sion she complained of pain in the organ of tune, and said that she had been dreaming a great deal of hearing the finest music. After these dreams had been continued a few nights, the excitement of the organ had reached a height that could not be controlled. The patient felt, not to say a desire only, but a strong, irresistible passion, or craving for music, which it was painful, beyond endurance, to repress. She insisted on getting up, and being allowed to play and sing; and shortly after, she got hold of a guitar, lay down on a sofa, and fairly gave way to the torrent; and with a volume, clearness, and strength of voice, and with great facility of execution, she sang an accompaniment, till her musical faculties became spent and exhausted.

The case of Jane C. Rider furnishes evidence of the morbid state of all the perceptive organs. She had never learnt to sing, or play, but in her paroxysms, her fondness for singing amounted to a passion, — she was never satisfied with listening. She also sung several tunes, herself, with tolerable correctness.

The organ, when large, enlarges the lateral parts of the forehead. But its form is not always the same. Great practice is necessary to be able to observe this organ successfully.

We have examined all those faculties which enable us to form conceptions of things, their qualities, and relations. And as man is a social being, and not only communicates, but records and transmits his knowledge, and as this can be but imperfectly done, by exhibiting the objects themselves, with their qualities, relations, and

acts, we stand in need of a power of representation, so as that one thing may stand in place of another. Thus, instead of bringing to a man a tree, when we want to inform him of the qualities of such an existence, we can substitute a combination of marks, which are recognised by the organ of form, and, taken together, constitute the word tree. We can also make a certain sound, or motion, the representation of an object. By aid of the higher intellectual powers, man has invented many thousands of these signs, and they are adopted, in common use, as arbitrary language. In the recognition of these, without regarding them as signs, the perceptive organs, already noticed, are alone active. The organs of form, size, weight, and color, are all active in recognising a single written or printed word; and the organ of tune is active in noticing spoken words. But a distinct faculty is necessary to enable us to conceive of these words, as being the representatives of things and acts, in all their relations and variety, so as to communicate the impressions of one mind to another. Those, who are deaf and dumb, are deprived of the power of using words as sounds, and the blind cannot apprehend mere written words. But the power of substitution still remains, and the mode of it is made to conform to the condition of the person to whom the signs are addressed. The organ of the faculty, by which we are enabled to use a sign for something signified, is called that of language. It is easy to see that the power is peculiar in its nature, and we should be led to suppose it would be manifested by its appropriate organ.

But we are not left to mere conjecture. It is proved by nearly all the tests. It is possessed in very different

degrees, by different individuals, who have other powers, in equal degree. It does not belong to the lower animals generally. Half-idiot children there are, who never speak, although they do many things, like reasonable persons. There have been cases of disease in the organ. Dr. Hood, of Kilmarnock, had a patient, who had the ordinary knowledge of written and spoken language, but who suddenly began to speak incoherently. She had forgotten the name of every object in nature. The particulars of this case are mentioned in the Edinburgh Phrenological Journal, and are copied into Mr. Combe's system.

Where situated, and how developed. The organ is situated in the posterior and transverse part of the orbitary plate, and, when large, presses the plate and eye downward and outward. When the fibres are long, they press the eye as far forward as the eye-brows. If only thick, they press them towards the outer angle of the orbit.

Function of the organ. I have already remarked, that it gives the power of connecting ideas with substituted signs. But the superior intellectual faculties assist to invent artificial signs; and signs cannot, in the nature of things, be antecedent to the thing signified. Signs, too, require to be multiplied, and modified, according to the sensations and conceptions of the mind. Hence, if we look into the grammar of a language, we shall find that the sorts of signs correspond to the functions of the several faculties. This shows why, in a language, there are different kinds of words, or parts of speech. Thus, if I say, Behold three large colored men, who are rapidly running, side by side, across the

bridge to conceive the statement above requires the activity of individuality, form, size, weight, color, locality, order, number, eventuality, and time; and to express it requires the use of nearly all the parts of speech.

Persons, who have the organ of language large, and active, have a torrent of words flowing in upon them, whenever they become excited, in speech, or composition. But it does not follow, that such will be forward to appear on occasions, which require the exercise of language, because there may be great cautiousness, secretiveness, or diffidence. Another manifestatio nof the activity of the organ may be found in the disposition some people show, to give new appellations to familiar ideas. If the reflective organs and marvellousness be large, as well as the organ of language, the individual will be likely to have great facility in inventing arbitrary signs, and new varieties, and compounds. One of the signs of the great activity of the organ is a conscious desire to find a name or sign to represent every new idea.

Such people, too, will have a vivid recollection of a vast number of signs, with which they have been in the habit of associating their ideas. When the doctrines of Phrenology come to be generally understood, the admiration excited by the possession of a great number of dead and foreign languages will be much diminished. It will then be considered merely as evidence of a large organ of language, and as no evidence of superior general talents.

The perceptive organs, thus far examined, enable us to contemplate all the particular qualities and relations. of an object, as isolated particulars; individuality being as the trunk, of which all the rest are but branches. These serve, as it were, to enable us to see and define all the particular qualities and relations of things, and, taken together, to regard them as one whole. Comparison is the organ of the faculty which judges of the fitness of one thing, thus viewed as a whole, to another. It enables us to take into view and compare all our objects of knowledge, discriminating differences and resemblances between things taken as an aggregate. It also discovers general attributes. Dr. Spurzheim remarks, that "It compares, discriminates, separates, abstracts, adapts, and generalizes." It enables us to see resemblances and differences, and to compare the innate qualities of one thing with those of another.

It enables as to adapt and adjust one thing to another in due proportion, so as to produce an harmonious whole. Hence comparison becomes a leading quality in that combination which constitutes judgment. As such, it is of great importance in the character, and I have never seen an individual, with the organ in question small, who was characterized for sound judgment. It does not follow, however, that every one, who has this organ large, will have sound judgment. Defective perceptive organs,

- small power of tracing causation, — particular, strong, and wayward propensities, - all, or any of these, may cause a defect in presenting to comparison the materials. for sound judgment. This subject will be resumed