so much so, that the dung is reduced one-half or country, it will be abandoned hereafter for cotton, Nine-tenths of the cows, and many of the bulls, two-thirds in weight; and the principal elastic mat- as infinitely preferable to any thing we have yet which have been imported from Liverpool, were ter disengaged, is carbonic acid with some ammo- tried. This is our first year of experiment in the purchased from mere cow-keepers, whose purposes nia; and both these, if retained by the moisture in latter article. Our crops are nearly in, and although do not require attention to the value of the offspring, the soil, are capable of becoming an useful nourish- the most unfavourable season ever known, the re- and of course, who cannot be led to give the high ment of plants. sult has fully equalled our most sanguine expecta- prices, which fine breeding cattle of various descripBesides the dissipation of gaseous matter when tions. It was doubted by many whether the season tions always command. fermentation is pushed to the extreme, there is was not too short to mature the cotton, and liable I should like to know, by whom the bull CŒLEBS another disadvantage in the loss of heat, which, if to be cut off by the frost; but on this point we are was bred, by whom FLORA was bred, and I might excited in the soil, is useful in promoting the ger- now perfectly satisfied Even after frost, there is inquire by whom any, or ALL of the Short Horns, mination of the seed, and in assisting the plant, in sap enough in the branches to perfect all the balls. which have been brought to New England, exceptthe first stage of its growth, when it is most feeble The quality of our cotton ranks equal to the best ing those sent by Admiral Coffin, and those importand most liable to disease: and the fermentation of of upland, and even better. A few bales brought ed through Mr Williams, were bred. manure in the soil must be particularly favourable last week 2 cents per lb. in Baltimore above the I saw an advertisement, not long since, of a cow to the wheat crop in preserving a general tempera- usual prices. This, I believe, must be owing to its called "Venus," by which one of my neighbours was ture beneath the surface late in autumn and during being the product of a more northern latitude. I led to imagine, that she was the celebrated cow, bred winter. have no doubt, whatever, that it is the most profita- by Mr. Colling, and was prepared to hasten to Bos A great objection against slightly fermented dung ble crop you can raise. The cultivation is precise-ton with a view of making a purchase. A great is, that weeds spring up more luxuriantly where it ly the same as corn-the drill system by all means deal has been said about the high prices, which is applied. If there are seeds carried out in the to be preferred. The earlier you can get your breeders require for their stock. Those who pay dung, they certainly will germinate; but it is sel- crop to stand, the better; but I would not advise high prices, must require them in return. Let the dom that this can be the case to any extent; and if you to commence planting sooner than the 10th or purchasers ask for the certificates, and the names of the land is not cleansed of weeds, any kind of 15th of May; we begin here about the 1st. The the English breeders, from whom the American famanure, fermented or unfermented, will occasion gust of the 4th of June nearly destroyed our cotton mily is derived. Less hazard would arise, and less their rapid growth. If slightly-fermented farm- this year, and many ploughed up and replanted. discussion would ensue, as to the merits of any esyard dung is used as a top dressing for pastures, One of my neighbours told me that he counted 110 tablished race, if the contending parties, ascertainthe long straws and unfermented vegetable matter perfect balls upon one stalk of this replanted cotton. ed that they were disputing about different things— remaining on the surface should be removed as soon If your field will average ten balls to the stalk, it is alike only in having short horns. as the grass begins to rise vigorously, by raking, a good crop. You need not dread the labour of The successful speculation in Saxon sheep, has and carried back to the dunghill: in this case no picking out; it is not half the trouble we expected. led adventurers to bring from England, sheep of vamanure will be lost, and the husbandry will be at Some of us plant this year 10, 15, 20 or 30 acres-rious families, for which great prices have been askonce clean and economical. and expect to finish in about two weeks hence. If ed. Let the purchasers beware that there is as much POTATOES. In cases when farm-yard dung cannot be imme- you go extensively into cotton, you will require seed. difference in the quality of Southdown sheep-and diately applied to crops, the destructive fermenta- I have promised to furnish Mr. Sinclair, of Balti- in the quality of Dishley or New Leicester sheep, tion of it should be prevented as much as possible. more, with seed, which I shall select with the great-as in the quality of half-breed Merino, compared The surface should be defended as much as prac- est care from a farm that has made the best crop of with high bred Saxon Merino sheep. And let them ticable, from the oxygen of the atmosphere; a com- any in the county, and was not annoyed with rot. beware, that most of the sheep of these breeds which pact marl, or a tenacious clay, offers the best pro rust, or any other calamity. And if the theory held have been brought to the United States, within a tection against the air. by some, that these diseases, the rot especially, are few months, for sale, are decidedly bad of their kind, [Davy's Elements of Agricult. Chemistry. perpetuated through the seed, it is certainly deserv- however valuable they may be to us, as superior to ing of attention, to be particular from whence you our own. Dung should be defended from the action of the procure it. With respect to planting, I knew the A FULL BLOOD YANKEE. sun. It should be ploughed in immediately after following experiments made. The seed were Worcester county, Mass. Dec. 1825. having been hauled out. What would be thought thrown into a loose flour barrel, and boiling water of the housewife who should expose her tea to the poured on them; when cold enough to handle, they effects of the sun, rain, and wind, before its essence were rolled in ashes and planted. They came up was to be extracted for her purposes! in four days remarkably well. Other seed, soaked What will our friends in the interior-what will The farmer should ascertain the constituent parts in cold water, came up in eight days. Other seed, our farmers say when we inform them that notof his soil, in order that he may supply its deficien- planted dry, vegetated in twelve days. From ac- withstanding the daily arrival of potatoes from Nocies and remedy its defects. Most soils are deficient tual experiment, made by different persons this va Scotia, Ireland, Canada, &c. that they now sell, in animal matter, as it is difficult of acquisition, and year, I believe that our salt marsh land, if not too in our market, at a dollar a bushel! By the follownot less difficult of retention. He who should re- low, is peculiarly adapted to cotton. I saw some ing they will learn, that notwithstanding the heavy commend the same manure for all soils, would be most beautiful and flourishing last August, growing duty, our Canadian neighbours are pouring in large scarcely less absurd than the quack who prescribes in a marsh pasture planted as late as the 20th of quantities of potatoes into the United States. the same nostrum for all diseases. If it be deficient June, very full of blossoms, and promised well. in calcareous matter, let that be supplied: if it be This is very encouraging to some of us Eastern too tenacious, or surcharged with inert vegetable Shore farmers. I have here ventured a few hints, matter, let the calcareous matter be applied in its which, if they prove any way serviceable, will afcaustic state, as quick-lime: if sand be at hand, let, ford me much pleasure. it be used in the sheep-folds and barn-yards; thus keeping the animals dry, and finally assisting, as burned clay, in mechanically separating the particles of the soil. JOHN HARE POWEL. CULTURE OF COTTON IN MARYLAND. [Interesting letter on the culture of Cotton in Maryland, published by permission of Doctor Muse, President of the Agricultural Society of Dorchester county.] Eastville, E. S. Virginia, 22d Nov. 1825. JOSEPH E. MUSE, ESQ. Very respectfully, your obed't serv't, F. H. SMITH. P. S. With respect to cultivation, the main object is, to keep it clean of grass and weeds in its early stage. It is not near so liable to suffer from drought as corn, or any thing else. HOLDERNESS BULL. TO THE EDITOR. Quebec, Nov. 21, 1825. been shipped at this port for Boston, in the MicaEight hundred bushels of potatoes have lately mac and Ranger, making a total of upwards of twelve thousand bushels. [Dem. Press. HORTICULTURE. MONTHLY RASPBERRY. DEAR SIR, Sir, I am glad to find the inquiry in regard to in succession, from clipping off the buds, thus throwthe pedigree of the bull Holderness; not only as it ing back the bearing of fruit, from time to time, is desirable to have the pedigree of this valuable which will be more fully understood from practice. I have noticed your communication in the 30th animal, but as it may lead your readers to notice I am confident any fruit tree that is prevented from number, vol. 7, of the American Farmer, and will the pedigrees of other breeding cattle which have bearing one year, will cause the succeeding year's endeavour to answer your inquiries. With respect been imported, and have been paraded with fine bearing of fruit to be much finer. I think grapes to the Palma Christi, I am not able to give you names, without having any claim to the excellence might be greatly improved by thus acting towards much information. It was introduced here about of the Improved race, although they may as accident- them; or curtailing the quantity that the vine is to two years since, and although a more profitable al varieties exhibit some of the properties most to bear each year. The monthly rose may be kept in erop than corn or oats, the former staples of the be desired. la succession of bearing by judiciously clipping off use. HENRY ALEXANDER. THE WINES OF 1825. H. A. (From late numbers of Bell's Weekly Messenger, received at the office of the American Farmer.) the first formation of buds and other productions enabled by a mixture, to sell wine nearly as good, jed the arithmometer; geometry, by an instrument of nature may be thus treated. I think proper to for it happens that the ordinary wines of the coun-called the trigonometer, and another called the magive you the above, as a hint, to be published through try, often in three or four years, acquire a bouquet, themometer, by which the most useful propositions your useful paper. which gives them as good a flavour as the wines of of Euclid are reduced to the comprehension of a those vineyards that are in the highest repute. The child of 5 or 6 years old; mathematics, by the help P. S. I do not offer the above as being entirely wines are the great attraction of this country, of the last mentioned instruments; and all the manew. But like unto the application of the screw of There are about 2000 English in this town and thematical forms in substance, by solid figures. NaArchimedes as an elevator by the late ingenious and neighbourhood-for the most part, driven out of tural history in all its branches is learned by exaindefatigable Oliver Evans, it will be new to the their own country by the absurd high taxation, mining the objects in substance, or accurate repregreat mass of mankind, and must be productive of amounting to a prohibition, upon the wines of sentations of them, in designs or prints; anatomy France. But nothing would tend so much to recal by skeletons, preparations, and wax figures; geothe English emigrants as the repeal of the house graphy by globes and maps, most of the last of their and window taxes, of which no vestige is to be own construction; and hygiene, or the preservation found at Tours; consequently, the houses are large, of health, by their own experience, in attending to airy, and well lighted; not confined and cramped as the consequences of all the natural functions. They English dwellings, with windows blocked up, or are taught the elements of writing and designing by GERMAN WINES. It is the universal opinion on making shifts from borrowed lights to evade the tax the freedom of hand, acquired by a constant practhe Rhine, that the quality of the wine of this year gentlemen. In short, nothing is so much talked of tice, in forming all kinds of figures, with a slate and will be very fine, but the quantity will not much at Tours, as an excuse for the non-resident English, pencil put into their hands, when they first enter exceed an average vintage. The opinion which so as the weight of taxes at home; and amongst the the school, on which they draw right lines, dividing commonly prevails in this country, of the necessity first the house and window taxes, which are at va- them into equal parts, thereby obtaining an accuraof drinking old Rhenish wine, is little known in the riance with domestic privacy, and are worse than a cy of the eye which, joined to the constant exercise country of its production. The wines of 1811 are whole establishment of gens d'armes. English fa- of judging of the distances of objects and their much esteemed, as well as those of 1822, from the milies are to be found every where, from Calais to height, gives them a perfect idea of space, and pracexcellence of the vintages; but except these, there the utmost limit of the Eastern Pyrenees. The le- tises them in a rapid and correct coup d'œil, so neis little, commonly no distinction or care as to the gislature have begun to remedy this by reducing cessary in the useful arts and manufactures, and on ages of the wines. It is said by the wine merchants the duties, but it is not yet half done for the attain- which the accurate knowledge of the properties of Cologne and Coblentz, that the introduction of ment of its object. Millions are annually spent of every species of matter depends. They learn steam-boats on the Upper Rhine (in the establish here. However, the ministry have already done music by the distinct difference of sounds, through ment of which they have assisted,) will materially more than they are thanked for at home-they are the medium of an organ constructed for the purbenefit their trade. The little boatmen who have in advance of the age in which they live. pose, and a sonometer; and first, learn sounds beundertaken, hitherto, the carriage of the wine to By advices from Oporto, dated Sept. 27, we learn fore they are taught the notes or signs of those Holland, were never responsible, and seldom trust that the vintage, (for the success of which conside- sounds; gymnastics, or the exercise of all muscular rable fears were entertained for some period past, motions, they acquire by the practice of all kinds of worthy persons. Besides the slowness of their operations, the wine entrusted to them often diminish-in consequence of the heavy and incessant rains movements, always preferring those that may lead ed, or deteriorated by a mixture of water, and it experienced there,) will prove a productive one, and to utility, such as marching, climbing, the manual has happened that casks for which transit duty has it is hoped that the quality of the wine will be very exercise, &c. &c. They are taught the greatest actually been paid in Holland, have been found full superior to what was anticipated. The account part of those branches at the same time, never faof pure water. The steam-vessels will be enabled concludes in the following brief and satisfactory tiguing the mind with more than an hour's attention to tow down the boats laden with wine; and the manner: "The vintage, after all, will be a famous to the same thing, changing the study, and renderrapidity of transport, and the absence of risk from one; the weather has cleared up just in time for us, ing it a play by variety. The pupils learn as many dishonesty, must together cause a reduction in price. and all is going on most prosperously." FRENCH WINES.-Great efforts are said to be made this year to produce a large quantity of sparkling Burgundy, of which a few specimens have already been made, and much esteemed by amateurs. The quality of wine, both in Burgundy and other parts of France, this year, is said to be good, but the quantity not very great. The vintage is said to be over in the neighbour hood of Lyons and in the south of France. The quantity of wine is stated as below the average supply, but it is believed that in quality it will equal that of the comet. EDUCATION. modern languages as there are different languages spoken by the boys of different nations at school, each instructing the others in the vocabulary of his language, while he acquires the words corresponding in the language of those he converses with, unTHE PESTALOZZIAN SYSTEM. til he has a complete vocabulary in his head, when he begins translating his own language into the foART. XX.-An Epitome of the Improved Pestalozzian System of Education, as practised by William Phi- tion, gives him the rules of grammar, by which he reign, and the master, when he corrects his translaquepal and Madam Fretageot, formerly in Paris, is guided in the correction, by which means the puand now in Philadelphia; communicated at the request of the Editor, by WILLIAM MACLURE, Esq. same time; and while the rule is imprinted on his pil learns the practice and theory of grammar at the THE great and fundamental principle is, never to memory, he has a tolerable idea of the reason and attempt to teach children what they do not compre- utility of the rule, confirmed by the example in his Tours, Oct. 6.-The vintage of this year is in hend, and to teach them in the exact ratio of their translation, and supported by the explanation of the high repute, and is considered to be the best which understanding it, without omitting one link in the master, which avoids the dry, disagreeable, and dishas presented itself for many years past; the conse- chain of ratiocination, proceeding always from the gusting study of the theory of grammar, than which quence is, that the prices are comparatively high. known to the unknown, from the most easy to the nothing can be more irksome, tiresome, and unpleaThe country is filled with Parisian wine-merchants, most difficult, practising the most extensive and ac-sant to the learner, or more difficult for the schoolwho are buying all they can lay their hands on. curate use of all the senses, exercising, improving, master, to command attention to; and often renders They are the more induced to do so, because from and perfecting all the mental and corporeal facul- correction and punishment necessary, to force the the excessive heat of the summer, the grape has ties by quickening combination; accelerating and pupils to choose the lesser evil. produced a very high coloured wine, and it will carefully arranging comparison; judiciously and im- Education ought to be the apprenticeship of life, consequently bear a greater mixture. The price of partially making deduction; summing up the results and children ought to be taught what imperious newine, in this country, is four pounds a piece, (about free from prejudices, and cautiously avoiding the cessity may force them to practice when men, al60 gallons,) cask included. At Orleans, it is only delusions of imagination, the constant source of ig-ways preferring the useful to the ornamental; prehalf that price; but there the wine is not so good; norance and error. paring them to withstand the reverses of fortune, further south, the choice wines have risen to an The means of effectuating the above are, first, a leaving the choice of their amusement and pastime, enormous price: I mean the wines of this season. careful examination and inspection of the objects until their pecuniary independence shall permit them La Fitte has risen to 3600 francs, to which must be themselves, or of tangible and visible instruments, to make a choice of their pleasures. added 800 francs commission for wastage and cel- calculated to demonstrate their properties and bring To court pleasure and avoid pain, includes the larage, making together 4400 francs for a tonneau them within the reach of the senses. If these can greatest part of the motives of human actions; to of wine, comprising about four English hogsheads; not be obtained, then accurate designs or represen- accomplish which, children ought to be taught to or in other words, about 45l. sterling the hogshead; tations, and books, and descriptions, although im- avoid remorse, fear, misery, and ennui. To prevent so high is the reputation of this year's vintage. perfect substitutes, are employed; but these are not the first, act always honestly and uprightly; do as Rose is about two-thirds that price; but as the story to be resorted to until every possible means of ac- you would wish to be done by: secondly, retain all goes, it is said, that each merchant in Bordeaux quiring the first two have failed. your instinctive courage and view every thing as it sells as much of the choice wine as can be produc- They learn mechanism by the machines or exact really exists: thirdly, allow a moderate indulgence ed altogether; and the fact is, they are frequently models of them; arithmetic, by an instrument call- of the natural appetites, and enjoin a total prohibi tion against acquiring any artificial tastes or appe- The boys learn at least one mechanical art: for drawing of just and accurate consequences, and tites; observe frugality, and the strictest economy instance, to set types and print; and for this pur-lays the foundation for a quick, impartial, and logiin the smallest expenditure, recollecting the old pro- pose there is a printing press in each school, by the cal judgment, in deciding on all questions of intriverb, "take care of the pence, the pounds will take aid of which are published all their elementary cacy and difficulty, by furnishing to the mind the care of themselves:" fourthly, obtain a knowledge books, all of which are constructed upon the con- necessary elements to unravel the most complicated of the objects of nature and art, and an early habit trary principles from those of the old school: viz. subjects. of receiving pleasure from the examination of them. taking the most direct and easiest road to arrive at Hume's definition of man, that he is a bundle of the end proposed, in place of the circuitous metaThe public are now generally informed that the habits, is as true as laconic, and points out the ad- physical method adopted by the old system, as if Pestalozzian system of education has been introvantages that instructors of youth might derive from teachers were afraid of giving knowledge too cheap. duced into this country by the public spirit and libethat propensity, namely, that of acting from habit. By setting types they practice accurate spelling, rality of Mr. Maclure. By constantly and habitually associating pleasurable and become familiar with the construction of all The following facts in relation to the actual state sensations with all the useful and necessary opera- the languages which they print, and they can earn of the schools at Philadelphia, were communicated tions of life, we thus turn the common occupations their bread in case of necessity. It is also a great by him in answer to the inquiries of the editor: which the wants of man require into amusements; source of economy to the school, and answers all the Extract of a letter dated Philadelphia, Aug. 19, 1825. and form the life of man into an agreeable pastime. purposes of a recreation from more difficult studies. If we examine how the trifling diversions of hunting, The immense advantages of the system are more Madam Fretageot's school has been established fishing, gaming, &c. &c. become pleasures, we shall evident when applied to the great bulk of mankind; here four years next October; has 32 pupils, as find the cause to exist in habit, and frequent use, namely, the productive, labouring and useful class- many as she can take, and several are waiting for which might be more easily attached to some useful es. Those who from conquest, force, fraud, or the vacancies; she has already completed the educaemployment, the advantages of which would be per- industry of their ancestors, are left with a sufficient tion of some, whose parents thought them sufficientmanent and lasting, and not finishing when the ac- revenue to live without labour, may remain in a ly instructed in all useful and necessary information. tion was performed, or productive only of remorse state of ignorance. Perhaps this may be the fact, Mr. Phiquepal began his school a few months and repentance, like nine-tenths of the fashionable without injuring materially the state of civilization ago; has 18 pupils, and will very soon have as amusements. Upon this great and powerful lever in the mass of society, as the ignorance of the class many as he wishes to take-as the method requires of the mind, which as yet has been employed only spoken of facilitates and accelerates the division of more constant attention on the part of the instrucby crafty politicians, and by that portion of eccle- property, a state of things so necessary to general tor than that of the old schools, particularly at first; siastics who have abused religion for their selfish happiness, and to the elevation of mankind to the as the greatest part of the scholars have been treatand antisocial purposes, volumes might be written highest condition of moral and physical perfection. ed differently by previous education, and have got to explain its beneficent connexion with all the rami- The pupils are capable of obtaining an accuracy of habits that must be changed before they can be fications of society; but this digression would take sight, which they acquire by a constant practice of effectually benefited by the system. It would be us too far from our present purpose. measuring distance and dimensions, which gives necessary, to reap the full advantage of the meTwo of the best gifts of nature to man are, health them, when they leave the school, an experience thod, that the children should be sent before they and time; and perhaps the total neglect and abuse equal to the acquirements of many years of instruc- were at any school, except being taught by the of both may be the cause of most of his miseries tion of an artizan; as they can, at a glance, decide mother, who would be aided much by a small book and misfortunes, both moral and physical; to rectify whether a horse-shoe, a nail, a board, or any other published by Pestalozzi, called the Mother's Mawhich, as far as precept, example, and experience piece of iron, wood, &c., will answer the purpose nual. I have always thought that children cannot can do it, ought to be one of the principal objects for which it is intended, without the trouble of trying. be put too soon to school, and the present practice, of instruction. This is to be effected by adopting They learn natural philosophy by the most im commencing in many countries of Europe seems the most effectual means of preserving the one, and proved and simple instruments; chemistry by the to sanction it many, on the Pestalozzian method, which sold so well, that the printer gave Pestalozzi 60,000 francs for his share of the profits. The above epitome is too short, but I like short books with only the out making the best possible use of the other, before it latest and most accurate experiments, never de- I have seen nothing printed about the system exis too late; for unfortunately the youth of all coun- parting from the golden rule of proceeding from cept Neef's Sketch, which is all sold, and scarcely tries have squandered the greatest part of both the most simple to the most compound; from the a copy is to be obtained in this country, although before they have learned their value. easiest to the most difficult; from the known to the 18 volumes have been printed at Stutgard, in GerThe immense advantage of the energy and exer- unknown; and preferring the useful to the ornamen tion springing from free will, over the cramped and tal, making at the same time the application of all snail-paced progress produced by coercion and the necessary arts and occupations, that their utili force in the government of men, as well as of the ty may not be lost sight of for a moment. animal creation, must be evident to the most super- One of the advantages attached to the system, is lines; they afford room for reflection, to fill up the ficial observer, but in no case does the evil so ma- the facility of forming professors. The popish at-vacuum, and stimulate thought, which fixes the subterially injure and destroy the best and most valua- tribute of infallibility being exploded, the master ject more firmly in the memory, besides flattering ble interests of society, as in the coercion and loses none of his influence with his pupils by acknow- self-love, (one of the strongest passions,) by authopunishment of children during their education. ledging that he is ignorant of the subject in ques-rising the reader to consider himself as author of This is the source from which spring all the vio- tion, but will learn it along with them, according to all he reads or finds out by his own reflections. lent malignant passions of anger, revenge, hatred, system, in accomplishing which, he has only to The fault I find with a great many books, is that &c.; this is the destroyer and exterminator of all keep one lesson before the class, and the boys have mania of making things too plain, leaving nothing their amiable and benevolent sentiments. It is the a better chance to learn that particular science or to cogitation, and treating too contemptuously the intellectual faculties of the reader. corruptor of the heart-it stupifies the head, and art well, than if the master had been an old prosuppresses all talent and genius, breaks down the fessor; for by learning it himself so recently, he is spirit of natural independence, and fits men for instructed in all the difficult places, and is more slaves, by exaggerating their propensity to crime, capable of teaching the children how to get over and annihilating all the fine feelings that lead to them-an advantage which the Lancasterian, or great and benevolent actions. All these fatal con- monitorial system, has over the old method. Our old friend and correspondent SOLOMON SIMPLE! sequences are avoided by the nature of the system, Lithography being the best, cheapest, and easiest Welcome again to the columns of the Farmer! not requiring any such barbarous means of execu- mode of making accurate representations of every tion, and rendering the substitution of reason in thing, and this system requiring so great a number sable articles, as all husbands will agree; particularplace of coercion, both easy and agreeable to both of exact representations, as they are in all possible ly as regards the former, and all wives as regards master and pupil; their natural curiosity is encou-cases substituted for books or descriptions, the pu- the latter, and money being now a days a scarce raged and excited, when the gratification of it is a pils are all taught how to design on the stone or article, without which Leghorns are not to be obpleasure both to the instructor and learner: Never cartoons, and how to make the proper ink and pen tained; I thought I could not render a more acceptbeing forced to do any thing they do not like, all cils, as well as all the manipulation of printing and able service to the community at large, and partitheir actions are bottomed on free will, and united working the press, &c. cularly the ladies, than by putting them in the way with agreeable sensations. Their most complicated The advantages of calculating in the common of making their old hats as good as new, by the folstudies are but an amusement, which increases with way of reckoning by cyphers, is the smallest part lowing the difficulties they encounter; and this concatena- of the great and beneficial mental improvement, LADIES' DEPARTMENT. Leghorn hats being expensive and very indispen HATS. tion of pleasurable ideas with moral study never gained by the calculation on memory, without the DIRECTIONS FOR CLEANSING And whitening straw ceases, and is the cause of their being at school aid of any artificial figures, as it exercises, improves, during their whole lives; and the progress of their and accelerates the combinations, and rend rs com TAKE cold unsullied lye and first wash and rub knowledge and improvement finishes only in the parison easy and accurate, while it accustoms the the straw hat with it, then with a brush for the puryoung mind to rapid deductions, facilitates the pose, wash and rub the hat with boiling suds of lye, grave. French fine white soap, and lemons mixed together or twice a day for a week; then pour out the charand boiled in a pot; after which wash the hat seve-coal and water, wash out the cask with clean cold ral times with clear cold water, and when nearly water, and expose it to the external air for some days. dry, stretch it on a wooden block of the size you Harford-Israel D. Maulsby, John Forwood, Geo. M. Gill, Alexander Norris, Charles S. Sewall. Baltimore county-General Tobias E. Stansbury, Capt. R. T. Spence, Elias Brown, James Howard, wish the hat to be, then smooth it with a piece of Items from late English papers received in exchange Gen. John S. Smith, George Harryman, Joseph N. wood made for the purpose; after which iron it, takfor the American Farmer. Ford. ing care to have the iron moderately heated to pre- The large building in Gradwell street, Liverpool, Baltimore city-Col. John E. Howard, Thomas vent scorching; when dry put it over the smoke of occupied by Messrs. Cropper, Benson, & Co. mer Ellicott, Isaac McKim, George Hoffman, Wm. Lora tea-spoonful of brimstone for three days, and it will chants, and filled with nearly 2,700 bags of New Or- man, John P. Kennedy. again take its colour and beauty as when new. For leans and Bengal cotton, was destroyed by fire on City of Annapolis-Dr. Dennis Claude, James one hat as much soap as is necessary to wash a poc- Sunday evening, 16th October. The premises were Murray, J. J. Speed, Thomas H. Carroll, Jeremiah ket handkerchief will be required, and the half of a consumed in a few hours, and the cotton, which was Hughes. lemon. The hat should be dried in the sun. worth nearly 40,000l. either destroyed or damaged. Prince George's-Samuel Sprigg, John R. MagruIt is singular, that within the last fortnight between der, Robert W. Bowie, Major John C. Herbert, Ma3,000 and 4,000 bags of cotton have been destroyed jor Wm. T. Wootten, William Bowie, of Walter, in Liverpool by fire. George Semmes. In braiding, that part of the straw within an inch of the top, or near the first joint, is not used, as the former would easily turn yellow, and the latter, being hollow like a reed, would be apt to break-only about two inches of the straw is good. The above are the appearances and dimensions of the instruments for smoothing the hats-they are made of box-wood. A. is a round head, flat and very smooth on the top. B. is of a wedge shape, smooth, and a little rounding at the edge or bottom of a size suitable to grasp with the hand. The brush to be used should be a common soft clothes brush. MISCELLANEOUS. NEWLY-INVENTED SILK LOOM. C. is The king of Wirtemburgh is doing every thing possible for the improvement of his kingdom and the condition of his subjects. He keeps 150 blood stud horses, and the consequence is, that beautiful horses are every where to be seen. He labours to improve all branches of the arts, agriculture, &c. He has established an experimental farm of 800 acres-is founding orphan schools, encouraging talent, &c. Darne, Richard Holmes, Archibald Lee. St. Mary's-John R. Plater, Peter Gough, Gerard N. Cassin, Joseph Stone, Enoch J. Millard, and H. G. S. Key. Charles-Nicholas Stonestreet, Daniel Jenifer, Wm. D. Merrick, Gwinn Harris, Henry Brawner, John Ferguson. Mr. Potts, of Frederick county, submitted the following resolution, which was concurred in: In London the money market at the latest dates, continued as plentiful as had been the case for seve- Resolved, That the subject of internal improveral months, and there was no particular pressure. ment be referred to a committee of thirteen memReform.-One of the newspapers recently esta-bers, to be appointed by the chair, and to consist of blished by the mechanic interest, to promote reform, at least one from each county and one from each proposes that poor parents be allowed to strangle city, with instructions to consider and report the their children, or at least to sell them! expediency of addressing a memorial to the Legislature of Maryland, recommending a general sysMiss Stephens succeeds Miss Foot at the theatre tem for improving the natural resources of the royal, Edinburgh. Miss Foot received 600 pounds State, with a view to the general welfare of her for twelve nights. Miss Stephens received 1000 citizens, and to her proper and becoming rank pounds for four nights at the music festivals! among her sister states. THE FARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, DECEMBER 16, 1825. Resolved, That this committee be further instructed to consider and report the ways and means in their judgment best calculated to effect this great and common object of the people of Maryland. The Convention then adjourned to meet in the court-house, to-morrow morning at 11 o'clock. Thursday, Dec. 15. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT CONVENTION. The Convention met agreeably to adjournment, Baltimore, Dec. 14th, 1825. when the following names were announced as of This being the day appointed for the meeting of the members of the committee appointed under the A loom has recently been made at Lyons for Delegates from the several counties of Maryland to foregoing resolution: Richard Potts, chairman; John McPherson, Thosilk-weaving, which has many advantages. It is deliberate upon measures best calculated to procomposed of five stages, and the mechanism, which mote the Internal Improvement of the State, at 11 mas Ellicott, Thomas H. Carroll, John McHenry, is simple, allows one man to weave five pieces at o'clock the Delegates appointed by the several Daniel Jenifer, William Darne, Daniel Murray, the same time. The loom has been examined by of the first branch of the city council of the city of Buchanan, Samuel Sprigg, John R. Plater. counties hereinafter mentioned, met in the chamber Israel D. Maulsby, Genl. J. S. Smith, Thomas the Commissioners from the Academy of Lyons, in company with M. Jacquart, the inventor of that Baltimore, appropriated for their accommodation sort now in use, and which was imported into Eng: being called to order by the hon. J. R. Plater, of St. Agricultural Society for the Western Shore of Maby the Mayor of this city-Whereupon the meeting Meeting of the Trustees of the Maryland land with great haste, tending to prove its great Mary's county, the Hon. CHARLES CARROLL of Car-ryland. We have not room this week to insert the advantages. M. Jacquart is of opinion that the new rollton, was nominated by Governor Sprigg, of Prince proceedings of the Trustees at their meeting at Lexinvention is of great importance, and he has pointed out some improvements in it. The inventor is George's county, and by the unanimous assent of ington, on Thursday last. Some modifications of M. Lebrun, and the Academy intends to confer a the Convention, appointed to preside over their de- the list of premiums to be awarded at the Cattle liberations. gold medal on him. By this loom a saving will be Show, in June next, were reported and adopted; made of four-fifths in the expense of labour. On motion of Daniel Jenifer, Esq., of Charles and the whole scheme of premiums as adjusted and county, John S. Skinner, of the city of Baltimore, finally agreed upon, was ordered to be published in was appointed secretary, and Thomas Phenix, of the American Farmer, which shall be done as soon said city, appointed assistant secretary. as room and opportunity will allow. [Courier Francais. LARGE ELM TREE. The elm in Hatfield, Massachusetts, is supposed to be the largest tree in New England, it measures in circumference 34 feet, at 2 feet from the ground; at the height of 5 feet, the smallest place in the trunk, the circumference is 24 feet, 6 inches. There is a cut in the tree 4 feet from the ground, which tradition says was made by the Indians, for the highest rise of water in Connecticut river. TO SWEETEN A FOUL CASK. answered to their names, viz: Hoye, John Templeman, Andrew Bruce, Robert Agricultural Society of Dorchester county, will be Washington-Wm. Gabby, Thomas Buchanan, OHIO TOBACCO-Prodigious extension of the culSet fire to a pound or more of broken charcoal, Anne Arundel-Thomas Snowden, Daniel Mur-ture of that article, contemplated in that state, as put it into the cask and immediately fill up the cask ray, Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, George Howard, appears by the following extract to the Editor of with boiling water. After this, roll the cask once of Waverly. the American Farmer, dated Putnam, November, PRICES CURRENT. ARTICLES. WHOLESALE. RETAIL. per from to from to 33 35 18 19 22 25 1825. The sample enclosed was very remarkable 12. The most advantageous modes of grafting in BEEF, Baltimore Prime, bbl. 8 50 9 00 Havana,. COTTON, Louisiana, &c. Georgia Upland,. An advance of 1 cent CANDLES, Mould, tropics, from the vine, or from other fruits. Not 15. The best specimens of wines made within the less than three bottles of each sort of wine to be sent. 16. To such persons of free condition, whether of colour, or black, and male or female, as may, CHEESE,. "There has been a very considerable quantity raised in this county this season, and more in the through his own industry, have put the cottage he FEATHERS, Live,. adjacent ones. The probability is, that next year the neatest condition, a premium not exceeding has inhabited, with a garden attached to it, into FISH, Herrings, Sus. there will be an immense quantity cultivated. I Shad, trimmed, should not be surprised if there should be 50,000 two doubloons. FLAXSEED, Rough,. acres* planted. Should the price keep up, the pros-lar premium. pects of our farmers will be truly flattering. Very respectfully, yours, &c. H. SAFFORD." 17. 'lo a slave of either sex, for the same, a simi XII. That the prizes to be bestowed by the Society shall consist of silver medals of two sizes, and of premiums in money. SIR, "The spirit of improvement is abroad upon the earth.” Kingston, Jamaica, June 27th, 1825. We take leave to record the following letter, just I have the honor of informing you, that a Society received from Jamaica, to show to our correspon- for the Encouragement of Horticulture and Agridents that their lights, which give all its value to culture, and the Arts connected with them, recentthe American Farmer, are not "hid under a bushel;" ly established in Jamaica, have done themselves they are reflected to, and in their turn attract light the honour of electing you to be a corresponding from all quarters-and to compliments like the fol- member. I beg leave to transmit herewith a copy of lowing, the Editor honestly disavows all title, but the minutes of their first proceedings, which will as he considers himself the organ of those whose explain to you the objects which the Society have contributions have caused the American Farmer to in view. Permit me to assure you, that any assisbe sought in various foreign countries. To show tance from you in furtherance of these objects, will the zeal and the objects of "The Horticultural and be most gratefully received and acknowledged. Agricultural Society of Jamaica," we publish the I have the honour to be, Sir, following list of premiums, to wit: Your most obedient serv't, J. MILLER, M. D., Sec'ry. XI. That the following be the subjects for infor mation, upon which prizes shall be offered; the J. S. SKINNER, Esq. PROSPECTS FOR FARMERS IN 1826.-It is painful 3. New methods by which the culture or preparation of the present staples of the island may be improved. 4. The diseases of horses, mules, oxen, and sheep in the West Indies, and the means of curing them. 5. The diseases of cultivated plants in this climate, and the modes of checking and of preventing MARKETING.-Butter, lb. 25 to 31 cts.-Chickens, them. per doz. $1.37 to 1.50-Geese, 50-Turkies 75 to 6. The natural history of the insects, birds, and $1.25-Ducks, pair, 87 to 62-Eggs, doz. 25 cts. other animals, most destructive to vegetation, and --Beef, prime pieces, lb. 8 cts.-Veal, 10 cents.the most effectual means of hindering or counter-Lamb, 5 to 6 cts.-Pork, clb. $4.50-Irish Potatoes, acting their ravages. nips, 50 cts. bush. 75 cts. to $1-Sweet Potatoes, 75 cts.--Tur 7. The most economical modes of irrigating flat and mountainous lands, with the least waste of the nutritious particles of the soil. TOBACCO.-Amount of inspections in the state 8. The most economical and effectual modes of warehouses, during the last week-66 hhds. draining marshy soils. 9. Any valuable medical property in plants hitherto unknown. 10. The preparation of wine from the vine (vitis vinifera,) and of vinous liquors from other fruits in the tropics. 11. Descriptions of plants not previously known, or known imperfectly, with their botanical characters, and with specimens of each plant described, if practicable. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Mr. Turner's Premium Farm, Report of the Trustees of the Agricultural Society of the Valley, for 1825Letter from Delaware county, Pa., disapproving of the use of Cob-meal-Early use of Cob-meal in Marylandof Animal Manures, season and mode, Evaporation and On Manures, Analysis of Stable Manures, Application Fermentation of Manures-Culture of Cotton in Maryland-Holderness Bull-Importation of Potatoes Monthly Raspberry-Wines in Germany and France of 1825-An Epitome of the Pestalozzian System of Edu*This would probably be more than is cultivated in cation-Directions for cleansing and whitening Straw all Maryland, and the effect may be easily imagined. hats, with a cut-Newly invented Silk-loom-Large Elm We shall send some samples of our best tobacco, with Tree-Extracts from late English Papers-Proceedings the present prices annexed, to our correspondents in of the Maryland Convention for Internal Improvements Ohio, to serve as standards of comparison and judg--Cultivation of Tobacco in Ohio-Horticultural and Agricultural Society of Jamaica, W. I.—Editorial. ment bbl. 2 75 3 25 3 50 6 7 bush 1 10 1 12) FLOUR, Superfine, city, bbl. 4 75 5 006 00 6 50 GUNPOWDER, Balti.. 25 lb Rye, 5 12 5 25 4 75 4 62 5 00 none lb. 9 11 Clover Seed, Red Oats, Peas, Black Eyed, HOGS' LARD,. 12 00 3 6 12 51 gal. 26 So 1 00 1 25 35 37 13 50 50 15 00 16 00 lb. bush SPICES, Cloves, 11 00 cwt. 9 50 495 2 50 3 00 3 50 4 120 125 1 20 1 50 1 62 1 75 doz. 4 8 gal. WOOL, Merino, full bl'd lb. do. crossed,. 1 502 00 2 501 Printed every Friday, at $5 per annum, for JOHN S. |