VEGETABLE FOOD. lbs. VEGETABLE FOOD. Regular annual consumption- 2340,000,000 6495,000,000 †3650,000,000 Add-for incresse of population, 5 per ccnt. 321,000,000 800,000,000 321,000,000 294,000,000 lbs.7u67,000,000 extra use and waste from super. -9.000,000 at 116. per day, for 365 days 3285,000,000 Grain for the support of our horses— 90 millions of bushels, at 406. Grain consumed in the distilleries and breweries-16 millions of bushels, at 50lbs. Grain, flour, and other vegetable food exported, equal to about 1,500,000 For domestic stipply, 1817-8, barrels of flour, Leaving to us 2000 millions of lbs. of vegetaAnnual consumption and export lbs.8029,000,000 ble food for export, or a surplus of that amounts The grain used by animals reared for our own instead of 300 millions, the accustomed excess." food, not estimated, "being included in the follow-And the surplus would bear a proportion to the ing: consumption as 2 is to 9. In common years it stands as 3 is to 75 a 80. 9,000,000 at 3b. per day, for 365 days 2463,000,000 Beef and pork in barrels, hams, butter, cheese, lard, live cattle, sheep and logs, exported, equal to about ANIMAL FOOD. extra use and waste, from super For domestic supply, 1817-8, Leaving as for export, a surplus of 458 millions of pounds, instead of the usual surplus of These amounts are so enormous as to make ten; which, if it were in beef and pork, would ds doubt the accuracy of the facts assumed. But give us upwards of two millions of barrels! when we examine them carefully, the doubt This surplus would bear a proportion to the seems removed: by "vegetable food" we mean consumption of about as is to 15-in common all vegetable products consumed or used by years it is as 1 is to 240. But it is not to be the people, in any way whatsoever; and in the expected that this supposed capacity to rear animal food" is included butter, cheese, lard, animals for the food of men would be applied tallow, &c. and perhaps, we ought to add milk, for that purpose to such an extent; indeed, it as well as all sorts of flesh, consumed or used, could not be done in one year, if the people as above. Those products of animals as fairly were ever so much disposed to it. A great come into the calculation, as the food that they deal of the capacity to feed them must pass in themselves afford us in meats. to the common mass of commodities that men Now, admitting that the crops of vegetable subsist upon; and the surplus of vegetables, food, for man and beast, are one-third greater for export or distillation, would be increased in the present year than the general average of of course. our country, we shall have raised 10,310 mil- The people of the United States, such is lions of lbs. of grain, potatoes, &c. &c. to feed man and supply him with drinks, and support his horses, independent of the grass or hay consumed by the last. But, as I incline to the belief that the allowance of grain for our horses is too large, for the sake of round numbers, I shall suppose the aggregate to be only 9000 millions. And, at the same ratio, we have the capacity to feed as many horned cattle, sheep and hogs, and other animals used for our meats, as might afford us 3232 millions of pounds of flesh. If these propositions are admitted, we have the following results: †2,000,000 horses, at 5lbs. per day, average. I suspect this is too great an allowance. A deduction is made hereafter. This small amount will surprise many-but believe it is more than we have exported.. their happy condition, are more sensibly af fected by a year of plenty than by a year of scarcity; the reverse of whatever exists every where else. The cause of this is very simple and conclusive, to my own mind. Nine teen twentieths of the population, at least, and perhaps a greater proportion, are accustomed to eat as much as they can. rather than as much as they want. If they would only eat as much as their appetite requires, or exert a little more economy and frugality in their household, a re trenchment may be instantly effected that would cause any scarcity that we have felt to pass over lightly. The truth is, we generally live very extravagantly; and, as no man "can *But this "accustomed excess" should be esti mated as of a greater amount, because it is chiefly composed of the product of wheat, the most valum e vegetable foot. do more than he can," if wheat were at one the home market;" and 2ndly, the worth cent per bushel, the portion that would eat more an extra, or foreign demand, to fix the value of it than they now do, is not very considerable: in that market. Phus-admitting that the thore would be wasted, but much more would crops are really greater by one third, as has not be consumed. I speak comparatively. been supposed, we shall raise vegetable food to Without any tenacity in my opinion, as to the amount of 9000 millions, and possess a cathe extra amount of te present crops above pacity to feed animals to supply us with 3232 the common average, it may, at least,be agreed, millions of lbs. of meat. The surplus of the that there is a large urplus quantity We see foriner is about 2000, and of the latter, 458 that our usual expo.ts of vegetable food have millions of pounds. For the sake of easier stood only as S to 75 a 80 of the amount raised, calculation, and more clearness in the stateand of animal food as 1 to 240. Now, although ment, let us consider these two as one and foreign commerce, according to the facts here add them together, and the whole product of developed, seems so unimportant, it is the vegetable and animal food will be 12,252 milhinge on which the price of the whole chiefly lions; the united surplus 2458 millions; being taras. As, for an instance if it were an ac-a general surplus of one-fifth. cepted fact among the butchers who supply Again, to illustrate the matter, let us admit Baltimore market, that they had a tenth part that 300lbs. of this food, (which includes all only, more meat fra the people are accustom-sorts of grain, roots, pulse and meats,) is equal ed to consume-and which, from the heat of to a barrel of flour, (and it may be so esteemthe weather, or other cause, they could noted,) the entire product will be equivalent to lay by for another day;-this excess tenth about 41 millions of barrels, 8 of which might easily reduce the value of the whole have to spare. we shall stock a fourth, to induce the people to pur- If there is a foreign demand for these eight chase more than they intended: for there is millions, so as to keep the price of flour in the nothing so grievous to a person as to see the United States at $10, for an average, the commodity that he has to sell perishing on his gross amount of value produced would be hands, without use to any one.. Hence, any equal to 410 millions of dollars. But if, surplus bas effect to reduce the value of a through the want of such an extra demand, the boley more than the whole value of that sur- surplus thrown into the market should reduce plus itself might be simply because "enough it only to $8 per barrel, as it certainly would enough," and some must sacrifice their do, the gross amount of value then being 328 goods if they cannot get a fair price from them. millious, exhibits a difference of 82 millions, which compels others to reduce their prices equal to the whole value of the said surplus, also, to retain their customers. i am very far at its highest price. This "difference" would from wishing misery to Europe that we might not be lost to the nited States by the want of profit by it but if it had so happened that the the foreign demand, but be gained by the pecpresent, as well as the last year had been a ple at large, if such demand existed. This ye of scarcity, how vast might have been our distinction grows out of the difference there export, and how great our profit! If flour in is between the price of a commodity being England would maintain its present price, raised by a foreign demand, or as consequent (say 118 per barrel,) it would do very well; to a domestic deficiency. The first may be said but this cannot be expected it will fall much to cheapen money, by the life and activity that lower: non account of the quantity that we it gives, and by the higher prices paid for labor, could supply her with, but by reason of her own the best standard of value; in the other, the good harvests. Of the crop of last year we ex- operation is directly the reverse, and every ported, perhaps, 500,000 bbls. to Great Britain thing drags on heavily. and Ireland-as, from the 1st of January last to There appears to me to be some novelty and, the 7th of July, there were 320,829 barrels re-perhaps, some use in the preceeding remarks. ceived at Liverpool. For the sake of round num-if have succeeded in making my views of ber, we may consider this quantity as equal to their subjects intelligible to the reader. 100,000,000 lbs. and, enormous as it appears, it would feed the people of England, Ireland and Scotland, only about ten days, allowing 40 each person no more then half a pound Harmony, Indiana. "The wilderness shall blossom as the rose." In the 6th vol. of the WEEKLY REGISTER, of four per day. Yet, by the same sort of page 208, there is some account of the settle operation as in the case of a surplus at home, ment at Harmony, Pen. by Mr. Rapp and his the want of this supply from abroad, might associates, exhibiting the fruits of the persehave raised the price of the commodity much verance and industry of the Harmony sociehigher thair it was. ty. The land held by them in Pennsylvania, I am well aware that a great part of this es-from the increase of their numbers, being too say is matter of mere speculation to amuse small for them, they purchased a large and rather than instruct any one. Put it may serve beautiful trac on the Wabash, in the new state to shew us-1st, the extent and importance of of Indiana, and removed to it just about three years ago. It was then in a state of nature tal being received with acclamations in the. They already have many good houses, large court, are new things to us. Three of the jury work shops and extensive barns-one of them, wished to attach the following to their verdict100 feet by 45, another 200 feet long and 45"as truth is declared by the low of the land to wide; a steam mill, driving two pairs of stones; be a libel, we three are compelled to find the a very large brick house in the shape of an L, defendant guilty." However, they cast bit for Mr. Rapp, with an excellent and highly or-into the king's bench prison, from whence lenamented garden, inferior to few in the Uni-ters to one of his friends in the United States ted States; they have 1500 merino sheep, whose have arrived, by which he does not appear the wool they manufacture into excellent broad-least intimidated, saying "that when he threw cloths, with a large stock of eattle, hogs, &c down the gauntlet to the enemies of freedom and carry on almost every trade and manu- he determined to stand the contest, let who facture, as well for their own use as to make would take it up," &c. The work still goes things for sale among them are tin-workers, on, with increased popularity. shoeinakers, saddlers, joiners, carpenters, hatters, stocking and other weavers, tanners, FROM THE LONDON COURIER OF JUNE 6... Sittings after term, before Mr. Justice Abbot, and special juries. LIBEL. wheelwrights, blacksmiths, &c. &c. They Court of King's Bench, Guildhall, Thursday, J ne š have many acres planted with the vine, 200 in wheat, 40 in rye, 20 in barley, 30 in oats, 50 with meadow grass, and 500 enclosed in The king vs. Thomas Jonathan Wooller, pasture fields. All these things have been This was an information filed against the defen done in three years. This society is numerous; dant by his majesty's attorney general for a libel amounting, we believe to nearly 300 families, published in a work called The Black Dwarf, of who have all things in common; are among the which the defendant was the author. The informes most industrious and econoinical people in the that the defendant, intending to excite discontent tion, which consisted of two counts charged, first, world, and very harmless and inoffensive. The and disaffection in the minds of the subjects of our first body of them, emigrating from Germany, settled in Pennsylvania in 1803-4. They then consisted of 160 families, and were soon after joined by 90 families more, The attorney general, in stating the case, observ. ed, that amongst other blessings which the free con lord the king, had published a certain scandalous and malicious libel, reflecting on the king's administra tion of government; and 20, that, intending to excite discontent and disaffection in the minds of the sub. jects of our lord the king against the present administration of public affairs, the defendant ha Mr. Wooller and the Black Dwarf. Published another scandalous and malicious libel, reflecting on the character of lord viscount CastleIn page 344 of the last volume of the WEEK-reagh, and the right honorable George CanningLY REGISTER,We briefly noticed the trials of Mr. The libels, which will be stated in the course of the Wooller, editor of the "BLACK DWARF," for a trial, were set forth at length in the information. pretended libel on lord Castlereagh. We have thought it due to a history of the times and to stitution of England gauranteed to the people, was their own peculiar point and interest, to give the liberty of the press!! But this, like other bles then a place, at length, in this work, as inserted sings, might be abused-it might degenerate into below. licentiousness--and, therefore, it must be confined Mr. Wooller is a very extraordinary man within certain bounds and limits. It was impossi. it is useless to say to those who read his trials be for any man, who desired the real welfare of so. that he has a strong mind and great courage, standing, not to perceive, that without bounds and ciety, if he had an honest mind, and a correct underThe Black Dwarf was first published after limits were assigned to it, the liberty of the press Cobbett left England, and in one of its early would degenerate into licentiousness, and would at numbers that distinguished writer is severely length destroy every blessing which subjects enjoy. lashed for abandoning his country in the time ed under this or any other constitusion. He stated and manner that he did. There is a force and this boldly-it was his firm belief, after much consi energy, fire and spirit, in Wooller's remarks, principle that could not be controverted. What were deration on the subject, and he conceived it was a that never was surpassed; though not so much the proper bounds of the liberty of the press became of argument, as there might be. He is a printer another question-and whether those bounds had by profession, and composes his pieces as he been exceeded, was a subject matter of inquiry for places the types, without any copy before him. the jury, under the direction of the learned judge? Of the first number of the "Black Dwarf," 400 To discuss fairly, freely, strongly and boldly, the copies were sold-of the second 7000, of the of the country, or which that administration were measures that had been taken by the administration subsequent numbers, 12 or 13,000 weekly-and pursuing, was an exercise of the liberty of the press it is now said to have advanced to between 20 which he would be one of the last men to trench and 30,000!-It is well observed of him that upon. But under any form of government, whether he has attacked corruption, "with an iron pen monarchical, democratic or any other description, and brazen front, and bearded the ministry to to impute to those who had the administration of their very face on his trials." The case of the government, wicked and corrupt motives, either of verdict being recorded in the absence of part namely, that of corruption which originat dina desire a pecuniary nature or of another and worse sort, of the jury, in the first trial, and of his acquit- to destroy the constitution of the country-this, h would state, without hazard of contradiction, was af according to the best of their judgment, advise the libel against the government and against the minis-crown as to any legal measures which it might be ters employed in that government, This was not a necessary to adopt they swore that they would honew doctrine; it had been laid down by the most en-nestly and conscientiously perform their duty, withlightened judges that ever sat in that court, at a pe-out favor or affection; and he begged to state, that Fiod too when the constitution was supposed to if any error belonged to the present information, it stand on its fairest and firmest basis-he meant at ought to be visited on his head, for it was entirely his the time of the revolution. It was then stated, by act, perfected without any information being given chief justice Holt, that "to impute corruption to the to his majesy's ministers. He found himself cailed ministers of the government was at all times, and is upon to act as he had done in the fair exercise of still a crime-which if it were not prevented, must his duty-and he felt that he should have neglected endanger the existence of any state." If the present that duty, if he had not filed the information. The publication only reasoned on the general sytem of goinformation charged the defendant with having im vernment, or on the system which it was found ne-puted corruption, and a determination to destroy cessary to pursue for several years, in prosecution of the liberties of the country, to his majesty's minis the war with France, he would have overlooked it. ters.-He should now proceed to read the publica. He was perfectly willing to admit that if a man were tion-and if any man doubted that it imputed those fairly and conscientiously discussing all the measures base motives to the minister, he should fee! great that have been resorted to, and if in the violence of surprise indeed. Certain parts of the publication his argument, he went a little beyond those bounds were selected as libellous-but, if the defendant, by which the law set up for the liberty of the press-referring to the context-by reading the whole of an excuse might be made for the warmth of his feel the article-could explain away that which was ings. He was one of those men, who, in such case, charged as exciting hatred against the government, would not dwell on those aberrations from the strict in the name of heaven let him do it. If the defenline of argument; he would not in consequence of dant could show that he (the attorney general) had them, charge the individual with inflammatory and put a wrong construction on the publication, he seditious views. But, when the whole sum and must of course be acquitted; but he would assert, substance of a statement, charged the government that let the defendant take what part he pleased of of the country with corruption, with treachery, with the article, it would be found to be a direct confir a determination, persisted in for years, to destroy mation of the charge of wickedness and corruption, the liberties of the people, it was no longer a fair which he had alleged against the ministers, emargument on general affairs, it became a malicious ployed in conducting the affairs of the country.libel, imputing to those who were employed in car, [The learned attorney here proceeded to read the rying into effect the measures of the government, the publication. It was entitled, The Past, the Present most wicked and impure motives. If individuals and the Future. It charged ministers with infamous had a right to do this to any administration, they duplicity and treachery, and with the most scandahad a right to do it to all. If they had a right to lous corruption. Ministers (it set forth) had told do it under one form of government they had a right the people that they were fighting the battles of the to do it under all; and, therefore, he stated it as a country, while they were only fighting their own. decided principle, that it was impossible for any They have been induced to fight the battles of legigovernment to exist under such circumstances.timate governments abroad, while ministers were The defendant, in the libel complained of, not only destroying at home that constitution which they accused government with acting corruptly, in the ought to have defended. That constitution which administration of the domestic affairs of this coun-France could not assail, and never wished to injure, try, but asserted that they were equally corrupt, perished ignobly, and without a struggle, amidst with reference to the relations they had formed with the representatives of the people and the guardians foreign states. If, speaking of the justice or wis-of the public purse. Were ministers contented with dom of a war, the defendant is pleased to state, as this or must the people bleed, to appease their hahe had done, that the king's ministers had entered tred of the cause of freedom and reform? If we it for the sole purpose of destroying the liberties of must bleed, we have only to request of them, in the their own country-If he declared, from first to last, words of Ajax, "let us perish in the face of heaven," that they had been guilty of corruption and treach-breathing our appeal to the god of freedom against ery, was not this bringing them into hatred and the agents of tyranny and degradation. We embarkcontempt among the king's subjects? was not this ed in the last war to conquer France, and we have exciting a spirit of disaffection among the people, conquered ourselves. After attempting to overThis was the nature of the libel that was charged and, he asked, whether such a statement could be considered as a fair argument on the wisdom or policy of the measures adopted by government? Was it consistent with the fair liber y of the press? or was it not charging those who were thus attacked with acts, which, if permitted to go on, must be destructive of the constitution and laws of the country. throw freedom abroad, ministers had turned their attention to the destruction of freedom at home.] The learned attorney commented on these passages with much severity. He denied that any attempt had been made against freedom abroad. This country had been forced into a war to check the aggressions of the revolutionary government of France. They had been called upon to defend their own liberty from a foreign yoke-and they were obliged Here, he wished to observe, as there were some to support the nations on the continent which had persons who supposed that those who stood in the been singled as the objects of French ambition, besituation in which he was placed, being, as it was cause through their medium the French governcalled, servants of the crown, were also the servants ment supposed the vital interests of England could of the ministers of the crown, and prosecuted just be most successfully assailed. Every act of aggresas they pleased to direct-that the present prosecusion, throughout the late war-the invasion of tion was entirely bis own act. The idea to which Spain, the attack upon Russia, &c. could be traced he had alluded, was most fallacious. The law off to this source. The libel went to observe, "That cers of the crown, before they were placed in their every man who perished in consequence of the exist situations, called God to witness, that they would, [ing state of things, was virtually murdered-and Cross examined by the defendant. though the law might not reach the authors of his (seen the libel, and believed it related to his majes death, yet the all seeing eye of heaven was fixed ty's ministers in the administration of government. upon them, and vengeance would ultimately over- The word "we" at the commencement of the libel, take them. Ministers had so deeply injured the he understood related to the people of England. people of this country, that they could not be for Wherever the word “ministers” occurred, he believ-. given. Nothing operated so strongly on the feel-ed it related to his majesty's ministers. The exings of the murderer as the spectre of him whom pression "when such men as Castlereagh bribe such he had destroyed-the wounds he had given were a man as Cunning,” applied, in his opinion, to lord constantly present to his view--no eye was turned Castlereagh and Mr. Canning. on him, that he did not consider glistening with! Vengeance-he heard no voice that did not sound Why do you suppose the passages in question terrible to his ear It was thus with ministers and apply to his majesty's ministers?-Because I think The constitution. It lay mangled at their feet-they there are no other persons to whom they can apply. gave it the mortal blow-and now they looked Defendant-Do you think, then, there are no around, dreading the hour of vengeance." The persons in the country who are base and treacherConstitution of England observed the learned attor-pus, except his majesty's ministers? This question ney was dear to every Englishman-and, because it occasioned a loud laugh in the court. ) was dear to him, be charged the present defendant Mr Justice Abbott desired the defendant to put as a libeller, who, by the publication he had read, his question in a decorous manner. endeavored to excite a spirit of disaffection amongst Defendant-I merely want to know on what the people, by which the constitution would be evi-ground the deponent has formed his opinion. I dently endangered. Shall however, only ask him another question.--The second count of information charged the de-Pray, what is your profession?-A conveyancer. fendant with a libel on lord Castlereagh and the. The case for the prosecution closed here. right hon. Geo. Canning This libel stated "that the The defendant then addressed the court at appetite of the ministers, for plunder, seemed to in-great length. He stated that if he were conscious crease, as the finances of the country diminished. of having deserved the observations which the attor When such men as Castlereagh bribed such men as ney-general applied to him, he would not stand beCanning, to become members of the administration, fore the court with the indifference which he then the state of the country was deplorable indeed, did. He only exercised the fair privilege of a pub Such was the unblushing impudence of Camming's lic writer, in using the arguments which he had laid brazen features that dared to sit in an assembly before the public, and he was by no means asham from which he ought to be dismissed with execra ed of them. The present mode of proceeding dif tion. Every petty wretch who committed an offered much from that of the good old times to which fence through distress was punished for it—but the the attorney-general bad referred. At the periods statesman who took advantage of the confidence of to which he alluded, he would have been obliged to a nation, and preyed, like a vulture on its life-blood, come forward and make his charge before a grand · was suffered to escape. When the gibbet was pre-jury to whom he would have been compelled to shew pared for one, the scaffold ought to be got ready sufficient reason for dragging a defendant from his for the other. The wretch who proceeds to acts connections, and shutting him up in prison, prior of violence, for want of food, might be pardoned, to any other proceeding-instead of having re without any great extension of charity-bat the course to the present illegal and unconstitutional willian, from choice, ought to receive condemnation mode of prosecution. without pity, and death without remorse.”) The Mr. Justice Abbott interrupted the defendant.— Tearned attorney commented at length on this part he could not allow him to call the proceeding by in" of the publication. He admitted that, in the abformation illegal and unconstitutional; it was, in stract, some of the general propositions were true; fact, as old as any other part of the law, but they became libellions when applied to particu-] The defendant continued.The proceding was Jar individuals, as was the case here. But it was oppressive and unjust—and would not be pursued an artifice practised by those who wished to agi by any person who was anxious only for the fair ad tate the public mind, to state strongly, certain pro-ministration of justice. Any act contrary to magna positions with which, in the abstract, none could charta or the bill of rights, was not law, and could quarrel, for the purpose of applying them to the not be made law, by any legislator under heaven. detriment of the character of individuals. If they Peeling this, he conceived that he was not proceedbad arrived at that state of society, in which all ed against according to law. He did not stand there this was to be allowed, with impunity if peace of to answer for his principles, but to avow them.mind were to be assaile, without fear-if there Whatever they were, they were his own and nothwere not safeguards for the preservation of charac- ing which he had heard from the attorney-general ter then let the jury pronounce that this was no would occasion him to alter them. The principles libel, and let the court and the country lament, that he espoused, so far from being calculated to cre no man was longer safe in the performance of pub.a e disorder and rebellion, would, he conceived, lic duties. But he anticipated a very different re. prevent them. It was not because the attorney gesult. The publication should be read-and unless neral came and said, that this country had been enthe defendant could explain it away, he was convin-gaged in a war for the benefit of mankind, that he ced that it must be pronounced a most libellous was to take it for granted. His opinion differed in` production. this point from that of the learned gentlemen, and The libel was then read-and a person, of the until he had studied politics as much as he (the de-name of Benjamin Steed, proved that he had receive fendant) had done, he would not take ipse dixit of ed 1,000 numbers of it, from the défendant for pub. the learned gentleman, whose inquiries were en lication. tirely of a legal nature on this subject. It was said Mr. Groome deposed, that the right hon. Robert if he had given bail, he would not have been kept Stewart, commonly called viscount Castlereagh, more than an hour or two from his business. But, was a knight of the garter, and that the right hon. when he felt himself oppressed, he never would George Canning was a privy-councillor. He had bow to his oppressors; it was because men had been |