to build themselves houses, or prepare clothing, or furnish themselves with the simplest tools; and they are represented by geographers, as among the most miserable of the human race. Compare them with the Europeans, and the difference is astonishing; but not more so, than the difference in the form of their heads, in those regions where the organs, on which the manifestation of the power depends, are situated.

The sentiments are of two kinds, and are distinguished as the lower and higher sentiments. The lower sentiments are cautiousness, approbativeness, and self-esteem. They are termed sentiments, because they join to the mere propensity an emotion.

X.-CAUTIOUSNESS.

Innateness and analysis.

Most people know more or less of that feeling, which we term anxiety, although it is much stronger in some than in others. The feeling is not limited to any one object, and is not occupied solely upon either what has been done, what we are doing, or what we expect of the future. It is excited by every circumstance, which has the power to affect our condition, or the condition of any of the objects of our feelings. We are indeed surrounded by dangers, difficulties, and temptations, arising from the darkness of our intellectual faculties, the cross and irregular impulses of opposing passions, and the multiplied and ever varied influences of external circumstances. The petition in the Lord's Prayer, "Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil," is a natural expression, suggested by the primitive sentiment of cautiousness.

and

Cautiousness is not the only feeling excited by the dangers of our situation, although, when compared with the others, its influence will be seen to be necessary, to harmonize beautifully with them. Destructiveness would impulsively excite to annihilate, demolish, and destroy the objects which are dangerous or troublesome. Combativeness would excite us to contend, give battle, and to overcome opposition. Secretiveness suggests thoughts and plans of stratagem and deception. And cautiousness, acting purely under its own impulses, excites us to discovery of the means of safety. It would seem to say, take care, be watchful and circumspect.

From the extensive sphere of activity, for this feeling, (possessing, as it does, a sort of guardian care over all the impulses of our nature, and watchfulness against all the dangers of our condition,) we should suppose that its organ would be large, and so indeed it is.

The organ, and its location. The location of this feeling is in the upper lateral hind part of the head, near the middle of the parietal bone. It is usually larger than any other feeling, stationed as it is in a manner to be affected by the juxtaposition of the domestic feelings, in the occipital region, of the selfish feelings on the side, and the higher and lower sentiments, in the sincipital region. And it seems to modify the character of all the feelings, especially those situated on its borders. It is easily discovered.

Observations made upon the developments of the part of the head assigned as the seat of this organ, in all the various methods by which organs are regarded as proved, concur in establishing this. In children, it is usually larger than in adults. Some adults are much more

cautious than others, and the most cautious have the organ in question correspondingly developed. The heads of females are more developed at the organ of cautiousness than males, and they too are usually more cautious. It is proved by observations upon the insane, upon different nations, upon animals of different species, and also upon different animals of the same species. The evidence, by which it may be proved, can be collected very easily. I have made several thousand observations upon the organ, and found its size to correspond with the character, in this respect.

Analysis. We may notice, among the individuals of our acquaintance, very great differences in their desires of notice or distinction. Approbativeness indicates a desire to be approved as well as noticed. But this feeling does not necessarily seek approval. Every man, who reasons, or feels correctly, would think it desirable to be approved as well as noticed by others. Success in life depends upon it. All the higher feelings are gratified by it. But the primitive feeling, to which our attention is now called, is that desire of distinction, notice, recognition, or praise, which attends. upon public situations and pursuits. When strong, it becomes a love of glory. This feeling seeks various ways of gratification; as by the possession of office, power, wealth, splendid dress, or establishments, or furniture, or by being a public individual in any way. An individual once confessed to me, that he could not bear the thought of dying without being known; and he was constantly doing things, which excited public attention,

and even censure, and seemed gratified by so doing. Does this arise from a primitive sentiment? Phrenologists believe that it does, and consider its organ established.

The organ, where located. This organ is situated outward, and partly round the organ of self-esteem, and generally either elongates the posterior upper lateral part of the head, or spreads out on each side so as to produce a large table in that region. Phrenologists have made very many observations upon this organ, and have no doubts of its correct location. In the individual above noticed, the organ was large. An experienced phrenologist can generally judge correctly, whether an individual would be desirous of public life, or indifferent to it. The relative size of this organ, and that of acquisitiveness, usually does much in determining, whether an individual will be the mere private citizen, seeking wealth in a still, quiet way, or whether he will be seeking public life.

When this feeling becomes very strong and is not properly checked, it will show itself by gross vanity or egotism. The vain are as egotistical and selfish as the proud. It leads to the desire of distinction so strongly, and tends to excite thought and observation upon the notice taken of one so much, that a belief is superinduced, that all the world have little else to think, or speak of.

A

I saw in the Retreat for the Insane, at Hartford, Connecticut, an individual named Wilcox, who was deranged in this organ, as also in that of self-esteem. gentleman, who was with me, entered into conversation with him, upon which the maniac inquired of him if he was ever in Vermont. The gentleman replied in the

affirmative. "Well," said he, "was not every body talking about Elihu Wilcox?" In his head the organs of self-esteem and love of approbation were both very large. I think that love of notice, recognition, distinction, praise, fame, and glory indicate but the different degrees of the strength and activity of the same primitive feeling; and this primitive feeling seeks for gratification in people of all ranks, and becomes as much a want of our nature as food or society.

The speech of Henry V. before the battle of Agincourt, illustrates the sentiment:

"He that outlives this day, and sees old age,
Will yearly on the vigil feast his neighbours,

And say, to-morrow is St. Crispian ;

Then will he strip his sleeve, and show his scars.

Old men forget, yet shall not all forget,

And they'll remember, with advantages,

What feats they did that day. Then shall our names
Familiar in their mouths as household words,

Harry the king, Bedford and Exeter,
Warwick and Talbot, Salisbury and Gloucester,
Be in their flowing cups freshly remembered.
This story shall the good man teach his son:
And Crispian's day shall ne'er go by,

From this time to the ending of the world,
But we and it shall be remembered.

And gentlemen in England, now abed,

Shall think themselves accursed they were not here;
And hold their manhood cheap, while any speak,
That fought with us upon St. Crispian's day."

Innateness.

XII. - SELF-ESTEEM.

- It will not be denied, that our self-estimations are frequently accompanied by a certain appear