The feeling rises, whenever any pain or injury is occasioned to any other feeling, and, like a faithful sentinel, is ready to fight all their battles. Standing alone, when no other feeling is injured, it seeks its gratification in mastery. In repelling attack, it manifests a lower degree of activity, sanctionad both by positive and natural law. It is as truly active and distinctive in its exhibitions, in the form of argument and in shedding of ink, as it is in the pugilist.

Innateness. Does this arise from any combination of feelings, or is it a peculiar and distinctive propensity? It almost always acts in combination. But the ingredients of opposition, or contention, or attack, or desire of mastery, are always sufficiently obvious.

Its manifestations. In combination with firmness, it gives the most determined perseverance in overcoming obstacles. With large destructiveness, it gives hardiness to character. With mirthfulness added, there would be a love of rough sports, and an inclination to sarcasm. In its constant quiet power, it enables one to oppose and resist the common obstacles, which thwart our path. With large reverence, it feels opposition to new doctrines, in philosophy, or religion, or forms of government. It has an exciting power beyond every other feeling.* Its nature being both to make and resist opposition, and also obtain mastery, it excites to the utmost, both mental

* Mr. Scott remarks in an interesting article on this organ, that "all the propensities are not merely propensities, but powers; and this of combativeness is eminently so. It gives not only the desire to contend, but the power of contending; and without this, as an active principle, no other motive can induce the same species of exertion."

and physical energy. We can discover its natural language, in the hard, thumping sound of the voice, as if every word contained a blow. Its general language is boldness, and, with large self-esteem and small reverence, it produces audacity. In animals, the feeling appears plainly in its natural language, by lifting the ear and swelling the neck.

Its organ, and where located.—The organ assigned to this feeling is located directly back and upward from the ear, bordering on the tentorium, philoprogenitiveness, adhesiveness, cautiousness, secretiveness, and destructiveness. It is more usually indicated large by a swell, running back to philoprogenitiveness and adhesiveness, just above the tentorium. There are many striking facts to prove it. Its large size may also be indicated by the great breadth of head between the ears, as in the cast of the scull of Wormser, found in the shops. Some animals never fight, as the hare; others are delighted with opportunities for battle. Among animals of the same species, there is a wonderful difference; as in the case of the spaniel and the bull-dog. And there is a corresponding difference in their organization.

Uses. When in due proportion, it rescues the character from cowardice, and the two great influence of cautiousness. When small, the individual always feels great difficulty in overcoming opposition, resisting attacks, and encountering the prejudices of the world.

The effect of this organ, in cases of partial insanity, is quite peculiar. As this feeling enlists readily in the cause of all the feelings, so, if disease begins in any of the organs, combativeness soon becomes affected. Hence combativeness is almost always affected soon after

derangement commences. Hence too, to say one is mad and crazy frequently means the same thing.

VII.- - SECRETIVENESS.

Analysis and innateness of the instinct.

We all must

have noticed in individuals a disposition to conceal their thoughts, feelings, expressions of countenance, and the condition of their affairs, and to be assuming an appearance, expression, manner, and mode of address, calculated to deceive you. And at the same time, if you converse with them, you will begin to feel as if you were under an inquisition, and they will be constantly leading your mind to points, about which propriety requires you to be reserved. Such people will consider almost every thing confidential, and yet never actually confide any thing, which it would do the least harm for all the world to know. Such people talk, not to express truly their thoughts and feelings, but to conceal them. They feel as if every thing must be managed, that there must be contrivance and stratagem, and every thing with them has a regular built plot. Indirect lying, false coloring, misrepresenting, withholding part and communicating part, equivocal and non-committal language, apparent fairness and frankness, these and a thousand more are but parts of the machinery used. These characteristics of mind are sometimes called cunning, prudence, discretion, &c. And phrenologists believe that they arise principally from a too active state of one of the selfish feelings of our nature, by them denominated secretiveness. In a due and suitable degree of activity, this propensity becomes highly useful, as it enables us to hold on to our thoughts, feelings, and plans, until the intellect

and the other feelings have given sanction to the communication of them.

Burns seems to have had the feeling active in that due degree, which should regulate the intercourse of friendship, and of the world at large.

Some may not see why such a distinct elementary principle should exist. A short view of the defensive and selfish nature of man, from a comparison of the feelings, will show its precise position. Combativeness repels injury and seeks mastery, but not destruction. Destructiveness likes no long argument, but excites to a determination to destroy and demolish. Cautiousness leads us to provide direct means of defence, and do all carefully. Secretiveness excites to arts of stratagem, concealment, and deception. If we were to meet an enemy, whom we were desirous to prevent from injuring us, we might be conscious of the simultaneous activity and influence of all these feelings, and different individuals would adopt different courses, just according to their peculiar organization.

The organ, and where located. and is situated immediately above

-The organ is large, destructiveness in the

middle lateral portion of the brain. When secretiveness

and destructiveness are both large, the lower middle

portion of the head is characterized by a general fulness. I have noticed the organ when large and when small, and compared it with the characteristics of the feeling, as manifested in both of these states, and am entirely satisfied of its existence and correct location. I have seldom seen it large, where there were not other selfish organs large, such as love of approbation, or self-esteem, or acquisitiveness, or constructiveness, or destructiveness. It is indeed near the centre of the side organs, and when the head in general is characterized by great breadth, this organ will be likely to be large. The individual will be profoundly selfish, and characterized for tact, savoir faire, prudence, cunning, slyness, and stratagem. There are casts in the shops illustrative of its existence, location, and size. When the organ is small and feeble, the person will express every feeling on his countenance, will communicate all his thoughts and plans, and be always betraying himself. You can see to the bottom, as in a clear, limpid stream. Bonaparte had the organ very large, and when he thought himself closely observed, he had the power of discharging from his countenance all expression, save that of a vague and indefinite smile, and presenting to the spectator the fixed eyes and rigid features of a marble bust. It is usually large and active in successful actors. I examined the head of H***, the comedian, who gives the primitive yankee character so well, and found the organ of secretiveness large. I am acquainted with a lady whose countenance, when in a situation to be noticed, always carries the same indefinable, unmeaning smile, and the appearance of candor personified. A love affair disclosed her true disposition. In her the organ is large, almost to a deformity. The