the only feasible route for a Ship-Canal across and the third Granada, on Lake Nicaragua, the continent. Its northern boundary is an through which a great part of the trade of rregular line running from the Gulf of Fo- the country, via Lake Nicaragua and the nesca on the Pacific, to Cape Gracias a Dios river San Juan, is conducted. It has about on the Atlantic; and its southern a right line 12,000 inhabitants. Managua and Nicaragua extending from the head of the Gulf of Nico- (or Rivas) are both considerable places. The ga, to a point on the Atlantic midway between most important port on the Pacific is that of the mouth of the San Juan and the port of Realejo, between which and San Francisco Matina, in Costa Rica. It has a diversified a valuable trade is springing up. Indeed, it surface, and a soil of unbounded fertility. is very evident that Central America must The great basin of the lakes consists of plains be to California and Oregon what the West and undulating slopes, relieved by high and Indies have hitherto been to our Confederacy. steep volcanic cones, in which may be found Sugar, cotton, coffee, cacao, rice, indigo, toall the productions of the tropics in the great-bacco, maize-in short, all the staples and est abundance. The northern departments, fruits of the tropics—are produced in Nicacalled Segovia and Chontales, are more ele-ragua in the greatest abundance and perfecvated and mountainous, abounding in miner- tion. There are a large number of cattleals, producing many of the fruits of the tem- estates in the country; and hides, with indigo, perate zone, and having an atmosphere com- coffee, and Brazil-wood, form the principal paratively cool and bracing. The Atlantic articles of export. coast, or what is sometimes called the Mosquito Shore, is generally low, and the rain falling during the entire year, it is hot and less salubrious than other portions of the State. It is very sparsely inhabited by Indians of the Charib stock, runaway Negroes from the West India islands, and a squalid brood, a mixture of both. The principal, we may almost say the entire population of Nicaragua, is situated upon the Pacific slope. Here the soil is not only fertile and easily cultivated, but the climate is favorably modified by a variety of causes. There are two seasons, called the wet and the dry: the former commencing about the middle of May, and lasting until the middle of November. During the rest of the year scarcely any rain falls. The temperature is very equable, averaging about 82° of Fahrenheit. There is probably no equal extent of country under the tropics more salubrious, or possessing a more delightful climate. The Constitution of Nicaragua is exceedingly liberal, and the best feeling toward the United States pervades all classes of the people from the highest to the lowest. They are kind and hospitable. The Government consists of a Supreme Director, elected by the people bi-annually, and the Legislative Chambers, consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate,—the latter elected for two years, the former for one. The officers of state are now Don NORBERTO RAMERIZ....Supreme Director. "SEBASTIAN SALINAS.... Sect. of For. Affairs. "PABLO BUITRAGO.......Secretary of War. NARCISSO CHARVARRI... Secr'y of Finances. "JOS TRINIDAD MUNOZ. General-in-Chief. The first Executive officer of San Salvador and of Honduras is styled President. The President of the former is Don DOROTEO VASCONCELOS; of the latter, Don JUAN LINDO. Since the acquisition of California, the project of opening a Ship-Canal through Nicaragua, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, via the river San Juan and Lake Nicaragua, The State is divided into five departments, has not only been renewed, but invested with and has an aggregate population of not far an immediate and practical importance. A from 250,000, residing chiefly in the towns. great number of contracts had previously The principal city is Leon, which is the seat been made for constructing such a work, but of Government (although the Legislative nothing was effected under them. General Chambers meet at Managua), and has a pop- Taylor, upon his election to the Presidency, ulation of from 25,000 to 30,000. The second was deeply impressed with the importance in size is Masaya, which is essentially an In- of facilitating communication between our dian town, remarkable for its manufactures; Atlantic and Pacific territories; and one of the first acts of his administration was to the Royal forces by the Republican army of send a Special Minister to Nicaragua (Mr. Nicaragua, peaceably occupied by the peoE. G. SQUIER), empowered to agree with ple of that State, and, as a part of Nicaragua, that State for the extension of the protection blockaded by the English in 1844-this port of both countries to any Company of Ameri- was wrested from the Nicaraguans in Janucan citizens which should contract, in good ary, 1848, by a British force under the comfaith, to construct the proposed Canal. Such mand of Captain G. C. Loch, of H. B. Majesa contract was entered into by a New-York ty's ship Alarm," and has since been ocCompany, styled "The American Atlantic cupied by English authorities, under the preand Pacific Canal Company," on the 27th of tense of belonging to the so-called Mosquito August, 1849; and on the 2d of September Kingdom. It has not been surrendered to following Mr. Squier signed a treaty with Nicaragua, nor has it been formally ascerthe plenipotentiaries of Nicaragua (ratified tained that British assumptions have been in by the Government of that State on the 27th any degree relaxed in consequence of our of the same month), which provided for the treaty with England above referred to; but neutrality and protection of the Canal. It we are reliably assured that they have been, also provided for the free transit forever of and that the British occupation will soon be the citizens of the United States and their abandoned. property through the territories of Nicaragua, Previous to 1763, Great Britain made some for the entire freedom of all the ports of the pretensions upon the Mosquito Shore,-not, country, and for extending the same liberal however, as protector of any Indian tribes, concessions to all nations which should enter but in absolute sovereignty. These were into the same treaty stipulations. This treaty sweepingly disposed of by the treaties of 1763, was approved by General Taylor, and sent 1783, and 1786, between Great Britain and in to the Senate for ratification; but has not yet Spain, in which the former agrees not only (December 3, 1850) been acted upon by that to evacuate the Mosquito Shore, but to withbody. Subsequently, a treaty was negotiated by Mr. Clayton, Secretary of State of the United States, and Sir Henry Bulwer, Minister of Great Britain, providing for extending the protection of both countries over any route of communication which may be opened across the continent, and also for the abandonment of British territorial pretensions, and the withdrawal of the British establishments, on the coast of Central America. draw her protection from her own subjects who should be so "daring as to presume" to remain there, or "to obstruct the entire evacuation agreed upon by His Britannic Majesty." The length of the proposed line of water communication through Nicaragua is estimated by Mr. Squier, in his report to the Department of State, at 313 miles, as follows: Length of the River San Juan... 90 miles. Length of Rio Tipitapa... Part of Lake Nicaragua to be traversed.110 do. Length of Lake Managua. 18 do. From Lake to Realejo.. ........ 50 do. Total. 45 do. .313 miles. The British pretensions consist in an alleged protectorate over a mixed brood of Indians and Negroes, which have maintained a miserable existence on that part of the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua bearing the geographical designation of the "Mosquito From this must be deducted 25 miles, in Shore," and whom, it is claimed by the Brit-case the line is terminated at the port of Tamish Government, are entitled to be considered arinda. In case it should terminate in the as a sovereign people. They have, however, Gulf of Fonseca, it is possible it would not no written languages, no religion, no laws-be many miles longer than to Realejo. The not a single feature to elevate them above the extent of actual canalization, therefore, would lowest order of savages. Under the pretense be, to Realejo, 120 to 140 miles; to Tamaabove indicated, the agents of Great Britain rinda, 90 to 110; to Fonseca, 100 to 120. have undertaken to fix the limits of the sup- P. S.-Since the above was written, we positious Mosquito Kingdom, as including the learn that the engineer of the Company has entire coast from Cape Honduras to the boun-discovered and surveyed a most favorable dary of New-Granada, a line of more than route from the lake to the Pacific, passing near 800 miles, and extending inward indefinitely. the city of Nicaragua, and avoiding altogethThis preposterous claim, of course, takes in er the Lake Managua and the outlet thereof. the mouth of the river San Juan and the port This route is only twelve miles from Lake to of San Juan de Nicaragua, the only possible Ocean, and requires a cutting of but sixtyAtlantic terminus of the proposed Canal. This eight feet at the highest to cause the water port, which, as we have seen, was occupied of Nicaragua to mingle with that of the Paby the Spaniards as early as 1529, and which cific. The adoption of this route will deciwas subsequently, by royal decree, made a dedly shorten the Ship-Canal, and expedite port of entry, and fortified by the Spanish the passage of vessels from sea to sea. Government, and afterward captured from trust it will soon be accomplished. We 52 Name of Road. RAILROADS IN THE U. STATES. Michigan Central.. Rate per Mile is given to the thousandth part of a cent. Name of Road. Michigan Southern.. Length. Fare. Ra. Mile. Albany and Schenectady...... 17 Millbury and Milford Branches 17 2.00 2.857 8 39 1 62 Appomattax 4.156 Montgomery and West Point.. 68 45 Athens Branch.... Nashua and Lowell.... Atlantic and St. Lawrence.... 47 Naugatuck... Attica and Buffalo..... Auburn and Rochester........ 78 New Bedford and Taunton.... 31 ... 19 Auburn and Syracuse.. Baltimore and Ohio. New Hampshire Central...... 10 Bangor and Piscataqua........ 12 New Jersey... Bath Branch.... 9 New Jersey Central..... Boston, Concord, and Montreal 51 Boston and Lowell.... N. London, Willimantic & Palm. 43 12 Boston and Maine............111 Boston and Providence.... Boston and Worcester. Northern... New York and New Haven... 76 35 69 Bridgewater Branch.. Norwich and Worcester...... 66 Bristol Branch... Old Colony... Brookline Branch. Buckfield Branch... 2.916 Pennsylvania.. Oswego and Syracuse... Buffalo and Niagara Falls. Canal. Peterborough and Shirley.. Camden and Amboy. Cape Cod Branch. Central Georgia.. Central Virginia.. Chemung Pittsfield and North Adams... 20 0 60 3.000 25 Cheshire.. Chicopee Falls Branch.. Portland, Saco, & Portsmouth. 51 34 Clinton and Port Hudson...... 24 Cocheco.... Portsmouth and Concord...... 18 32 Columbia and Philadelphia...., 82 Comac Branch.. 4 0 10 Providence and Worcester.... 43 2.500 Ramapo and Paterson.... Concord... Raleigh.. Concord and Claremont.. Rensselaer and Saratoga.. Connecticut & Passumpsie Riv. 40 Connecticut River... 60 Richmond, Fred'ksb. & Potom. 75 Contoocook Valley.. Rutland and Burlington.......120 Corning aud Blossburg. Saratoga and Washington. 41 Camden Branch.. Salisbury Branch.... Cumberland Valley.......... Saxonville Branch..... Dedham Branch.. 2.631 Reading.... 2.400 Dorchester and Milton Branch. Schenectady and Saratoga... Eastern..... Schenectady and Utica.. Erie.... South Carolina... .136 Erie and Calamazoo. South Shore..... Essex.... Stonington.. Fall River 2.500 Stony Brook.. Fitchburgh.. 2.600 Stoughton Branch. Fitchburgh and Worcester.. Franklin.. St. Lawrence and Champlain.. 15 25 Galena and Chicago....... 2.976 Susquehanna and Baltimore. Georgia.. Tonawanda.. Germantown Branch... 2.500 Troy and Greenbush.. Gloucester Branch... 3.214 Troy and Schenectady. Great Falls and Conway.. 2.222 Utica and Syracuse... Greenville and Roanoke.. Harlem... 2.380 Vicksb'g. Jackson, & Brandon. 60 .117 Harvard Branch... 3 0 15 5.000 Housatonic... Hudson River... 75 1 00 1 333 Vermont and Massachusetts... 69 6 3.030 Weldon and Wilmington......162 Western Lewistown.. Western and Atlantie.. Lexington and Ohio... Westchester and Philadelphia. 32 Lexington & W. Cambridge B. 8 Westminster Branch.. Little Miami.. West Feliciana... Lockport and Niagara Falls. 3.125 West Stockbridge & Pittsfield. 25 Long Island.. Woburn Branch... Lowell and Lawrence... Worcester and Nashua........ 45 Mad River and Erie...... Madison and Indianapolis... Mansfield and Sandusky.. Marblehead Branch....... 4 Mexican Gulf... 27 0 10 0 50 ELECTION RETURNS, BY STATES, CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS, AND COUNTIES. MAINE. PRES. 1848. MASSACHUSETTS. *Gov.-1850. PRES. 1848. PRES. 1944. Co's. Briggs. Bont'l. Ph'ps. Tay'r. Cass. V. B. Clay. Polk. Barnstable 1352 707 390..2015 *02 516..2290 1415 516..3549 2387 1549..3656 Gov. 1850. PRES. 1844. Co's. Crosby.Hub'd.T'b't. Ta'lr.Cass. V. B. Clay. Polk. Aroostook. 664 881 18.. 431 868 106.. 398 907 Cumberl'd.45226111 1243..4797 5989 1745..4483 6367 Berkshire.3510 3162 Franklin... 910 1672 608.. 895 1460 813..1274 1743 Bristol....3893 2270 1677..4840 2170 2832..4872 Hancock...1723 2025 138..2102 2321 247..1938 2697 Dukes.... 187 1657..5393 3535 Essex.....8177 967..4566 5354 Franklin..2585 1857 1173..2133 1206..1887 4395 Hampden.3507 Kennebec..4020 3091 872..5056 2634 151 5190 3585 490 31.. 250 3741..8555 133 4678 1542 1645..2725 81.. 302 2:5 5020..8415 6259 2047 Penobscot.3562 5136 782..3973 4646 1560..3376 4895 Hampshi'e3403 1274 1. York County and 21 towns, &c., in Oxford. Moses M'Donald, Opp., 5173; elected-plurality 490; John Appleton, Opp., 5943; elected-maz, over all 29. 1849 2451 3315 Worcester6577 5105 7295..5827 5058 8343..9359 7562 William Appleton, W., 5839; elected-may, over all 2782; Lot M. Morrill, Opp., 4700; Seth May, F.S., 1274; Sc'g 4.11. 2 towns in Suffolk Co. 16 in Essex, and 7% in Middlesex. Israel Washburn, jr., W., 5412; elected-plurality 1716; William Hebard, Whig, 5652; elected-maj. over all 1,062; Charles W. Upham, Whig, 5&62; no choice-wants 766; Orin Fowler, F.S.Whig.,6860; elected-maj. over all 3530; Co's. Foster.S'ym'r. Boyd. Tay'r.Cass. V. B. Clay. Polk. ...1943 TOTALS 1850, Foster, W.,28,209; Seymom 29,022; Boyd, F.S2,877 1849, Trumbull.27,800; Seymo'r.25,106; Niles.....3,520 1848, Taylor....30,314; Cass....27,046; V.Bu'n....5,005 1844, Clay.....32,830; Polk....29,841; Birney...1,943 (SEE last page for New Hampshire and Rhode Island.) 1383.... 696 1133 ..1503 1479...2130 492 1194....2039 2275 2 846 (with 16th Ward.) 413 255 1064.... 794 1679 1512 2146....4258 4412 19 2100 2121....4322 995.... 979 1731 4691 121333 6...Ward XI..1148. 1583 XII.. 382 421 " XVI..1679 1656 46 XIX.. 98 7. Putnam....... 795 1254 Rockland..... 685 1399 Westchester..3437 9. Orange 3810 8. Columbia.....3796 3791 Dutchess.....5074 5224 .3638 418 Sullivan.......1781 1817 .2607 2823 Ulster.........4053 4632 ...7426 646-1 10. Greene 698 1..3546 3691....3328, 37-48 ..3508 4079....3894 3499 ..5069 5237....435 4880 1..3606 4191....3639 4074 10..1359 2242....1847 1815 4.513 2925....2614 2795 ..3946 4728....4167 4210 11. Albany... 9..6667 7203....6934 5601 Schenectady .-1732 1462 ..1690 1505....1708 1437 12. Rensselaer....5980 5649 45..5413 6242....5251 4903 13. Saratoga.....4326 3938 28..4314 3956....4252 3633 Washington..4185 2781 100..4116 2875....4502 2794 .2041 2430 35..2018 2455....1855 2095 Essex..... ..2318 1636 77..2287 1641....2323 1917 Warren.......1130 1906 137..1125 1915....1052 1631 15. Franklin......1600 1711 10..1595 1717....1433 1357 St. Lawrence.3481 4995 55..3396 5015....3552 4466 16 Fulton......2253 2391 13..2242 2396....1901 1941 4064 119..2820 4107....2373 3488 20. Madison......3378 3441 600..3348 3496....3258 3341 ..4898 4919....5377 1294 3227....5367 5627 2..3636 4021....4172 1434 3170....4626 5303 ..1423 2237....1672 5:34 1363....1739 1964 30 ..2574 2830....2707 1425 155....2968 3488 30 ..4063 4360....4659 2275 1970....4804 4783 12 ..6246 6237....7068 2409 4002....7109 6916 124 ..1703 1470....1716 444 1069....1814 1679 31 3..4815 5274....6241 2929 2685....636. 5618 181 ..4244 3656....4438 1405 2515....4550 4200 119 65..4497 2831....4486 2023 1225....5024 3270 338 22..1844 2110....1941 1221 3..2320 1926....2631 1119 25..1046 1633....1270 618 ..1435 1359....1353 911 4465....3667 6023 1922....1976 1601 36..3552 2..1902 94..2370 1472....1919 2218 410 1002....2612 1998 143 1019....1330 1791 118 974....1524 1501 93 644....4672 6098 468 389....2107 2192 100 3480....2430 3894 690....2868 4346 608 ..2822 3026....2924 1602 1236....2849 3278 85 40..1205 4800....2832 2908 790....3071 4230 205 3..2458 3442....2724 654 2671....2986 3523 111 59..355-$ 4083....3587 1481 2616....4216 4495 243 22..3504 4814....3929 1941 3674....4743 6050 413 55..6720 7095...6032 4816 3585....6983 7717 1144 210..325 3358....2898 2740 1565....3683 3848 1311 58..4032 4742....3655 4254 1134....3771 4382 851 84..4831 5408....4841 4341 2445....5576 6291 712 ..1654 1943....1223 1258 789....1640 2073 154 79..5683 3..2445 93..2203 7.1843 28..4596 946....2378 2358 543 1683....1999 25-18 90 1034....4408 5202 376 61..3796 3791....3567 3690 79%....3933 4046 563 16..1784 2254....1767 1523 1360....2327 2569 124 39..2951 3120....3003 2646 1270....3845 4013 322 25..1851 2103....16-40 1483 862....2056 2110 207 8.1775 2251....1943 2165 728....1791 2592 106 12.4081 4775....4357 3623 1975....4385 5512 243 ..6378 5055....6538 4671 1-443....6873 5611 430 2..3000 1662....2687 1605 1..2684 1611....2889 111 1180....3604 2105 298 40.3175 2745....2782 2295 14..2717 24:25....2828 2080 1313....3100 2589 310 53..2358 2726....2349 2302 43..2344 2312....2402 1722 918....2630 2311 276 29..3855 2677....3603 2556 9..3588 2566....3729 2100 889....3773 2709 210 72..3905 2935....97 3153 20..3893 3159....3848 2627 1272....4568 3669 435 10..3203 3160....2989 3220 16..2986 3240....2789 20-40 1283....3913 5640 435 29..2707 2162....2677 2397 ..2670 2430....2381 1630 1337....2754 2102 442 79..6769 5343....6758 4976 35..6760 49H....7647 2357 3360....6905 5050 415 56..2944 2777....3073 2864 62..3009 2756 ..2604 1236 1677....2743 2634 487 62..4734 3343....4497 3517 7..4497 3512....4207 1628 1911....5612 3407 314 TOTALS. *Including Hamilton county.] 1850, Governor.. Hunt... 214,614; SEYMOUR. 214,352 1849, Hunt...205,034; Lott.............199.134; Tappan.....1,352 Lt. Gov't.. CORNELL 10,695; Church..218,009 | Stevens.. 199,779; Chatfield.. ..204,795; Thoinas..1,417 Can't Com. Blakely.213,894; MATHER.215,102 1848, Taylor...218,583; V.B.120,497; Cass 114,319; G. Smith..2,545 Prison Pus. Baker..208,142; Angel....217,980 1844, Clay.....232,482; Polk. ...237,588; Birney.. 15,812 Cl'kC'tAp SMITH.. 211,029; Benton..217,955 1840, Harrison.225,817; V.Buren .......212,527; Birney... 2,808 Abol.Gov. (Chaplin)3,416. [Candidates in italics nominated by Anti-renters; those in ALL CAPS by N.7.City "Uniorists." LEGISLATURE for 1851.-SENATE: Whigs, Dists. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32-total, 17. Opp, Dists 1, 7, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 26ASSEMBLY: Whigs 82; Opp. 44; F. S. 1; İnd'p't 1. JoisT BALLOT: Whigs 99; all others 61. |