ness, roundness, and fineness of texture from those of the laborer, marked as the latter would be by their size, coarseness, and angular roughness, as the fine skin of the one is from the coarse covering of the other. Every part of the system follows the same law. In the lowest ranks of life, we may meet with a man bearing externally the same form of body, and the same size of brain, with a man who is remarkable in another sphere for his talents and general vigor of mind; but in two such persons, the stuff or quality, of which each is made, may be widely different. Contrast for a moment the thick coarse-grained sculls of some of the New Hollanders, with the fine texture and smoothness of the Circassian or Hindoo sculls, and you will find it vain to attempt, even in fancy, to figure them filled with brains of equal quality. With the same mental powers, where the development is alike in size, there will be a coarseness and roughness in the manifestations of the one, from which the other will be totally free. And this is felt in different individuals, even in civilized life. Of one man we say, that he is equally shrewd, kind, just, and affectionate as another; but still he is not so refined in his manner of manifesting his feelings. Much of this difference depends on the quality of the brain, as well as on the peculiar combination of faculties; and in determining the capacities for improvement, either of nations or of individuals, this must be kept in view, otherwise gross errors will be committed.” Also we find the following interesting remarks in Vol. VIII. of the same work, p. 369.

"In the majority of human beings, the quality of the bodily organs varies within such narrow limits, that greater or less size affords an accurate indication of their

relative force and influence. But in a few individuals, at the extreme points of the scale, the difference of quality is so great as to modify the effects of mere size.

"That the difference of quality here insisted on is a fact in nature too influential to be overlooked, and not a mere ingenious supposition, may be easily established by observation. How very remarkable, for example, are the shades of coarseness or fineness in the skin and hair! How very easily does every cook recognise the difference in the muscular system, in the greater or less coarseness of beef! How readily, too, does the anatomist generally discriminate female from male bones, by the greater fineness of their texture! And how very coarse is the fabric of the scull and skeleton in savage tribes, compared with their appearance in civilized man! So very striking are the differences of quality in the sculls in the Phrenological Museum, that when noticing Blumenbach's plates, in the 23d number of this Journal, (Vol. VI. p. 282,) Dr. Combe expressed his conviction, that, in most instances, a pretty accurate notion of the quality of the bodily organization, that of the brain included, might be obtained from the inspection of the scull alone; and many circumstances concur to show that such is really the case; and that where one texture is remarkable for any particular quality, all the rest will be in harmony with it,

great fineness and delicacy of structure in one part being rarely, if ever, accompanied with coarseness of other organs."

As the difference in the quality of different brains cannot be matter of direct inspection, when forming judgments upon the individual in full life, we are obliged to rely upon inferences drawn from inspection of other

parts of the system. And as the laws of hereditary descent demonstrate that we may inherit the peculiarity of one ancestor, as to one part of the system, and of another ancestor, as to another part, we should be careful not to form our judgments upon a single circumstance. For instance, coarse skin or hair alone should not lead us to infer a

coarse texture of brain. As the individual may have

inherited the coarse skin of the father and the fine brain of the mother, &c. But we should take into view all the concurring circumstances, as the hair, skin, formation of features, general formation of bones, &c. &c.

Diet, and the degree and kind of exercise pursued, unquestionably have an influence upon the quality of the whole system. Suppose a large family from the humble walks of life, who have been reared in a retired country place, on coarse and homely fare. Let all of them remain but one, who shall be placed under other influences and shall enjoy reasonably the excitements and luxuries of a healthy city, or large town, for twenty years, in the higher walks of life. Then let them come together, and my word for it, you will see a great difference in the appearance of them! You would almost say that the absent one had been made over, and that he had been wrought out of a finer material than the rest. His head too will be larger and more fully and equally developed. The improvement in this case will have arisen, not less from the superior activity of the brain, (which indirectly improves the action of the heart, lungs, powers of digestion, &c.) than from the superior quality of the aliment to which he has been accustomed.

CHAPTER XII.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INFLUENCE OF THE AFFECTIVE

FACULTIES EXPLAINED.

EVERY organ has a primary and secondary influence. The primary influence is directly on its object, - the secondary is indirect, and comes in by reflection. Thus the primary influence of approbativeness is, to desire notoriety. It may have a secondary influence in leading us to desire riches, that we may attract notice by our display. Self-esteem directly desires power, and to feel conscious of its possession. A moment's reflection is sufficient to enable us to see that wealth confers power. Wealth may therefore be sought under the stronger, but still indirect and secondary, motive of self-esteem.

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This principle is of the greatest importance in forming judgments of character and motive. For instance, here is a man, who has assiduously toiled, night and day, for many a long year, to accumulate wealth. He has, perhaps, denied himself many comforts; - the world think him avaricious, and say, if acquisitiveness is not predominant in his head, then there can be no truth in phrenology. An examination is made, and the organ of acquisitiveness is found to be no more than average. But the eye soon discovers a large development of approbativeness and self-esteem. You put the inquiry, what has induced him to toil so long and incessantly to accumulate wealth, and the answer will reveal the motive. You will find that acquisitiveness, although the apparent

and direct motive, is much less powerful than the secondary. He desired to possess wealth, that he might have power, and make a display. His language will be, it was a desire to raise myself in the world, and not be constantly mortified by the insolence of the rich. If secretiveness be active, he may attempt to deceive you with a story about his desire to provide comfortably for his children, &c.

I have remarked, that when secondary feelings act indirectly, as in the above case, you will find the individual has a respectable share of the higher intellectual faculties. When higher intellect is deficient, and the individual acts instinctively, the character is much more simple, and the motives more direct; such persons go by sense and instinct, rather than reflection.

Another thought in reference to the organs is this, that their manner of manifestation will be influenced by the state of public opinion, sentiment, and of society. For instance, dignity bears the same reference to selfesteem, as conscience does to conscientiousness, — and what would be dignified in one place, would not be so in another. So that intellect modifies all the actions of the feelings.

Again, the assistance of the secondary organs is necessary to modify, and often to disguise, the action of the primary feelings. Amativeness is elevated, refined, and softened by the simultaneous influence of adhesiveness, benevolence, and reverence. Philoprogenitiveness is assisted by adhesiveness, benevolence, conscientiousness, cautiousness, &c. Acquisitiveness loses half its grossness, when active in connexion with the higher sentiments, and the domestic feelings. In the higher classes, where