may be declared by President, 453. Agreed to be fixed daily at 4 p. m. without Sine die, 346, 347, 771. Adjustment of State debts, 557, 575, 576. Admission of new States, 19, 64, 122, 128, 162, 369, Adventurers to be kept out of office, 470. Age, advanced, as affecting capacity, activity, Of President, 418, 669, 695, 729. Of Representatives, 17, 112, 190, 191, 470, 473, Of Senators, 17, 114, 211, 446, 490, 720. nor by States with foreign powers without 797 "Aid and comfort," giving, to enemy to consti- Aliens. (See also Citizens; Citizenship; Foreign- Discouraged from immigrating by require- ment of long citizenship as qualification Of small States with foreign powers, 261, 262, States not to enter into, 455, 632, 727, 748, note. Allotment. (See Apportionment.) Appointment of, by and with advice and President shall receive, and other public Shall not accept office, title, etc., from for- Supreme Court to have appellate jurisdic- To have original jurisdiction in cases affect- Ambition, political, should be cherished, 195, 196, Amendment of Constitution, assent of Con- By general convention, to be called on appli- By two-thirds of the States, 712. No future, to prohibit slave trade before 1808, Oath of fidelity and future, 404. To be provided for, 64, 65, 123, 403, 711, 712, 713. 333, 335, 343, 344, 445, 479, 506, 507, 513, 514, 515. American manufactures, encouragement and American seamen, patriotism of, contrasted with American vessels should be encouraged, 638. May result from demands of small States for By Congress, 19, 117, 363, 401, 449, 548, 560, 694. By council of advice, 698, 699. By courts, 754, 755. By heads of departments, 754.755. By President, 150, 363, 364, 35, 366, 373, 566, 688, with advice and consent of By privy council, 696, 698, 699. Danger of vesting power of, in President alone, 58, 59, 365, 366. Intrigues for, 196, 197, 400. Not to be made except to office created by Of ambassadors, 150, 451, 600, 601, 604, 605, 606, Of army officers in England, 612. Of bad colonial governors by Great Britain, 702. Of consuls, 699, 729, 730. Of council of revision, 18, 54, 55, 58, 76, 77, 78, 79, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 536, Of council of state, 566, 702. Of executive council, 702. Of heads of departments, 150, 566. Of high officers should be made by Congress, |