T

The bill was twice read and committed. Mr Johnson, of Kentucky, offered the following resolution:

Resolved, That the committee of commerce and manufactures be instructed to enquire into the expediency of providing by law for clothing the army and navy of the United States exclusively in Ameri can manufactures.

Mr. Bloomfield delivered his impressions in respect to the operation and scope of this bill. He made a statement to shew what were his views of the probable number of applicants under this bill, if it should pass; and the annual amount of the ex penditure it would occasion. The Jersey brigade, he said, consisted, during the war, of four regi ments: there were forty officers to each regiment, making in the whole 160. On the 4th of July last, In offering this motion, Mr. J. said it would not as he was enabled from personal knowledge to state, be proper for him to detail the facts, or advance the there were living but twenty of those officers, be reasoning which led him to the conclusion that the ing precisely one-eight of the whole number. Tak measure he proposed to enquire into was expedient. ing this fact for his guide, as the proportion of sur-But he should say that he should not have thought vivors, he said there were in the continental army of introducing this resolution, if he did not believe sixty eight battalions, of whom about 17,000 men that cloth of American manufacture could be obwere killed or died in service; and at the close of tained at a reasonable rate. One of the objections the war, it was a well known fact, the battalions did to making a provision by law such as he contemnot average more in each than 250; making in the plated, and the only objection which appeared to whole 17,000 men-of whom, say about one tenth him to have any force, was that by destroying the (being generally not of as regular habits as the off competition between domestic and foreign articles, cers) were living; that is 1700. Estimating the the government would be obliged to pay higher proportion of applicants for the pension at one-for the same articles than they now do but it sixth, would make 340. The full pay of the revo- would be seen by gentlemen that such augmentalution, six and two-thirds dollars per month, to each tion could only be momentary; and, Mr. J. said, the of these, would amount to 2,995 dollars per month. competition of the manufacturers among themselves Of the officers, the whole original number he esti- would be so great, he had no doubt, as to give the mated at 2720, of whom, supposing one eighth to article to the government at the lowest possible have survived, as in the instance of the Jersey bri price. The practice of the war department algade, there were now living about 340.00. Of this ready, was to give a preference to the domestic number, he supposed one tenth of the whole would fabric, but that preference was given with referbecome applicants for pensions-say thirty four; at ence to the cost of the article a system which the full subaltern revolutionary pay of 17 dollars produced not only uncertainty, because of the per month. The monthly pension for both officers fluctuating state of the foreign market, but uncerand soldiers, on this estimate, would be 2,873 dol-tainty, consequently to the calculations of the malars, and the annual amount only 34,376 an amount hufait not low elation to the navy, Mr. J. said which must daily decrease. But, instead of full he did not know that his project was practicable; pay pension, the bill as it now stood, provided only if it was, it would be necessary perhaps to give a for half pay. Would this house be satisfied, Mr. discretionary power on this head to the commandB. asked, with giving to these men, borne downers, when on foreign stations. But he hoped no obwith age and service, a pension of three and a third jection would be made to an enquiry on the subdollars a month during the small remainder of their ject, and that the committee would favor the house lives, whilst they had given the soldiers of the late with an early report. war (no disparagement to them) eight dollars per month? He hoped not; and therefore moved to amend the bill so as that the amount of pension should be for every officer 17 dollars per month, and for every soldier eight.99

. Mr. Tucker, of Virginia, moved to amend the amendment, so as make the pensions 20 and 8. This amendment to the amendment was agreed to without objection, after a few observations from Mr. Comstock.

Other amendments were proposed, some of which produced desultory debate and without taking a question upon them the committee rose, reported progress and had leave to sit again-and the house adjourned.

2

The motion was agreed to.

t

On motion of Mr. M' Coy of Virginia, it was Resolved, That the committee on public lands be instructed to enquire into the expediency of increasing the price at which said lands shall be sold hereafter.

On this question there was a division: the resolu tion was agreed to by a majority of twenty or thirty votes.

The following message was received from the president of the United States, by Mr. J. J. Monroe his secretary."

To the house of representatives of the United States.

In compliance with a resolution of the house of representatives, of the 11th of this month, request. Monday, December 22-Mr. Robertson, of Louisi ing to be informed of the present strength of the ana, from the select committee to whom the sub-army of the United States, its distribution among ject had been referred, reported a bill providing the several military posts, which it is designed to the manner in which the right of citizenship may be protect, and its competency to preserve and defend velinquished.

JAMES MONROE.

the fortifications amongst which it is distributed, [The bill proposes to provide that when any citi and to aid in constructing such other military works, if any, as it may be deemed proper to erect, for the zen, by application in writing to the district court of any district of the United States, in open court, more effectual security of the United States, and of and there to be recorded, shall declare that he relin- the territories thereof; I now transmit a report from quishes the character of a citizen, and means to de.the secretary of war, which contains the information desired. part out of the United States, he shall be thenceforth considered as having exercised the right of expatriation, and as being no longer a citizen of the United States; that such person shall be held as an alien forever after, and shall not resume the rights of citizenship without going through the same process of naturalization as other citizens,]

December 22, 1817.

"In compliance with a resolution of the house, of representatives requesting the president of the United States "to cause to be laid before the house of representatives à return of the present strength of the army of the United States, with the distribu

tion thereof among the several military posts which tors of the peace, or other magistrates, authorised it is designed to protect, together with any informa- to enforce the execution of the laws of the United tion which he may be able to afford respecting the States.

competency of such force to preserve and defend Mr. Trimble, of Ky. offered for consideration the and to aid in constructing, and to defend sichutte, following resolution:

the

Resolved, That the president of the United States military works, if any, as it may be in the contem-be requested to cause to be laid before this house plation of the government to erect, for the more any information he may be able to communicate reeffectual security of the United States, and of the lative to the impressment and detention in confineseveral territories thereof;" the secretary of war ment of Richard Cowles Mead, a citizen of the has the honor to make a return of the present United States. [Mr. Trimble supported his resolustrength of the army of the United States, with the tion by a very animated speech, which we are com distributionthereof among the several military posts.pelled to omit for the present:] The resolution was The military establishment as it now stands, is agreed.co.

sufficiently extensive to keep the fortifications in a The house having resolved itself into a commitstate of preservation, but it is wholly inadequate tee of the whole on the bill concerning the surviv to defend them against a regular attack by a force ing officers and soldiers of the revolutionary war of sufficient strength or skill. To garrison the forts Considerable debate took place and sundry amendon the maritime frontier alone would require, ac-ments were proposed, [As amended it is noticed cording to the best information and estimates of in the following day's proceedings] After which it this department, more than thrice our present num- was ordered to be read the third time to-morrow. ber, to repel the assaults of such a force. The A resolution was passed that the house should portion of the army stationed in the neighborhood adjourn on Wednesday the 24th inst. to meet again of fortifications now erecting, are employed to aid on Monday the 29th-84 to 63, and sent to the sein constructing them; but only an inconsiderable nate for concurrence. number has yet been so engaged, owing to its dis Wednesday, Dec. 24. The bill providing for the repersed situation, Though not immediately com lief of certain surviving officers and soldiers of the prehended in the resolution of the house, it is but revolution was read the third time and finally pas justice to the army to observe, that it has been em-sed without a division. The National Intelligenployed to a considerable extent, the last year, cer gives the following as its substance-"The bill, the construction of roads, arsenals and other public as it has finally passed, provides that "every.comworks connected with the defence of the country. missioned and non-commissioned officer, musician, The existing fortifications are thought to be mariner, marine, and private soldier, who served wholly insufficient in the event of a future war. in the revolutionary war; in any of the regiments As the declaration of war is the act of the whole raised by authority of congress, or of any of the community, justice, honor and humanity require states, or in the navy of either of the states or of that every portion of the country should, as far as the United States, previous to the treaty of peace possible, be protected against its ravages. This is with Great Britain, of 3d September, 1783, who are among the most sacred duties of the government; yet citizens of the United States, and are, or whe and, impressed with its importance, a board of the hereafter shall be, reduced to indigence, and inca most skillful officers in our service has been constipable of procuring subsistence, and who shall have tuted, to examine the whole line of our frontier, substantiated his incapacity is the manner by the and to determine on the position and extent of bill directed, shall receive a pension from the Unit works that may be necessary to the defence of the ed States; if an officer, of twenty dollars per month, country. This great work is not yet completed; during life; if a non-commissioned officer, musiciand in its present state, it is impossible to speak an, mariner, marine or private soldier, of eight with any precision as to the extent to which our dollars per month, during life, &c.". The bill has fortifications ought to be carried. The soldiers yet to pass the ordeal of the senate, will be able to render important aid in construct: ing the works that may be determined on; but, Resolved, That the committee of commerce and from the composition of the army, they can only manufactures be instructed to enquire into the excome in aid of regular and professed workmen.. pediency of granting bounties to manufacturers J. C. CALHOUN.", who manufacture a given number of yards of wool[The detailed and particular statement accom-len and cotton cloths, of a certain width; and that panying the report from the adjutant general's office, states the actual number of the present peace establishment at 8,221, including officers.] The report was ordered to lie on the table. The remainder of this day's sitting was spent in committee of the whole on the bill concerning the [Mr. Newton delivered a brief, but very handsurviving officers and soldiers of the revolution.some speech on the occasion-we shall endeavor to There was much debate, occasionally eloquent, but preserve it. The bill was passed.] generally desultory, on amendments proposed to The house then resolved itself into a committee the bill, but involving also its principle. Messrs. of the whole, Mr. A. Smyth in the chair, on the Bloomfield, Walker, Garnett, Harrison, Strother, "bill by which the right of citizenship may be reCamstock, Palmer, Livermore, Trimble, and Rhed, linquished." successively joined in the debate.

Tuesday. Dec. 23.—On motion of Mr. Holmes, of Massachusetts, it was

Resolveil, That the committee on the judiciary be instructed to enquire into the expediency of proriding by law for appointing justices or conserva.

On motion of Mr. Drake, of Mass.it was

a permanent fund be appropriated for that purpose. The bill for the remission of the duties on the painting presented by Benjamin West to the Pennsylvania hospital was taken up in committee of the whole, Mr. Desha in the chair.

On suggestion of Mr. Lorendes, that this was & subject of too much importance to be acted on with so thin a house, Mr. Robertson, of L. (the author of the bill) consented to its postponement, by the committee's rising and obtaining leave to sit again. And the house adjourned to Monday,

CHRONICLE.

I have the honor to be, most respectfully, your obedient servant

MILLEDGEVILLE, DEC. 2. EDMUND P. GAINES, The subjoined intelligence of the commencement Major general commanding. of hostilities was received by the executive on Later intelligence.-We are indebted to the acti Thursday last, and immediately issued from this office in an extra sheet, that our frontier citizens, vity of the editor of the "Reflector," a very neat exposed to danger, might be put on their guard and well conducted paper printed at Milledgeville, against those predatory attacks of the Indians, Geo. for many particulars respecting the war with which seldom fail to follow such an occurrence. the indians. We are compelled to make a very The governor has ordered out the Pulaski troop brief abstract of the information at present before of cavalry, a company of infantry from Wilkinson, usand another from Laurens, for the protection of the frontier below Hartford. Other measures of de-12 miles from Fort Scott by a party of indians, who fence will be adopted, should they prove necessary. Copy of a letter from major general Gaines to the governor of Georgia, dated at Fort Scott, (near the confluence of the Flint and Chatahooche rivers

21st. Nov. 1817.

Sin-The first brigade of United States' troops arrived at this place on the 19th instant. I had previously sent an Indian runner to notify the Fowl town chief Ene-he munt-hy, of my arrival, and, with a view to ascertain whether his hostile temper had He replied abated, requested him to visit me. that he had already said to the commanding officer here all he had to say, and that he would not come He had warned major Twiggs not to cross, or cut a stick of wood on the east side of Flint river; alleging that the land was his, that he was directed by the powers above and below to protect and defend it, and he should do so. This being the talk referred to, and his town having continued to be hostile ever since the late war, having participated as the friendly Indians assert, in the predatory war carried on for some time past against the Georgia frontier, I yesterday detached two hundred and fifty men (supposed to be about the strength of the town) under the command of major Twiggs, with orders to bring to me the chief and warriors, and, in the event of resistance, to treat them as ene. mies. The detachment arrived at the town early this morning and were instantly fired upon, but without effect. The fire was briskly returned by the detachment, and the Indians put to flight, with the loss of four warriors slam, and as there is reason to believe, many more wounded.

Among the articles found in the house of the chief, was a British uniform coat (scarlet) with a pair of gold epaulets; and a certificate signed by a British captain of marines, "Robert White, in the absence of colonel Nichols," stating that the chief "had always been a true and faithful friend to the

British."

Col. Arbuckle, with 300 men, was attacked about

were put to flight with a supposed loss of 8 or 10 killed. He had 1 killed and 2 wounded. Several murders appear to have been committed by the indians, and a party of 12 men are said to have been cut off from Fort Scott. The effective force at that place was from 800 to 1000 men. A body of friend. y Creeks expected to co-operate, was collected at Fort Mitchell under Mc Intosh. The Georgia militia were at Fort Hawkins, supposed to be about 220 miles from Fort Scott, which the Indians had appeared in the immediate vicinity of, and fired some shot on the boats that were building on the river. Warm work is expected-murders are numerous, and, by acting in small bodies, they have already done much mischief. They killed a man in the neighborhood of Fort Gaines; the whole country was in a state of alarm. The most unfor tunate particulars that have reached us are that gen Gaines, ascertained that major Muhlenburg was ascending Apalacha, and dispatched two boats to his assistance, and to collect provisions. One boat commanded y lieut. Scott, with 50 men, was attacked 12 miles below Fort Scott, and the whole massacred, except six, who saved themselves by swimming, four of whom were wounded. From the other boat, and another which had been up the river nothing had been heard.

AMELIA ISLAND.

We have nothing important from Amelia, except to shew that the smuggling of negroes and goods has been extensively checked. A prize vessel with 118 slaves, going into Amelia, was captured by the Saranac on the 30th ult. Another with 250 slaves had just got into port. The trade in flesh was brisk.

Major general. Floyd, of Georgia, has, in pursu ance of a requisition, at the instance of the United States' authorities, issued orders for the draft of 500 men from that part of his command most contiguous to St. Mary's; in which vicinity it is sup posed they are to be employed.

Died on the 23d ult. of a liver complaint at New. Orleans, W. C. C. Claiborne, esq. late governor of Lousiana, and recently appointed a senator of U. S.

The reports of friendly Indians concur in esti. mating the number of hostile Indians, including the "Red Sticks" and Seminoles, at more than two thousand-independent of the blacks at and near Suwanney, within 120 miles of this place, amounting to near four hundred men, and increasing by The snail pace of a weekly paper illy comports the addition of every runaway from Georgia able with our desires to furnish our readers with early to get to them. The friendly Indians inform me, accounts of the proceedings of the national and that the hostile party and blacks have been promised state legislatures, &c. nor will our sixteen well fill a British force to assist them, from New-Providence, ed pages, at the present period, do much to relieve This promise, though made by Nichols and Wood- our files of the continually accumulating docu bine, is nevertheless relied on by these deluded ments, &c. that press upon them; and we have also wretches, who I have no doubt, will sue for peace much matter in manuscript that we wish to dispose 'as soon as they find their hopes of British aid to be of. All that we can do is to make the best selec tions, and work through the whole as fast as we without foundation: can, taking care that nothing important is lost.

I have called the militia from Fort Hawkins to this place, and have directed colonel Brearly to confer with your excellency upon the subject of an additional battalion for the protection of the frontier from Oakmulgee to St. Mary's.

"

We have a considerable mass of foreign articles prepared. They do not contain any thing of importance, but shall be inserted to keep up the cham of intelligence,

NEW SERIES. No 19-VoL. I]

next paper.

BALTIMORE, JAN. 3, 1818. [No. 19-Voz XII WHOLE No. 331.

THE PAST THE PRESENT—FOR THE FUTURE.

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY H. NILES, at $5 PER ANNUM, PAYABLE IN ADVANCE.

One of the articles originally designed to be pub. lished in this work, has until now been delayed by repeated failures in our attempts to obtain a perfect copy of it-we allude to Mr. Gallatin's famous re. port on roads, bridges and canals. We are just about to receive a complete copy, and shall insert it in the REGISTER as soon as possible, as having a peculiar interest at this time.

A much respected old whig and a steady friend ally in her war against liberty-without it, her of the WEEKLY REGISTER, has given the editor a cause is hopeless, and the colonies will soon "rap over the knuckles," for that which he wrote be acknowledged independent; and she seems about the "compensation of congress" two or three weeks ago. The article shall have a place in the partially to have succeeded with "Alexander the deliverer:" who, though he already possesses a territory equal in extent to nea ly an eighth part of the known habitable globe, seems desirous of stretching his arm to America, to get more land!-and yet, a little spot, six feet long and one and an half feet wide, will soon be all that will remain to him of his possessions. We do not know the extent and bearing of the late treaty between Russia and Spain;* it appears evident that the former has sold certain ships of war to the latter to fight the patriots, but whether any men have been sold with the ships, we are not yet informed. These ships The editor of the REGISTER has the pleasure were daily expected to stop at a British port again to present the compliments of the season for refreshments, when our last accounts came to his numerous readers and friends, and to away; and this would shew that the British apwish them all a happy new-year. prove of, or, at least, have no objection to the

The editors of the Richmond Compiler have fur nished a list of all the newspapers published in Vir ginia-it waits for like returns from other states.

The New-Year.

"Old" 1817, just past, but already consigned transfer. Perhaps, they would rather that these to the heap of eternity, was not very productive ships should be in the hands of Ferdinand than of great events in any part of the world, so far of Alexander; knowing that with the former as we are informed of its concerns. Suffering they will be inefficient to any important purEurope, borne down with the crafts and crimes pose, against the colonies or against Great Briof princes and priests, has vainly endeavored tain. For, seeing it is so decidedly the inte to raise herself up, and assume an erect atti-rest of Britain that the colonies should be tude-but her people, exhausted in the fruitless independent of Spain, in, affording her a comexertion, despondingly look for new homes, merce of infinite value, and opening a vastly where labor is rewarded with the bread that profitable and unrivalled market for her manuit earns. Asia remains unchanged, except as factures, we cannot but believe that if she does to any effects that may have been recently not act for them, she will not quietly suffer any produced by the fresh intrigues of the spoilers other power than Spain, herself, to act against of India, to extend their range of rapacity and them; and the strange event may take place, desolation. Africa dark and gloomy, as the of Great Britain and the United States acting complexion of her sons, is, perhaps, worse than stationary as to improvement, with barbarism stated, that Russia is to receive the island of Minorca In return for the ships it is now confidently in her interior and her coasts infested by pirates for a naval depot, and possibly the "two Califernías” and dealers in the flesh of men. Nor in Ame-as heretofore inti:nated. The land forces reported rica, where things change so suddenly, has any to be on board the fleet may be for the purpose of matter of material importance occurred: the garrisoning Minorca. A letter from Cadiz dated great republic of the north steadily, and pros- Nov. 10, says, "I give you the following from a perously, pursues her course to population, since, the Russian Ambassador to the Spanish court, source that cannot be doubted: About five days wealth and power; and the new republics of arrived here from Madrid, his object is to meet his the south are yet contending with their ene-wife, who is expected here in a short time a passen. mies with various success, but generally in ger in one of the Russian fleet, now looked for favor of the cause of freedom. Their contests daily, consisting of six line of battle ships, and nine may give an interesting character to the events frigates and transports, with 6000 Russian troops. of the new year, and the affairs of the new the French consul says he has reason not to doubt Such is the fact from authority I cannot doubt, and world again involve the old in arms. Spain will -John Bull here, don't know what to make of it. perhaps, make a last desperate effort to recover Negociations have been going forward between the her colonies, and questions of interest may se-Spanish and Russian courts for some time: Doubtparate those that the "holy alliance" has unna-less Spain, for the aid Russia may lend in her colo turally joined. And how we ourselves are to nial struggles, has made over some equivalent in be affected by these things, no man knoweth Spanish authorities are making splendid entertainthe Americas; but what, is all conjecture. The but we must expect collision, though we may ments for the Russian ambassador: the fire is given avoid war. Spain is endeavoring to obtain an 'by the marine department of the Isles"

Vor. XIII- -20.

together in favor of the rights of man! We feel States---among them is that relating to internal pretty confident that nothing would prevent improvements---the bill to define the manner this, on her part, except her jealousy of us and declare the right of expatriation---a settlebut seeing that our march to strength cannot ment of the great judicial question, as to the be impeded, perhaps, her ministers may dis- right and power of the state courts and state cover it their true policy to be on the best terms officers to execute the laws of the union,to arise with us, as, indeed, it truly is—and as we wish out of a consideration of Mr. Holmes' resolu they may. tion (see last no. page 295)---the enquiry into a As to our own affairs, we may observe that better collection of the revenue of the United another star was added to our constellation in States, so as to prevent smuggling, and perhaps the last year, by the admission of the new state also a revision of the tariff to protect domestic of Mississippi into the Union. Missouri and Ii-manufactures---et ceteras; and especially in relinois are pressing to the requisite qualifica-spect to the line of proceedings which shall be tions, and will soon prefer their claims to sove- pursued in regard to certain of the revolted reignty. Our southern border has been dis- colonies of Spain. Each of these subjects afturbed by an Indian war, which, probably, had ford matter enough for several essays, and we its origin in the vile mtrigues of pretended Bri- content ourselves with barely mentioning them tish agents located in the Floridas, and against for the present. Some of them may mark the which we never can be secured until we obtain character of 1818. possession of the country. The territory is of As to the concerns of the WEEKLY REGISno value to Spain, but to us is very important; TER-we have gratefully to say, that they neand have it we must, if the state of things is ver were so prosperous as they are now. A not immediately changed. For nearly six years large number of new subscribers have been repast they have been as an enemy's country, fur- ceived, sufficient to meet and overbalance nishing the points from whence murderous ex- such names as we felt it a necessity to strike peditions were marched, sparing neither age from our books, for neglect in paying their nor sex: forbearance must have an end in re-dues. But still the great object of obtaining an peated injuries, and the time has nearly arriv-adjustment and settlement of accounts has ed when force will seize what justice has vainly been but partially obtained: Many are yet in requested of Spain, as well in regard to the a rears, whose cases we could not definitively money that she owes our citizens, for spolia- act apon for want of information; and at very tions committed on their commerce, &c. as to many agencies our affairs remain in statu quo. that which it was herduty to perform as a neu- The editor trusts that before or in March next, tral and friendly nation. It has been said, that he will be relieved of a further extension of Great Britain is opposed to a transfer of the that most unpleasant self-duty which he comFloridas, and that her minister near the Unit-menced last September How much would a ed States has remonstrated against it---this has little attention in his subscribers, decrease his given rise to a waggish report that our govern-labor and invigorate the establishment! Put ment had also protested against the occupancy every paper that is not regularly paid for has of the Ionian islands by the British!* If the been stopped or shall be stopped, as soon as he former is true, we sincerely hope that the latter can act understandingly upon the case. The is true also; it would be degrading to make a REGISTER deserves punctual payment or it serious answer to such a remonstrance. The deserves nothing. It is his pride that this is possession of the Floridas, by treaty or by force, the opinion of a large body of its subscribers. will probably be among the interesting events of the new year.† ·

Several important matters will occupy the attention of the present congress of the United

The American Centinel, published at Philadel phia, says "We are informed, from a source deserving of credit, that the British minister, Mr. Bagot, has protested, in the name of his government, against the purchase of Florida by the United

NOTE.

*But-two things, probably three, have happened -one in France, one in Spain, and one in England, that, though of the utmost importance, I had really forgotten in my brief notice of the state of Europe, Bless us! what are they?-says the reader. Whythe duchess of Berri, in France, and the queen of Spain, ran a "legitimate" race, and both got beatthe child of the former died just as it was born, and that of the latter-Oh! grief inexpressible was a girl! The other thing alluded to is, that the sturdy The New-York Gazette of the 27th ult. says-lass, Charlotte, (for whom the wise people of Eng"We learn from a correct source, that all govern-land hired a lusty Dutchman to be her husband, at mental proceedings relative to the Floridas, are, the rate of 4 or 500,000 dollars a year) was about for the present, suspended-in consequence, it is to lay-in-At our last dates, all the high officers believed, of orders received by the Spanish minister from his government.

States."

[The above is rather improbable. We have no doubt but that Amelia is now in our possession. The U, S. corvette John Adams, with the Saranac and Enterprize were at St. Mary's and every thing ready to execute the orders of the presiappear. dent, at the moment of our last advices.

of the crown, the most reverend father in God,” the archbishop of Canterbury, at their head, were held in readiness to be present at the accouchment! Many noblemen were also summoned for the purpose of assisting in the august affair! A score of doctors, surgeons and apothecaries were already in waiting; a wet nurse, after a most minute inves tigation and examination, was engaged; half a dozen