No. 45.-VOL. 7. AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, JANUARY 27, 1826. AGRICULTURE. JOHN HARE POWEL, ESQ., Corres. Sec'ry of the Penn. Agricul. Society: 353 the bulb kind, cultivated in the fields." Again, he have been cut off by the fly; or from drought, or says, "hogs are the most able tasters in all creation; some other unforeseen cause, did not succeed, I stir they will eat nothing that is poor in its nature; a well the ground afresh and sow again. After the ON ROOT CROPS-GROWING-SECURING white turnip they will not touch unless they be on ground is prepared, the labour necessary to bestow on AND APPLYING THEM. the point of starving." a turnip crop, compared with its value, is not worth My hogs, however, were not such epicures; I have mentioning. Sowing, pulling, topping and housing (Communication to the Pennsylvania Agricult. Society.) abundance of proof, that I kept 13 hogs, shoats, comprises the whole. I last year sowed some purand pigs, all last winter, almost entirely on white ple top amongst four acres of corn, broadcast; I turnips; they had no other food besides a bucket presume I had 200 bushels to the acre; what I sold Sir, -My means are too limited to try any expe- full, containing less than a half bushel of rye shorts in market I got 18 to 25 cents for. But supposing riment, except upon a small scale. But perhaps to a hogshead of water, and the sour milk from them to have been worth 10 cents for farm use, my you are willing to admit, that facts may be deve- three tolerable and middling fresh cows. They turnips were of more value than my corn of 40 loped from experiments made on a small one, as were always ready for the turnip, and kept in ex-bushels to the acre, at the price of that article last well as from those made on a large one; that in the cellent condition. Nay, further! the fat hogs fed on year. Some of the turnips weighed 4 lbs., and culformer case, the minutia frequently necessary to corn for five weeks before they were killed, ate tivated and harvested at less than one-fourth the exinsure complete success, would, in all probability, them with avidity, until the day before they were pense of corn. If allowed to arrive at maturity, be attended to; whereas, in the latter, it might with slaughtered. I sometimes chopped up carrots, beets, two men and two boys will pull, top and secure equal probability be overlooked. It may, I believe, and turnips together, to see if a preference was from the frost even in the field, put in heaps of 40 be said of agriculture, the primitive and most im- given. The larger swine ate indiscriminately; the or 50 bushels each, and covered with earth, from 80 portant of all arts, that there is not another single hu- smaller ate the turnips first, perhaps because they to 100 bushels, or more, according to their size; and man occupation, to which the old maxim, that a thing were more easily masticated. My milch cows had still more, if thrown into vaults or cellars, in the once well done is twice done, applies with greater from to bushels per day each, with three or course of a day. force Without trespassing too much on your time, four handfuls of meal, which kept up a flush of milk, The objections made by many, that turnips are I must beg leave to premise, that if in the course and I have at no time had sweeter butter. Now, not worth attending to in an Indian corn country, of my necessarily circumscribed operations in hus- after what I have stated, you will readily conceive because they are a precarious crop, appears to me bandry, I should discover any thing which I might it would be as difficult for the aforesaid writer to to be an unfounded prejudice. Corn, doubtless, is conceive useful and interesting to the community, convince me, that the white turnip is so very an excellent crop, and where justice is done to it, and worthy of communication to the society, I shall poor a thing as he represents, as it was for him to entitled to all those eminent qualities emphatically take good care that I advance nothing that I cannot persuade the generous inhabitants of the Emerald ascribed to it, of "meal, meadow and manure" But support by ample testimony. I have introduced Isle, that nine-tenths of the Irish potato is compos- corn, as well as the turnips, has its enemies, and rethis preface in part, because I apprehend that some ed of "earth, straw and water." Yet this same quires constant attention, from the time it is plantmay appear a little sceptical, on a portion of what writer admits, alluding to the devastation of the ed until the ears begin to appear. I have shown to follows, especially as I have such powerful authori- turnip-fly in England "that if any man could find the best of my judgment and that of others, that ty opposed to me. out a real remedy, and could communicate the where land is capable of producing 40 bushels of Philadelphia county, 1825. My present observations will be chiefly confined means of cure, while he kept the means a secret corn to the acre, that the vacant spaces between to the culture and use of the common field turnip, he would be a much richer man than he who should have yielded 200 bushels of turnips in a favourable the value of which, I apprehend, is not sufficiently discover the longitude, for about fifty thousand far-season. But supposing the turnips fail entirely, appreciated in this country. I have frequently been mers would very cheerfully pay him ten guineas a which is not probable, if the method I suggest be told by farmers, that unless near market, they are year each." adopted, what is there lost in this case but a little lascarcely worth raising, and as to fattening cattle Aye! what would Great Britain do with her nu- bour and a little seed; a consideration, I should hope, with them, that was a thing utterly impracticable. merous flocks and herds, without her turnip crop; too insignificant to deter any husbandman, who Having seen that in England fat beef is made from and this subject, I sincerely believe, is daily becom- studies his interest, from hazarding the experiment. turnips, with very little other food, and beleving ing of more importance to the people of this coun-I believe I have exceeded the usual bounds of a there was the same nutrition in them here as there, try, and to the state of Pennsylvania in particular. communication; permit me, however, to conclude, I resolved to satisfy myself. I, therefore, about the Our population is constantly and rapidly increasing; by recommending the advice of good old Ecclesibeginning of January last, purchased and stalled a manufactures are increasing in the same or greater astes, the preacher, (not only as regards the sowing pair of young oxen, or rather what the drovers would proportion, and wool-growers will multiply in the generally in season, but more particularly as reterm coarse, poor, rough stags. They cost me same ratio. Sheep, of which it is computed there spects the turnip,) who says: "In the morning sow $25. You may judge, by the price, they were no are already about 2,000,000 in this state, are now thy seed, and in the evening withhold not thy hand, great things, as fair store cattle of the same weight decidedly the most profitable stock farmers can for thou knowest not whether shall prosper, either were selling at the same time and place, for 17 to keep. Wool is now brought all the way from the this or that, or whether they both shall be alike 18 dollars per head. I had two bushels of turnips state of Ohio to the Philadelphia market. Let the good." I am, dear Sir, chopped up morning and evening, and three quarts sheep proprietors, then, if they wish to keep their Your most obed't serv't, of ground oats and corn meal, or buckwheat meal, flocks on cheap, succulent and wholesome food, JAMES WILLIAMS. mixed with each mess, which I divided between during the winter months, look to the turnips, althem. In the middle of the day and at night they though the climate of this country may not be so had alterately, oat straw, and corn fodder. In congenial to the growth of this esculent as that of three months and an half they were good beef, but England. I have never found much difficulty in I kept them another month for a better market, and raising a crop, even in unfavourable seasons. The the latter end of April turned them out to pasture plan that I adopt and recommend is this: if, for inwith the cows, still feeding them night and morning, stance, I wish to sow three or four acres, I begin Massachusetts, Jan. 16, 1826. but more sparingly. On the 25th of May, I sold early in the season, and prepare half an acre or Mr. Fessenden-I observed in your paper of Frithem for $70.20, which was six dollars per hundred. more, according to the state and appearance of the day last a communication addressed to the Editor A steer fattened by Mr. John Risden, at Hopkins' weather; as soon as the ground is well ploughed of the American Farmer, by Mr. Barton, giving an ferry, near Holmesburg, was slaughtered at the and harrowed, I immediately sow whilst fermenta- account of his experiments to ascertain the value of same time, and was put up about the same time that tion is at work; this is of more importance than cob-meal in fattening cattle, &c. His results differ mine were. His was fattened on 2 quarts of In- many people imagine. Always sow and plant on so much from the experience of my neighbours and dian meal, about bushel potatoes, and as much fresh ground, if possible. I then run a roller over, if myself on this subject, that I am induced to state to good clover hay as he could eat per day. There the ground is not too wet, to press the seed to the you my own observations on its effects. I have used was very little difference in the quaity of the meat; earth, which I also consider of consequence, as ve- cob-meal during this and the last winter for my indeed I believe they would have commanded the getation will more speedily ensue. I would also horses, and in fattening my oxen and hogs. Mr. B. same price at the shambles-and look at the dif advise that a harrow should be run over the seed observes that his cattle were never cloyed with it; ference of feed. The quarters waghed as follows: before the roller, as it may give the plant two my own have been so much so, as in many instances One Stag, 605 lbs.-git fat, 65 lbs. chances against its most formidable enemy, the fly. to refuse to eat it for several days together, and I I fancy it has been pretty clearly ascertained that am inclined to think, they are as likely to be cloyed this seed will bear a deep covering. I generally with it, as winter oats and corn meal. One do. 565 Mr. Risden's Steer, 650 do. 60 do. 75 FROM THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. This establishes the fact, I think, that there is sow about 14 lbs. per acre In two or three days, I fattened four hogs killed in Dec. last, which some virtue in a white turnip, alhough a celebrated or as soon as convenient, and the weather permits, together weighed more than 1600 lbs., and were unwriter, in eulogizing his favorite plant, the ruta I prepare another half acre or more, and so on to commonly fine pork. They were fed entirely with baga, contemns it as the "porest of all roots of the end. If, perchance, any particular sowing should cob-meal excepting for 2 or 3 weeks, when they No. 45.-VOL. 7. were kept upon oats and corn-meal, but they did which has often given 27 quarts.-When visiting dent. Every member of the Agricultural Society not eat the latter with a better relish nor fatten the Chalais of Gruyere in Switzerland, thirty years who desires to know, by a view of it, the name and faster upon it than upon cob-meal; and that not ago, I have there seen numerous herds of cows, properties, and suitable soil for any particular grass, scalded or boiled by which it would have been which yielded from 60 to 64 quarts of excellent milk has only to consult this work. greatly improved; this agrees wholly with the expe- each every day. Some time after when visiting the We shall copy very freely from it for the Ameririence of my neighbours. establishment of Mr. Chabert, the director of the can Farmer. For the present, we have space only With respect to my horses, I give them no other veterinary school of Alfort, I saw the same species for the following curious tables.] provender than cob-meal, mixed with straw and salt of animal affording, upon a soil far inferior to the A certain quantity of food will keep an animal hay cut fine-and this keeps them in very good order. former, as much as three buckets or 12 gallons of for a great length of time, without increasing or diOn the whole I have a favourable opinion of cob-milk, and never less than 8 gallons every day. minishing its weight in any sensible degree; but if meal for the above purposes. It has beeen recomMr Chabert, in his publications, said that he had the quantity of food be sufficiently augmented, unmended by some as excellent for puddings, but cob- observed that cows, fed in the winter upon dry sub- der favourable circumstances, the animal becomes puddings must be too meagre a diet for J. B. stances give less milk than those which are kept fat, and its weight consequently increased. We upon a green diet, and also that their milk loses have no means, however, to ascertain the exact much of its quality. He published the following re-proportions of food required for these two purposes ceipt, by the use of which his cows afforded him an distinctly; for it depends not on the quantity and Mr. Editor-Being desirous of promoting the in equal quantity and quality of milk during the winter quality of the food alone; the age of the animal, terest of agriculture, we, the undersigned, having as during the summer.— -Take a bushel of potatoes, and its exposure to heat or cold, are also concerned recently assembled on the farm of Mr. George Fitz- break them whilst raw, place them in a barrel stand- in the process. It is likewise evident, that of two burg, with an intention of viewing the operation of ing up, putting in successively a layer of potatoes animals of the same breed or variety, the one will various ploughs, and of ascertaining by actual ex- and a layer of bran and a small quantity of yeast in frequently acquire a much greater weight of flesh periment, the power of propelling these ploughs, the middle of the mass, which is to be left thus to in any given length of time than the other, though have thought proper to send you this communica- ferment during a whole week, and when the vinous both shall have been fed on the same kind of food, taste has pervaded the whole mixture, it is then and in all other respects treated equally The nu tritive powers of the food cannot therefore be de tion. ANGULAR BALANCE PLOUGH. accuracy. We have correctly ascertained the power of pro-given to the cows, who eat it greedily. pelling ploughs, by a new invention of Mr. Stephen The inhabitants of Pensacola own thousands of termined absolutely, even by these means, though M'Cormick, called the Angular Balance, the con- cows, yet I know no place where milk is so scarce: the comparative merits and value of the different struction of which is very simple, and the power of Is it not possible to remedy that scarcity, by the use breeds or varieties of animals are thereby fully propelling ploughs, may be ascertained with minute of the above, as a winter food for the cows? But, as ascertained; for it is manifest, that it is not the debran is never seen here and as the Irish potatoes, ficiency of nutritive matter in the food, but want of The experiments were made with ploughs, in va- so named, are too dear for the purpose, I would power in the animal to profit by it. rious soils, and completely to our satisfaction, and The results of the numerous valuable experiwe are decidedly of opinion that the newly invented Propose the following alterations to the receipt. Take any quantity of sweet potatoes, break them, ments made by order of the late illustrious Duke of patent plough, made by Mr. Stephen M'Cormick, the finer the better, have an equal quantity of corn Bedford, to prove the relative value of the different surpasses any implement of that kind that has ever or peas or both together, or rough rice when cheap, breeds of sheep and oxen, place the truth of the come under our observation. As to the simplicity boil them and mix them quite hot with the raw po- above remarks in a clear light. I may be permitof its construction, the facility with which it may be tatoes, no yeast will be necessary, inasmuch as the ted, therefore, to quote from Mr. Young's "Annals worked; and as to its durability, we think we should sacharine particles of the sweet potatoes will pro- of Agriculture," the results of one of these experibe justified in declaring, that it is inferior to no duce the vinous fermentation and be much more ments, which was made on six oxen. plough that we have ever seen in that respect. JOHN G. KIRBY, The following is Mr. M'Cormick's description of his [Pensacola Gazette. ON GRASSES. 1797, to December 10, 1798, made by order of the late Duke of Bedford productive of milk than the other kind of potatoes. One fourth part cotton seed, still fresh or out of a "An Experiment on Six Oxen, from November 16, mass where they have begun to ferment and thus prevented from becoming dry will very well replace any of the other grain above mentioned. In Switzerland where chestnuts are extremely abundant, Its excellence consists more particularly in the sim- they make use with equal success of a similar preplicity of its construction, and from the experiments paration, in which that fruit forms the principal inmade by those gentlemen, (and manifestly to their gredient. satisfaction,) it can be drawn with much less labour to the horse, which is an important consideration with farmers. This plough is not subject to be clogged with the soil or any vegetable matter, and [THERE is no subject, connected with the imcan be changed without any inconvenience or delay provement and prosperity of American agriculture, of time, to suit different soils, or the strength of the that opens so wide a field for investigation as does teams. The mould board contracts or expands by the inquiry into the history, culture and nutritive turning the cross-piece near the heel of the plough, properties of the various grasses, which are suitable which is made of iron, having a screw at each end for permanent pasture and for hay. Whilst there on the principle of the screw auger. are several hundred varieties, capable of being easiThe share is welded to the bar, and is confined ly cultivated, and of more or less value, according at the bottom of the mould-board near the point by to the objects for which they are designed, the soil a catch, which passes through the share and per- on which they are to be sown, the general impresmanently confines it. This plough requires only sion is, that there are but some half dozen; and the one brace, which acts in the most powerful manner, knowledge and comparative value even of these, is and is under the control of only one screw. The very limited-such as has been afforded by mere bar is protected by a piece of cast-iron with two chance and untested tradition, and slight observaedges, and is riveted or screwed to the same. When tion without actual experiment. A work, thereone edge is worn out, turn the other over, and it fore, which should be the result of actual and refurnishes a new one; and when that edge becomes peated experiments, had become a desideratum, and useless, a new piece can be obtained for twenty-five has been supplied in the "Hortus Gramineus Wocents. The plough may be worked without a coul-burnensis; or, an Account of the Results of Experiter, to suit the fancy of the purchasers. But the ments on the produce and nutritive qualities of differmould-board is so constructed as generally to do ent Grasses and other Plants used as the food of the away the necessity of a coulter. Frederericksburgh Herald. EXTRAORDINARY COWS. SIR-In your Gazette of the 26th November last, more valuable Domestic Animals, instituted by John, we see that at Worcester cattle show, the Governor cultural library-thus doing the office of a gene Food taken Food con Food weight Live given. Offal. back, or sumed. hay 3090 422 2668 438 450 81 2636 14 2 14 19 1 0 4 2 14 32 4424 174 4324 hay 3030 375 2655 16 2 0 19 3 0 3 1 0 hay 447 358 2652 Live weight Live The oxen were weighed on the day that they of Massachusetts has offered for exhibition a cow, rous patron, whilst he refuses to be called its presi- were put up for expeiment; the food that was given --་་ If the weight of nutritive matter which the chemi-weight of flesh which that food was capable of eal process shews these different species of food to forming under such circumstances, with the differ contain, be now compared with the weight of flesh ence only of 38 lbs. in 2058 lbs. which the different oxen gained from it, the comparison will manifest the superior utility of this new mode of investigating the nutritive qualities of the food of these animals. RURAL ECONOMY. to them daily, was likewise weighed, and the refuse of nutritive matter they afford, which is in propor- at the least, their last hours embittered by alarming or offal was taken back, and its weight ascertained. tion to the size of the roots, or according as their apprehensions as to the fate of those children. The hardly any thing could be more satisfactory than texture is solid or spongy: the largest roots contain immediate causes of this misery are usually visible this mode of conducting the experiment. | proportionally the least quantity of nutritive matter, enough; but, the distant cause, the root of the evil, The Devon ox, (No. 4,) on a less weight of food, and the middle sized the greatest. These are is seldom so clear before us, and is generally hidden gains 185 lbs. of flesh more than the Hereford ox, minute circumstances in experiments on a small from the parents themselves even more closely than (No. 2:) but suppose that the difference of the breed scale, but when conducted on a large scale, they from the rest of the world. should have had much influence in this instance, become objects of magnitude. A nearer coinci The whole congregation of animated nature tell the difference between the two Devon oxen, (No. 3, dence between the results of the two modes of ex- us with united voice, that it is the province of age and 4,) is very striking; for though the weight of periment for the respective oxen, could not there- to give instruction to youth, of the experienced to food consumed by each is nearly equal, the latter fore be expected; but the total weight of flesh teach the inexperienced, and especially of the pagains 154 lbs. of flesh more than the former. View-gained in this experiment, nearly agrees with the rent to train up the child. The lioness after having the results of this experiment, therefore, merely weight of nutritive matter contained in the food ing suckled her whelp, then brings it nourishment as a test for proving the comparative degree of consumed by the oxen. The weight of the differ- suited to its more advanced age, and leads it forth by nourishment contained in these several species of ent kinds of food consumed, amounts to 20,656 lbs., degrees in search of its prey. The wren, having food, and not as a proof of the relative value of the which being of a middle quality, as assumed in the hatched her brood, first brings them their meals in respective breeds of animals, (for which this experi- foregoing calculations, affords, by the chemical pro- her bill, then shows them how to peck, next how to ment was made, and fulfilled the intention,) we could cess, (see the Table,) 2020 lbs. of nutritive matter. take their flights, and, lastly, where to seek their arrive at no satisfactory conclusion; because it still The total weight of flesh gained, is 2058 lbs. food and how o provide for their security. Here remains to be proved, whether another individual It is therefore evident, that if the weight of nutri- the duties of these irrational parents cease, and, of the same breed as the ox, (No. 4,) might not have tive matter contained in the various kinus of food with them, perhaps, ali recollection of the ties of gained a greater proportion of flesh from the same employed in this experiment, had been previously consanguinity Not so with min. Here the ties weight of food as was consumed by the latter. ascertained as above, it would have shewn the continue, or ought to continue, in full force, and to be broken asunder only by the band of death We all know and acknowledge, that it is of the greatest importance to both parties, that children should receive good advice and instruction from parents. Train up a child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will not depart from it." Pkov. ch. xx. v. 6. Indeed, without the instruction of parents what are children? Little better than wild animals But, to be able to instruct, you must find in the child a disposition to listen to instruction; MR. SKINNER-1 have been requested to ask for in-and, to be aided by this disposition you must have |formation respecting a simple machine which is said the deep-rooted affection of the child; and, to be to be used in the vicinity of Lynchburg, Va. in spin-deep-rooted, it must have been implanted at an ning yarn and m king cotton bagging. No mode early age. The days of the rod soon pass away. occurs to me, by which I could more readily obtain Law, interest, force of one kind or another, may the desired information, toan application to you, restrain for a season; but the power of these has with a request, that through the medium of your its end; and then, if there be not filial affection, the very useful and widely circulating journal, you will foundation of which is deeply laid in the breast, the make known the wish of a distant subscriber. The parent has no power. Even the brightest example particular machine which has been mentioned to me loses half its force, if unsupported by this a fection. is owned by a Mr. Cundit, near Chambless' store, This being, then, an object of such vast importwithin 40 miles of Lynchourg. There are perhaps ance, ought we to neglect any of the means necesothers of the same construction, in that neighbour sary to the securing of it? Ought we to neglect any hood and in other parts of the country. A single of those duties on which our own happiness as well person spins with this machine, warp sufficient for as that of our children so mainly depend? Ought 60 yards bagging in a day, at least so I am told. If we to neglect those things which are manifestly calsome one of your subscribers or correspondents culated to make our children always listen to us would so describe the machine, that it could be ea- with attention and respect, and to yield us cheerful sily understood, I should be most thankful. And obedience? What to parents are, or at least ought although I could not hope to have the opportunity to be, all other enjoyments, compared with those of reciprocating the individual favour which would which arise from the love of their children towards be thus conferred, yet would I be the willing instru- them? ment of rendering to another a similar service, Yet, we are not to expect this love without deshould the person conferring the favour on me, con- serving it; without doing those things which are sider the mode of discharging an obligation, sanc- calculated to inspire it and keep it alive. This love tioned by the practice of the great Franklin, a suf- is of a nature very different indeed from that which ficient return of his kindness. 0 6 0 0 | 2655 turnips | 129 125 4344 oil-cake 119 7 0) 1652 turnips | 129 0 0 3 1 12 2 14 0 1 26 127 67 9 10 2636 turnips | 130 hay 442 oil-cake 121 432 oil-cake 118 12 0) 101 15 S 0 18 4 2 14 1 0 0 3 1 9 2 3 18 0 1 19 | 2669 turnips | 132 0 5 2 3 12 3 1 0 0 1 10 lbs. oz. dr. cwt. qrs. lbs. cwt. qrs. lbs cwt. qrs. lbs. 1 24 ceeds the flesh. in which the nu- tritive matter ex in which the nu ex ceeds the flesh. ( tritive matter. exceeds the nu- exceeds the nu in which the flesh. 0 17 COTTON BAGGING—INQUIRY. Jonesborough, Tenn. Jan. 3, 1826. Most respectfully yours, D. A. DEADERICK. LADIES' DEPARTMENT. THE UNNATURAL MOTHER. we feel towards those not connected with us by ties of blood: they arise from sources wholly dulerent, The latter is inspired by a look or a sound; the former must have habit, and early habit, too, to insure its existe..ce in a degree that can render it a motive of action. There is nothing in the form or the features or voice or motion of the parent to awaken or preserve love in the child. To possess this, therefore, there must be a series of the kindest fore the child can speak, and never ceasing but acts on the part of the parent, beginning even bewith the parent's latest breath. To say to a son, Or all the sorrows known to mankind how large do not tell him this, you may as well hold your I am your parent, is very little. If his own heart of the experiment quoted, no mention is made. a portion, and those sorrows, too, of the most acute, tongue. Likewise, some linseed cakes are much more nutri- arises from a deficiency of affection in children totive than others; I have found them to vary from wards their parents! We daily see fortunes, the fruit ent, and are to be treated in a manner suited to Children are born with dispositions widely differ67 to 132 grains, in every 480 grains of cake. of the industry and care of ages, squandered in a those dispositions. But, one thing is applicable to Those cakes which had the brightest texture when single year. We see fathers and mothers reduced all cases; and that is, that every child ought to be newly broken, afforded the most nutritive matter. to beggary, or made wretched during the half of treated with as much kindness and indulgence as is The common field turnips also differ in the quantity their lives, by stubborn and profligate children; or, compatible with its own good, and that parents foregoing com parisons, is the quality of the hay, or the kinds of grasses that composed it; of which, in the account have no right to follow their own pleasure or and ruin; is she more unnatural, is she, indeed, for his toils and his cares, as a compensation for the amusements, if, by following them, they neglect nearly so unnatural as the mother who, without numerous troubles and anxieties of life. But I aptheir children. They have brought them into the these strong temptations, without any temptation at peal to the husband and father, whether that object world by their own choice; and, having done that, all, other than those of the most gross or most sor- has ever, at any stage of life or under any circumit is their first duty to watch over their infancy with did description, exposes her infant to die a linger- stances, appeared so charming in his eyes as in incessant care. They are not to shift those cares to ing death, to imbibe disease and feebleness instead those moments when met by the lips of his child, others. These are duties not to be performed by of health and strength; who lets out to hire or dries and whether his wife was ever so close to his heart deputy; or, if they be, let not the parents complain up the fountain from which God and nature say as when smiling on the babe at her breast, if the child's affection follow the performance of the her infant is to draw the means of existence and of duties. vigour. If this be the case with regard to those duties The baseness of the banishing mother is equal to which may, without any positive violation of the her cruelty. The creature on whom she inflicts laws of nature, be performed by deputy, what are certain suffering and probable death, is wholly helpwe to say of that species of neglect, or, rather, that less. He has no friend, no defender, no protector, species of parental cruelty, alluded to in the words no one to plead his cause. 'The callow mouse or of my text! If "even the sea-monsters draw out the naked bird is not so friendless. No? Has he the breast and give suck to their young ones," no father? None; for that man is unworthy of the what are we to think of those mothers, and mothers name, who can suffer so foul, so base an act of inpretending to religion too, who cast off their chil- justice. Before the babe can be banished from its dren to draw the means of life from a hireling birthright, father, mother, kindred, all must be base. breast? Look at its little hand, not so big as the top of your In an act of this sort there are injustice, cruelty, thumb; its fingers the size of straws; hear its voice baseness, grossness, and all in the extreme degree smaller than the softest sounds of the lute; see it The mother's milk is the birthright of the child. turning for the means of life to the limpid and pure It is his by nature's decree. Nothing can supply stores formed by nature; stand by while its little its place. It is a physical impossibility to find mouth is taken thence and placed at the nauseating another breast precisely suited to his age, his appe- hired mess, and then add hypocrisy to cruelty by tite and constitution. Indeed, without his own calling yourself its father! breast, he is but half a child. Besides, even if And what is the motive to the commission of this another breast be found to supply, in some measure, unnatural crime? For what reason is it that the rich the place of that of which he has been defrauded, mother deprives her child of his birthright? Can it must be to the injury of another. Another must she give any? Dares she give any? The motives be ousted from his birthright to make room for the are two in number; the one, that her beauty may interloper. There must be two castoffs; two viola- not suffer from the performance of her most sacred tions of the law of nature; two unnatural mothers. duty; the other, too gross, too beastly to be named, What must she be who can cast off her own child, except within the walls of a brothel. Let it be oband, for hire, transfer her breast to another; and, served, however, that as to the first motive, it is what must she be, then, who, without any tempta- pretty sure to fail, if beauty be valued on account tion, other than her own gross propensities, can of its power over the husband. For, the flame of commit her child to the care and the breast of such love being past, the fire is kept alive by nothing a hireling! so effectually as by the fruit of it; and what beThe cruelty of such a transaction scarcely admits comes of this, if the child be banished to a hireling of adequate description. To inflict pain unjustly is breast? Of all the things which attach husbands to cruelty; and, what pains are not inflicted on these wives, that make the chain bright as well as strong, banished children! He who is the most fortunate; is the frequent, the daily, the almost hourly conhe who gets the breast, is compelled to swallow templation of that most beautiful and most affecting what nature did not design for him. Ailments, suf- and endearing of all sights, the infant hugged in ferings, torments of every kind assail even him, the mother's arms and clinging to her breast. The while, at the same time, he has no mother's care to prophet Isaiah, in announcing the promise of God alleviate his sufferings. But, what becomes of the to his people, has recourse to the figure of mother child of the hireling? He has neither mother nor and child: "Then shall ye suck, ye shall be borne breast. He is left to take his chance on food wholly upon her sides and be dandled upon her knees." unfit for him; and is, in fact, exposed to die, for the Those who drive from their boson.s the fruit of sake of the money for which his birthright has been their love, drive away the love also, or, at least, the sold! And, is this tolerated, or winked at, by that best guarantee for its duration. She who closes code of laws, which hangs the girl, whose dread of the fountain of life against her offspring is not a shame and reproach induces her to put an end, at mother, and is only half a wife. It is not the exteonce, to the life of the result of her amours? The rior of that fountain that is the real cause of its becrime, in this case, is more shocking than in the ing an object of admiration. The prophet Hosea, other; but, is the wickedness greater? If we take in calling for a curse on the desperately wicked, exthe motives, in the two cases, fairly into view, we claims: "Give them, O Lord; what wilt thou give shall see that the heart of her, who destroys her them?" He hesitates here, as it were to consider, new-born babe, though that heart must be hard and to think of something peculiarly mortifying and enough, may be less flinty than that of her who degrading, and then proceeds: "Give them a misbanishes her infant from her breast, in the one case carrying womb and dry breasts!" This curse, this for the sake of money, and, in the other case, for degradation, the unnatural mother voluntarily inpurposes too gross, too filthy, to be named. flicts upon herself; and, in doing this, she breaks in It is a crime, and a crime which the law justly sunder the strongest tie that holds to her the heart and invariably punishes with death, or with some of her husband. Let the most beautiful woman in thing little short of death, to expose an infant to the world be placed before a man of twenty-two; the manifest hazard of perishing. And, is not every see him aying in love for her; give him to know of infant thus exposed that is robbed of its mother's a certainty that her breasts will be always dry; a milk? And, shall such robbery be regarded as no train of disgusting ideas rush through his mind, erime at all? If an infant die from wilful exposure and he, if not the grossest of mankind, is cured in a to wet or cold, is not the act of exposure deemed moment. (To be continued.) [December,.. 9 48 34 4 7-10 2 1-10 0 5-10 1 4-10) 996335 1 Weather generally mild. commenced. On the 13th, green corn in market. On the 2d, water-melons ripe; 3d, musk-melons; 18th, grapes. On the 9th, white frost. 2 Latter part of the month cold, with high winds; very dry and severe on fall grain. 5 Generally, cold and stormy. stroyed, much glass broken. &c. de 1825. Greatest cold. | Greatest heat. Medium temperature at 1 o'clock. Depth of rain. Number of days on which rain fell Number of days which snow fell, GENERAL OBSERVATIONS, murder, and is not the guilty party put to death, It is the interior and not the exterior of the feand that, too, with the approbation of all mankind, male breast; it is the thought, and not the sight, that who, on such occasions, have no pity for the unna makes the charm. The object of which we are tural mother? But, is she actuated by the fear of speaking is delightful from first to last. It is one of the displeasure of parents, by the dread of shame the things which God has given to man as a reward nearly; being 7 5-15 warmer than 1824. 19th July The temperature for the year at 12 o'clock, 63° the warmest day, thermometer 97. On the same the inventors or the world; at present the law granting unto your petitioner, his heirs, adminisday the mercury stood higher in Paris, than on any grants a monopoly to the inventor for a limited trators or assigns, the full and exclusive right of other in the year. The season throughout warm, time, provided the art, invention, discovery, or ma-making, constructing, using and vending to others fruitful, and remarkably healthy; neither fly, smut, chine, be truly explained, deposited and recorded, to be used, his said improvement, (art, invention, nor rust, disturbed the farmer. Harvest commenc- for the benefit of mankind, when the time limited machine, manufacture or composition of matter, &c.) ed, generally, about twelve days earlier than in has expired; and the patent is not only an evidence agreeably to the acts of Congress in such case made 1824. Very few sudden changes of temperature. that the inventor has formally confided his secret and provided; your petitioner having paid thirty We had abundance of spinach, fit for use in Febru- to the publick, but also a declaration of the pro- dollars into the treasury of the United States, and ary and March. The Rosa multiflora remained tection of the right from infringement: neverthe- complied with other provisions of said acts. perfectly green all winter; and the most tender less, of the infringement of the right, by others, a A. B. PATENTS. kinds of grapes were uninjured, although exposed jury of the country is only competent to decide. The specification or description of the machine, during the whole year. December 23d was the As it can be mathematically demonstrated that art, discovery, or invention, must be given in clear coldest day--thermometer at 9°. The whole depth no human invention can produce a machine capa- and specific terms, designating it from all other inof rain which fell during the year, 2 feet 9 6-10 ble of undiminished power, or power regenerating ventions, and describing the whole in such a maninches-average for each month 24 inches. itself, and forming what is called a perpetual mo- ner, as to comprehend not only the form and con[It is much to be regretted that we cannot get tion, an operative model will be demanded for every struction, (if a machine,) but also the mode of using from each state, an annual table similar to the such attempt, before a patent can be granted: the same; and if it be only an improvement on a above.-ED. AM. FAR.] otherwise no proof can be given of its being what certain machine already invented by the applicant its name designates, and for which a patent is de- or any other, it ought to be so mentioned or describmanded. It is hoped this will prevent many inge-ed; and as this specification, description, or schenious, but unlearned men, from attempting what dule, enters into and forms part of the patent, it the scientific know to be impossible. Some set out must be without any references to a model or drawby searching, through levers and large wheels, to ing, and must be signed by the applicant or appliincrease power; forgetting that this is to diminish cants, before two witnesses. It is material that this velocity-then they multiply and diminish the pow-be in good language, and correctly written, as it is whence they set out thus it is considered as an will be deposited in an office, that will hand them er to give velocity; this brings them to the point transcribed into the patent, and the original papers axiom in mechanics, that to increase power is to down to posterity; by which the honour of the diminish velocity, motion or action, and vice versa. country is concerned in this attention. The modest They must also consider that man, in all his opera-inventor will, no doubt, exclude those panegyrics tions, works against gravity and friction. A perpe- on the excellence of his invention or discovery, tual motion is therefore only considered as a perpe- which abound sometimes in the productions of the tual notion; and ought never to be attempted till inferior genius, but which ought not to enter into the sun rise in the west! the patent. [We are glad of the opportunity to record the following, believing that it may save much trouble and expense to inventors, authors, &c.] Patent Office, March 5, 1811. Having the honour of directing or superintending the important duties of issuing patents ior arts and inventions, I have thought it a duty to my fellow citizens to publish a few lines of information, to facilitate the mode of acquiring patents, by which many may be enabled to dispense with long jour nies to the seat of government, or troubling their friends with a tedious correspondence. Viewing with astonishment the inventions of my countrymen, I cannot contemplate them without being impressed with the idea that no nation on earth surpasses them in genius. Even the unlettered inhabitants of the forest have perfected inventions that would have done honour to Archimedes; and I reproach myself for not having published, long ago, a few directions how to proceed in securing the advantages of the efforts of their talents. will be found in the second volume of the laws of taken [before a judge of any of the courts, or a In applying for a patent, it is necessary to attend MODE OF APPLICATION. County of State of FORM. } of $8. (mention here the object or inten -, and that he is a citizen of the Uni Before an application be made for a patent, I would advise the inventor to examine well the Dictionaries of the Arts and Sciences, the Repertory of the subscriber, a Justice of the Peace, in and for 182, before the Arts, and other publications that treat of the the said county, personally appeared the aforenamed mechanic arts, to endeavour to ascertain if the inA. B. and made solemn oath [or affirmation] accorvention be new; also to make inquiry, of scientific Everyt inventor, before he presents his petition ding to law, that he verily believes himself to be characters, whether or not the invention or disco-to the Secretary of State, signifying his desire of the true and original inventor or discoverer of the very be practicable. These previous inquiries will obtaining a patent, shall pay into the treasury of art, [machine, invention, or improvement, composisometimes prevent great trouble, and save the ex- the United States thirty dollars, for which he will tion of matter, &c.] above specified and described, pense of much time, labour and money; for a pa- be furnished with duplicate receipts, one of which for tent does not confer rights where just claims do he shall deliver to the Secretary of State, when he tion) not exist; and as there is at present no discretiona- presents his petition; and the money thus paid shall ted States. ry power to refuse a patent, even where no just be in full for the sundry services to be performed Just. Peace. claim exists, it may appear proper to caution the in the office of the Secretary of State consequent If not a citizen (or citizens,) the following addipurchaser of patent rights against the supposition to such petition. This petition must be addressed tion must be made to the declaration: "that he vethat the invention patented, is always valuable or to the Secretary of State, and may be in the folnew, or that it interferes with no previous patent. lowing, or in a similar style: The respectable names of the President, the Secre- To the hon. tary of State, and Attorney General, are requisite to give validity to a patent; but ought never to be The petition of A. B. of considered as an evidence of the originality or utility of the invention. The issuing of patents is grounded, not only on a desire to promote the progress of the useful arts, but also to prevent the loss of valuable secrets; for many have been buried: with the inventors, previous to the organization of or composition of matter, or any new and useful im- legal representatives may apply for the patent, in this system of protection for the property of talent, provement in any art, machine, manufacture, or com-trust for the heirs at law; otherwise in trust for the mind and genius. Formerly the arcana of any pro- used before his application," the advantages of not known or devisees.t fession were withheld from the tyro; his initiation was gradual and secret, and the caution with which which he is desirous of securing to himself and his good drawing, in perspective, of the whole maThe specification must be accompanied by a inventors worked, to prevent the infringement of legal representatives; he therefore prays that let-chine or apparatus, "where the nature of the case unprotected rights, confined many important in-ters patent of the United States may be issued, admits of drawings, or with specimens of the inventions to limits too narrow to materially benefit Except in the cases of interfering claims, till such claims have been settled by reference, according to the 6th section of the Law, vol. 2, p. 204. of fully represents: United States: Secretary of State of the and state of That your petitioner has invented a new and rily believes himself to be the true and original inventor or discoverer of the art, &c. *And that the same hath not to the best of his (or her,) knowledge, or belief, been known or used either in this or any foreign country." "Also, that he (or she,) hath resided in the United States for two years and upwards." It is not necessary that the time of residence should immediately precede the application. useful improvement [“or§ art, machine, manufacture tate before an application be made for a patent, his If any inventor or discoverer should die intes * Oliver Evans' was among the number. † See Laws of the United States, vol. 2, chap. xi. sec. Notes of the Bank of the United States. gredients, and of the composition of matter, suffi- |