He was the founder of the Philadelphia Dispensary, the first of the kind in the United States. He denied the justice and policy and even the right of punishing murder by death, [destructiveness small.] He exerted himself in the temperance cause by endeavouring to suppress the immoderate use of ardent spirits and tobacco, and his opinions are quoted to this day on this subject.

In attending upon patients, his manner was so gentle and sympathizing, that pain and distress were less poignant in his presence. On all occasions he exhibited the manners of a gentleman. He took so lively an interest in every thing that concerned his pupils, that each believed himself to be a favorite, while his kind offices to all proved that he was the common friend and father of them all. Piety to God was an eminent trait in his character. He usually closed the day by reading the scriptures and family prayer.

His desire after knowledge was the engrossing passion of his life. He remarked while young, and when he stepped from the ship that brought him home from Europe, "that no circumstance of personal charms, fortune, or connexions should tempt him to perpetrate matrimony, (his own phrase) till he had extended his studies so far, that a family would be no impediment to his farther progress." He married at the age of 32. "Medicine is my wife; science is my mistress; books are my companions. My study is my grave: there I lie buried; the world forgetting, by the world forgot."

We have presented to the reader the two extremes of character and opposites in cerebral development. In making the selections, we avoided eminent divines, statesmen, and lawyers, not because instances equally strong

were not to be found, but because we might hope to escape prejudice and imputations of partiality. So far as the same can be noticed from general views of the head, the great mass of mankind are ranged between these two extremes. Examples of these may be noticed at all times.

Men, who have been most conspicuous in swaying the destinies of their fellow-men, are such as are characterized for their large heads, with a nearly equal development of all the different regions. The equality of their organizations save them from errors of feeling as well as of intellect. Taking themselves for the correct type of human nature, they come more nearly to the truth. It cannot be necessary to multiply the cuts of heads of this description. The public will readily call to mind many distinguished individuals, who approach to this condition. With strong propensities, they have still stronger intellects and sentiments, so that, unless temptation to evil should be long continued and strong, they will resist. In a favorable state of society, individuals with propensities slightly proponderating, will not be guilty of excesses. As human nature is now constituted, it was the opinion of Dr. Spurzheim, that this is the condition of a great majority of mankind. We have to remark, says he, that in common the occipital region is unfortunately more developed than the frontal. On this circumstance depends in part the general and excessive energy of the animal nature of man. Again he says, the basilar region of the brain is generally larger than the sincipital. This is another cause of the great activity of the animal nature of man.

CHAPTER XXXV.

OF THE FORMS OF THE FOREHEAD.

THERE are characteristic formations of the different regions, and especially of the forehead. In some the perceptive organs greatly predominate; this produces a rapidly retreating forehead. Such people attend readily to things in detail, and the physical qualities and relations of objects, have great facility in whatever they undertake, and will be very quick in availing themselves of the reflections of others, and may be very happy in illustration, but find it difficult to reason deeply. It is a very favorable organization for a servant or persons in subordinate situations, but not as favorable to those who are required to think more than to observe.* Most of the English statesmen and lawyers, who have succeeded best, have foreheads quite receding. This was the form of the foreheads of Lord Mansfield, Lord Erskine, Sheridan, Canning, and many others who might be named. The forehead of Washington and Lafayette are also rather retreating. In most of these cases, there seems to have been that harmonious balance between the reflective and perceptive organs, which is most favorable to business, judgment, and practical ability.

When the reflective faculties greatly predominate, the middle and superior part of the forehead is prominent, as in the heads of Kant, Locke, Burke, and others.

*The North American Indians usually have a predominance of the perceptive organs. This would be seen in profile view of

Black Hawk.

******

Another class, in whom the reflective organs are very large, with very considerable power in the perceptive organs, may be mentioned. Of this class were Fox, Franklin, Drs. Gall, Spurzheim, and Rush; Alexander Hamilton, De Witt Clinton, Wirt, W*****r, and L**n. When the perceptive organs predominate greatly, the character is more simple, and we see more distinctly the effect of motive springing directly from fundamental feelings. This is still more strikingly the case where secretiveness is small. I shall omit to present the reader with sketches or drawings of these varieties, because the slightest observation will enable individuals to select examples for themselves.

CHAPTER XXXVI.

OF THE MODE OF ILLUSTRATING ORGANS, TALENTS, AND

CHARACTERS COMBINED.

I SHALL illustrate elementary principles or faculties by giving individuals of determinate characters and talents. The reader will then see how each organ tends to their formation; and he will see it precisely as it is verified in nature. A few observations may be occasionally made, pointing out the organs, but in general this will be unnecessary. A statement of the organization will be given, and this will be sufficient.

Dr. Spurzheim in his work on Physiognomy has given the characters of a large number of remarkable persona

ges, and he intended to have also written another work on the Talents of individuals. As every individual has both character and talent, I see no necessity for a division. It will be my object to give the reader both views in my remarks upon the same individual. The distinction I make between talents and character is this; Talents are considered as indicated by certain large intellectual organs combined; and assisted by constructiveness, imitation, ideality, firmness, &c. Character is indicated by certain combinations among the sentiments and propensities. Thus a man may have the talent for an artist or an orator, and the character of a rogue, or an honest or religious man.

CHAPTER XXXVII.

CHARACTER AND TALENTS OF ROBERT BURNS.

THE following is extracted from an Essay by Mr. Robert Cox, on the character and cerebral developments of Robert Burns. It is a fair sample of the method, in which Phrenology may be applied to the criticism of individual character and talents, not merely from development, but from a person's sentiments and opinions. It is rather too much a detailed account of individual organs, but is full of shrewd phrenological remarks, made in a way to be appreciated and remembered by the student of Phrenology. The Essay was read before a Society of Edinburgh, formed expressly for the study and practical application of Phrenology, and published in the Edinburgh Phrenological Journal.