spicuous for such undertakings, as there is in the proposed and the means of effecting it are subjects treasury a large sum unappropriated, which could which should be examined-of the propriety of the be applied to no object more useful or advantage-measure, no rational mind friendly to liberty can ous to the state. It is confidently hoped that this doubt; and that we possess the means, if earnestly subject will receive that attention which its import- disposed to effect the object, I have as little doubt, ance merits; and that the legislature will do some-It is true it must be a work of time, hence the ne thing which will be considered the commencement cessity of commencing it, of a general system for internal improvements.

Very respectfully, &c.

ANDREW PICKENS.

Legislature of Ohio...

GOVERNOR'S MESSAGE.

Gentlemen of the senate, und

house of representatives,

The great difficulty of procuring teachers whose moral character and other qualifications fit them to enlighten the minds, and shape the morals of the rising generation, even when suitable compensation can be made, is evident. Indeed it but too often happens that persons of the most profi gate morals and the least qualified seek this employment, as a cover for idleness. It cannot be expected that any thing good can proceed from so corrupt a source. In the formation of a superstructure the

No extraordinary occurrence has taken place foundation must be solid, to make it lasting and since the last session of the legislature. We have useful. If we expect four youth "religion, morality a continuation of peace on all our borders, with a and knowledge," suitable teachers must be employs time of general health trhoughout the state. The ed to produce this effect. With a view to aid in earth has been uncommonly fruitful the last sea-effecting this desirable object, I recommend to the son, and besides supplying our own wants, will consideration of the general assembly the propriety leave a large surplus for exportation. It is both our duty and interest to submit with school, at which shall be taught the different of establishing at the seat of government a free cheerfulness under the dispensations of Almighty branches of an English education at the expense God, in troubles and affliction; but when we are of the state, to such number of boys, the children made the special objects of his favor and kindness of parents unable to educate them, and no other when to the enjoyment of the very best and most free government on earth, are added the blessings ever young men thus educated shall become as the legislature may deem proper. That when of health, peace and plenty, our most sincere thanks, qualified for that purpose, they shall when proper our most grateful acknowledgements are due to the salaries are furnished them, have the preference bountiful giver of every good gift. of employment in the public schools of the state, Whilst in the enjoyment of these extraordinary and shall be obliged to serve as teachers of schools blessings we should not forget that we are account until they are twenty-one years of age, and after able for their abuse, and that it is our duty to use wards so long as they conduct themselves weil; all the means in our power to perpetuate the bles- have the preference of employment. The whole sings of a free government to those who may come to be under such regulations as the legislature may after us. This is the duty of all, but more espe- from time to time adopt. cially of those to whom the people delegate the power of government,

I must call your attention to the laws for making With a view to the fulfilment of the duties and improving the public highways. This is a sub. assigned me, I shall recommend for your consider-ject of great importance to the whole community, ation such subjects as are deemed more important and particularly to the agricultural interest. La for the promotion of this great object, as well as the same proportion that facilities are given to the the present confort and convenience of our fellow farmer to transport his surplus produce to market, citizens. And first; as I consider it most import. are his profits increased And without such facili ant, I recommend to your particular attention, the ties his labor is measurably sunk in the expense of education of the rising generation. Without in-transportation. These are facts so self evident, as formation and knowledge the blessings of a free to require no reasoning to prove them. government cannot be long continued. The wisest The manner of repairing the roads, in my opi, and best men in all ages have agreed on this im.nion, is evidently defective. There is no responsi portant point; and so thoroughly convinced of it, bility to the public for the faithful expenditure of and so anxious that it should be attended to were monies in labor applied to this object. And so our forefathers, the patriots who, under providence, long as the present mode of appointing and paying gave us the fair heritage we enjoy, that in the supervisors continue it appears to me, no better instrument which contains the fundamental princi. effect will be produced. I again recommend to ples of our government; for our admonition they have the consideration of the legislature another mode deciated, that "Religion morality and knowledge of appointing them: and, that each supervisor be being necessary to good government, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.” In conformity with this admirable sentiment we have received from the United States, means to a very considerable extent, which righly used, would Every community has its general and local in great lengths towards the general diffusion of terests; and they are so intimately connected, that knowledge. To bring these means with others if if the one be neglected, the other will be effected necessary into action, to devise, organize and to by it. This remark seems to be felly exemplified put into practice a system of education for the rising by the course heretofore adopted by the legislature generation, which will disperse ignorance and diffuse of Ohio relative to the public roads of the state. light and knowledge throughout the state, whilst Nothing is more evident, than that permanent roads it would be one among the greatest benefits which from the river Ohio to the Lake, and from cast to could be conferred on posterity, would, I am per-west through the state, would be of great importsuaded, gentlemen, be the most pleasing duty you ance to the whole state-yet the funds and labor can perform The propriety of the measures of the state have been applied to local purposés,

charged with the repair of a given distance, on the principal roads-that he be furnished with the means-held responsible for its repair, and be paid

for his services.

and many roads opened which are not only useless to the United States. So soon as this treaty is But burdensome. If the money and labor thus lost ratified, the jurisdiction of the state will be ex to the community, had been applied to the con-tended and require legislative provisions; as there struction of permanent roads in proper directions, is every reason to believe that so soon as this land we should now feel the good effects of such an ex-is brought into market it will be settled with great penditure. rapidity.

With this view of this important subject, I should The constitution of the state has been in opera not discharge my duty if I did not again recom-tion for fifteen years; and most of its general promend most earnestly to your consideration the pro-visions in favor of equal rights and for the perpetuapriety of changing the manner of appropriating the tion of a free government, are such as we, and these three per cent. fund and that it, with such other who come after us I sincerely hope, will always funds as the legislature may deem proper, be ap-support. When it was adopted our population did plied jointly, with the funds of such individuals as not exceed eighty thousand, and there were only may choose to vest their capital in turnpike roads nine counties. The increase of the population since -in constructing such permanent roads north and to at least half a million, and the counties to forty south and east and west from the seat of govern eight, have exceeded all calculation; and experi ment, as may be deemed proper-and that the ence has clearly proved that some of its provisions, profits or tolls arising to the state from such roads, though well calculated for a population less numer be applied to the same purpose and to no other use ous, have become burdensome and indeed cannot whatever. be executed, in consequence of our great increase As far as circumstances will permit, every com.of population. Neither can it be disguised from munity should rely on its own resources. To de-even a common observer that to support the state pend on those of others, when by the exercise of government is so expensive for the want of a change economy and industry we have the means of sup-of some of the provisions of the constitution, a plying our own wants;-never fails to produce the to make it necessary to continue a rate of taxation, Worst effects. Since the late war the nation has which is not only becoming burdensome to us all, been inundated with the manufactures of foreign but prevents the representatives of the people from countries. If in our intercourse with other nations possessing the means of making internal improve we could on our part give in exchange such articles ments and adopting other regulations for the com as we can grow or manufacture most advantageously, mon benefit of the state.

for such others as our comfort and convenience Believing as I do, that with the extension of may require; such a course of exchange would jurisdiction and increase of population which will operate beneficially.-But if for the solid products shortly take place, some of the most valuable pro and labor of the country exported, and far beyond visions of the constitution cannot be executed, and it, articles of luxury and superfluity are introduced that by a change of others a saving of near one half into the country--the necessary tendency is to im- of the present expenses may be made, the govern poverish and weaken it. ment be better administered for the general benefit In a newly settled country like ours, where of the good people of the state, and that the present agriculture may be carried on to so much advan-is the most favorable time for making these changess tage, and where labor is so much in demand, it should not discharge the solemn convictions of cannot be expected that manufactures can be car duty which I feel if I did not recommend to your ried on generally to the same extent and advantage consideration the propriety of taking the necessary as in other countries long settled and very popu-steps authorized by the constitution, to enable our lous, yet experience proves that manufacturing in fellow citizens to decide whether in their opinion many branches is carried on with success and great any alterations in our constitution are necessary. advantage to the country, and what we do manu. The fund made subject to my control by the last facture is better generally than that which we im-general assembly, beside paying the ordinary de port. Distant as this state is from the seaboard- mands upon it and for the articles mentioned in a abounding with the means of producing most of resolution of the legislature, of the twenty eighth of the raw materials out of which a great proportion January 1817, has enabled me to purchase a small of the articles which either our convenience or com- but valuable collection of books which are intended fort requires, can be manufactured. And when we as the commencement of a library for the stateconsider further that whatever is manufactured in the performance of this act 1 was guided by among ourselves, is free of the expense of duty what I conceived the best interest of the state, by and transportation, it is our duty at all times, but placing within the reach of the representatives of especially at the present, to examine our own re- the people, such information as will aid them in the sources and bring them into action and use. With discharge of the important duties they are delegat these impressions I consider it my duty, gentle-ed to perform. men to call your attention to this important subject, and to recommend to your consideration the propriety of giving by your own exainple in the use of sents to you a wide field for the exercise of the ta the manufactured articles of the state, and by such lents, patriotism and industry, which will be other means as in your wisdom you may deem ex. found in your honorable body, and I sincerely hope pedient, the proper encouragement to manufactur-an alt wise Providence will direct your deliber ing in the state. tions, and that they may result in the adoption of Since the last session of the general assembly our fellow citizens. such measures as will promote the best interests of commissioners appointed for that purpose by the president of the United States, have, it is said, There are other matters of importance which it concluded a treaty with the Indians who claimed is my duty to lay before you, which shall form the the north western corner of the state; by which it subject of future communications. is understood that nearly all the lands claimed by ahem within the limits of Ohio have been ceded

The elevated station you occupy, gentlemen, pre

Columbus, Dec. 2d. 1817.

T. WORTHINGTON..

NEW SERIES. No. 18 Vol. 1] BALTIMORE, DECEM. 27, 1817. [No. 18-VOL. XIII. WHOLE No. 330.

THE PAST THE PRESENT-FOR THE FUTURE.

☀ PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY H. NILES, AT $5 PER ANNUM, PAYABLE IN ADVANCE.

Exemplary Tables,

FOR THE PURPOSE OF COLLECTING THE FACTS AND OF FORMING GENERAL TABLES OF ALL THE INCORPO RATED BANKS IN THE UNITED STATES, AND OF THE NEWS PAPERS PUBLISHED THEREIN, WITH A VIEW TO PUBLISH ANNUAL ACCOUNTS OF THE SAME. TO WHICH THE ATTENTION OF EDITORS AND OTHERS IS RESPECTFULLY REQUESTED.

BANKS IN THE STATE OF MARYLAND-DECEMBER 27, 1817.

The banks of Maryland are generally in pretty good repute---and the notes of them all, except those of the bank of Somersett, may be passed off at their par value in the common transactions of life at Baltimore, though all do not pay specie, and of course are not received on deposits in the Baltimore banks. Those of Somersett have no fixed value in the moneymarket. The last time I enquired about them, the brokers would not take them at $5 per cent discount. They are out of circulation; but a change in the president and directors of the bank has been made, and it is thought by some that the notes of the institution will be ultimately paid. For ourselves, however, we will not receive them.

The amount of the banking capital in Maryland, paid in, is $8,206,595.

The Farmers' bank of Maryland has branches at Fredericktown and Easton. †This bank has a branch at Salisbury.

This is more properly a bridge than a banking company. Its nominal capital is 500,000 dollars; but we are not informed of the amount paid in, and its notes have on the face of them "redeemable at the office, Baltimore," but they seldom are redeemed, and have less value in the money-market than any others issued in Maryland, those of the bank of Somersett excepted. By a supplement, pas. sed on the 19th January, 1815, entitled "a supplement to the act entitled an act to incorporate a company for the purpose of building a bridge over the river Susquehannah, near Rock run," in the third section it is provided, That it shall and may be lawful for the president and directors of the Susquehannah bridge and bank compasy to use the surplus funds, after building the bridge, &, as s banking company.

VOL. XIII.

-19.

Financial Prosperity.

several states to the respective legislatures, It is truly gratifying to the American to evince the same financial prosperity. Moneycontrast the situation of the United States and matters are hardly mentioned in any of them, of the several states, with the condition of except to tell the representatives of the people, things that exists in the foreign countries with that there is an abundance and to recommend which we are best acquainted, and to whose that they should appropriate it freely to ob "ancient and venerable institutions," (as the jects of public utility; roads, bridges and canals kingcraft and priestcraft that abound in them and seminaries of learning. have been ludicrously called) some are accus- Now, ought these things to pass without tomed to look for example and comparison. grateful remark? Should we not pause and We do not know of any nation in Europe whose reflect on the causes from whence such blessreceipts are equal to its expenditure; though, in ings flow, and bend the heart before that Being the most of them, the very last mite that the who has suffered those causes to be? It is not people can spare from the cost of keeping soul the part of a republican to exult in his prospeand body together is calculated and exacted,rity over the miseries of others-his liberty to support the governing power and gratify tree is for the political healing of nations, and the lusts of drunken, ideotical princes and all men are invited to repose under its shade; strumpet-women of "quality." for it is there that Peace and Plenty have fixed How differently are we conditioned? The their abode and all the Virtues flourish-bepresident, in his late message, recommends cause man supports the dignity that belongs to the abolition of the internal taxes, and yet the his creation after God's own image, and resecretary of the treasury seems doubtful as to spect is tendered only to superior intelligence the manner in which he may apply a surplus and goodness: no kissing of the bloated hands revenue to the best advantage-seeing that of kingly debauchees, or licking of the feet of there cannot be any regular demand for it, pampered priests-the sceptre is broken, and that the public debt is above par, and that the the mitre rent; but civil order reigns and holy public creditors cannot be compelled to re-Religion has her honest votaries. But still, ceive their money for several years to come, when we see the arts practised by the tools of &c. But it is probable "something may turn those oppressors of their brethren, and with up" to relieve us of this burthen! astonishment find that there are advocates for

The messages from the governors of the their monstrous principles in our happy country-it is rightful that the republican, standing *These messages are generally very interesting on the eminence of his own independence, for their correct reasonings and truly republican should point the finger of truth to the glorious simplicity. But on this occasion-on publishing the fruits of Liberty, and contrast them with the last message that we ever expect to receive from

Simon Snyder, the practical patriot chief of the read it with many mixed and delightful emotions; great state of Pennsylvania for the last nine years-and beg leave to recommend its perusal to all whe we may, perhaps, be permitted to say, that we have love the republic. [See supp. last number.]

miseries that follow the train of aristocracy-perfectly aware that nothing like this is contem to stimulate the zeal and strengthen the love plated by the executive branch of the government of the friends of his system, whilst he confuses they presume the house of representatives will and discomfits the enemies of the rights of scrupulously avoid a course, which may be conman. And his soul is in harmony, when round the festive board he proudly sings--

Here doth freedom bless the land-
Here doth peace her boughs expand,
And plenty crown the social board-
Whilst love and friendship kindly meet,
To make our happiness complete.

Nor shall infamous tyrants rear
The standard of oppression here-
We know no LORD, save him in heaven,
No power but what consent has given.
Firm-united-still we'll be,
Rallying round our liberty-
As a band of brothers joined,
Peace, with safety, we shall find.

Internal Improvement.

IMPORTANT DOCUMENT.

DECEMBER 15, 1817.*

strued into a dereliction of their privileges. They deem it, therefore, not improper to offer some con siderations upon the question of the constitutional powers of the general government to pass laws for the improvement and construction of roads and Canals, with the consent of the states.

As it is obvious, however, that these several subjects of legislation do not rest upon the same foundations, and that one of these may be within the sphere of the constitutional powers of congress, whilst the others may belong exclusively to the states, it is proposed to treat them separately, and the subject of the improvement and construction of public roads, which appears to your committee most clearly to be reducible to the powers vested in the general government, will be first taken into consideration.

the other.

An accurate attention to the real points of differ ence on this subject will greatly contribute to free the controversy from unimportant and irrelevant Report, in part, of the committee of the house of represen- considerations. To attain this, we have only to tatives of the United States, on so much of the presi-compare what is manifestly admitted on the one dent's message as relates to roads, canals, and hand, with what is claimed and contended for on seminaries of learning., The laws of antecedent congresses, approved by Read and committed to a committee of the whole successive executive magistrates, and the acts of house on Friday next. the executive magistrates themselves, will be THE committee, to whom were referred so much resorted to, as affording evidence of what may be of the president's message as relates to roads, regarded as conceded to be within the powers canals, and seminaries of learning, respectfully of the general government. The commendable report, in part that they have taken into considera-jealousy which they have manifested of all encroachtion the subject referred to them, and bestowed ments on state power, and their scrupulous adher on it that attention to which, by its importance, in the interpretation of the constitution, affords ence to the most rigid principles of construction, it is so eminently entitled. Involving, as it is sup. posed, a great constitutional question on the one a sure guarantee, that more has not been admitted hand, and intimately connected, on the other, with than may fairly be assumed to be within the prothe improvement, the prosperity, the union, and visions of that instrument. Taking, then, the acts the happiness of the United States, it presents the of both of the legislative and executive branches fairest claims to candid and diligent investigation. of the government for our guide, we shall find it Nor is it without additional interest from the clearly admitted that there are some cases at least, division of opinion to which it has heretofore given in which the general government possesses the conrise between the executive and legislative branches stitutional privilege of constructing and improving of the government: a difference, which in the in- roads through the several states. dulgence of the rights of free opinion, will be still Thus, by the act of the 29th of March, 1806 found to exist between the sentiments promulgated confirmed, amended and enlarged by subsequent in the message of the president, and those which acts, a road was directed to be laid out and conwill be advanced by your committee in this report; structed from Cumberland, in the state of Marynor do they conceive, that the expression in the land, to the state of Ohio, upon obtaining the conmessage of the president of an opinion unfavorable sent of the states through which it should pass. to the constitutional powers of the general govern-The fund provided for this noble undertaking, was ment should be permitted to have any influence on to consist of the proceeds of the sales of certain the disposition of congress to legislate on this in-lands, the property of the United States, in the teresting subject. For, if the constitutional ma- state of Ohio; so that this act furnishes the double jority of the two houses should differ with the admission, that "roads may be laid out by con. executive department, the opinion of the latter,gress through the several states, with their conhowever respectable, must yield to such an ex-sent;" and that the expenses of constructing such pression of their will. On the other hand, if from roads may constitutionally be defrayed out of the deference to an opinion promulgated in an execu-funds of the United States. The act was approved tive communication, congress should refrain from by the president in office, in 1806, and other acts entering upon the consideration of a question in- confirming, amending and enlarging it, were passvolving constitutional doctrine, it might happen, ed by subsequent legislatures, in the years 1810, that the opinion of the president would prevent 1811, and 1815, and approved by the president, in the enaction of a law, even though there should office, at those periods: nay, more, the three last be the constitutional majority of two-thirds of both acts contained appropriations to the amount of houses in its favor. Thus, by the introduction of 210,000 dollars, payable out of any moneys in the such a practice, the presidential veto would actreasury, but reimbursable out of the Obio fund-a quire a force unknown to the constitution, and the fund which might or might not prove adequate, and legislative body would he shorn of its powers from which, in point of fact, is believed hitherto to have a want of confidence in its strength, or from indis-been insufficient.

position to exert it. Whilst your committee are Similar to this act in some of its provisions, and