CHAPTER

providing for the operation of the Constitution.

dent. Washington the one indispensable man.

The Presi-

The choice

of a Vice-President. John Adams elected. The election of

senators and representatives. A bare quorum of representa-

tives for the organization of the House. Some of the mem-

bers. Organization of the Senate. Noted members. The

Congress Federal in membership. Salaries of the President

and others. Washington's triumphal journey to New York.

His inauguration and address. Questions of official etiquette.

Foreign relations. The committees of the two Houses. The

Cabinet. Relations between the President and the Cabinet.

Communication between Cabinet and Congress.

ciary organized. The first ten amendments.

Rights.

X FINANCES

The judi-

A "Bill of

PAGES

245-255

Madison's

The finances the first question before Congress.

bill the first tariff act. A revenue measure with incidental

protection. Madison's free trade views. Tonnage duties.

Insufficient revenue. Hamilton's recommendations. Excise

duties. The "whiskey rebellion." The foreign and domes-

tic debts. Hamilton insists on their discharge in full. Loans

effected to meet national debt. Public securities at par.

Credit restored. State debts arising out of the Revolution.

Assumption by Federal government. Hamilton's "log-

rolling" success. The seat of the Federal government de-

cided. The permanent capital. Hamilton's plan for a

national bank. Its management. The institution chartered.

Implied powers of the Constitution. A mint established.

The results of Hamilton's measures.

Political

XI POLITICAL PARTIES AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS 257-273

The origin of political parties in the United States. Funda-

mental differences arising out of foreign affairs.

parties before the Revolution. Whigs and Tories. National

and local questions. Federalists and anti-Federalists. Strict

and liberal construction of the Constitution. The funda-

mental party difference. Jefferson versus Hamilton. Fed-

eralists and Republicans. Their opposed contentions. Their

geographical and economic alignment. Difference on foreign

policy. The organization of a party press. Fenno's Gazette

of the United States. Freneau's Gazette. Americans and

the French Revolution. The Republicans espouse the cause

of France. The Federalists in sympathy with England.

CHAPTER

Genet, minister of France, endangers American neutrality.

His recall. War between Great Britain and France. Wash-

ington seeks advice of the Cabinet as to the attitude of

America. Proclamation of neutrality. The treaty of 1778

with France. Authorship of proclamation. Bitter feeling

aroused.

XII THE JAY TREATY

PAGES

275-290

Critical relations with Great Britain. Aggressions on Amer-

ican commerce. The rights of neutrals. Impressment of

seamen. New England urges war against Great Britain.

War against France mooted. Washington for peace. Em-

bargo decreed. John Jay appointed to negotiate treaty with

Great Britain. Points in dispute. Jay's instructions. His

labors and the results. A treaty signed. Opposed in the

Senate. Why it was unpopular. American people unduly

excited. Attacks upon Jay, Washington, and Hamilton.

Difficulties with France, Spain, and Holland. Pinckney's

mission to Spain. Free navigation of the Mississippi. Port

of deposit at New Orleans. The House refuses to vote appro-

priations. Remarkable speech of Fisher Ames. Washington's

foreign policy.

XIII DOMESTIC AFFAIRS OF WASHINGTON'S

ADMINISTRATIONS

. 291–306

The first United States census. Reapportionment of repre-

sentatives. The first veto under the Constitution. New

States admitted. The van of western expansion. State Rights

versus Nationalism. Location of seat of government. Wash-

ington named as the permanent capital. The second presi-

dential election. Republicans in majority in House. The

status of the Indians. Indian outbreaks. The first Fugitive

Slave Law. Troubles over excise duties. The eleventh

amendment to the Constitution. Cabinet changes. Wash-

ington's Farewell Address." Adams elected President.

Washington's retirement.

XIV RELATIONS WITH FRANCE DURING THE

ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN ADAMS

307-333

Former services of Adams. His personality. His political
and diplomatic experience. His inaugural address. Relations
with his political opponents. Monroe's inefficiency as minister
to France. General Pinckney's rebuff at Paris. Danger of war

CHAPTER

mission sent to France.

with France. Adams's message to Congress. A composite

The Directory's venal proceedings.

War measures.
Failure of the mission. Gerry's undigni-

fied negotiations with Talleyrand. Washington appointed

commander-in-chief. Alliance with Great Britain proposed.

A last effort at peace. A new mission to France condemned.

The American contention. A treaty secured. Its terms

unpopular.

XV PARTY CONTENTIONS.

PAGES

335-359

Bitterness of parties during Adams's presidency. Washing-

ton's Cabinet retained by Adams. Intrigues in the Cabinet.

Reorganization. Breach in the Federal party. War De-

partment agitated. Naval Department established. New

Naturalization Act a party measure. The Alien Enemies

Act. The Sedition Act. Conviction of Callendar. The

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. Unfavorably received

by other States. Madison's defence of the Resolutions.

Their authorship. A stamp tax. Direct taxation imposed.

Forcibly resisted in Pennsylvania. A bankruptcy law en-

acted. Territories organized. Death of Washington. Elec-

tion of 1800. Hamilton's opposition to Adams. Jefferson

elected. End of the Federalist party. Appointment of John

Marshall. His eminent services. Adams's midnight ap-

pointments. His discourteous treatment of Jefferson.

views as to his missions to France. His last words.

XVI ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS AT

THE CLOSE OF THE CENTURY.

His

361-380

Ultra-conservatism prevails.

Philadelphia the leading city.

Congress first meets there.

and Washington. Area and wealth of the United States.

The future of slavery. Indented servants. Agriculture

and manufacture. Transportation.
Steam power. Fitch's

and Fulton's experiments. State of opinion as to steam

navigation. Road making. Stage coach routes. The mail

service. Hamilton's report on the progress of manufacture.

Household manufactures. Cotton manufacture and export.

Whitney's cotton gin. Intellectual and social conditions.

State of education. Colleges. Literature. Art. Religion.

The moral status. Home life. A new era in industrial and

intellectual development.

Population. Its extension west.

Washington the new capital.

Contrast between Philadelphia

CHAPTER

PAGES

XVII THE BEGINNING OF REPUBLICAN RULE 381-397

An epoch in national administration. Popular enthusiasm.

Condition of the Federalists. Jefferson feared by the conserva-

tive element. Characteristics of the new President. Con-

trasted with Adams. The inauguration at the new capital.

Jefferson's address. His simple ideas of the general govern-

ment. His Cabinet appointments. Reapportionment of

representatives. Attacks on judiciary. The case of Marbury

versus Madison. Chief Justice Marshall conflicts with the

administration. Impeachment of judges. Repeal of internal

taxes. Revenue matters. Proposed abolition of the mint.

Gallatin's financial plans. Reduction of the national debt.

Retrenchment in expenditures on army and navy. United

States military academy established. New Naturalization Act

passed. Repeal of Bankruptcy law of 1800. Civil service

adjustments. Removal of "midnight" appointees. Hamil-

ton's duel and death. The twelfth amendment to the Con-

stitution. The election of 1804. The Federalists a faction.

Character of Jefferson's first administration.

XVIII THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE

399-419

Louisiana ceded by France to Spain in 1763. A French

empire in America. Louisiana receded to France in 1800.

Spain refused to cede the Floridas. The interests of America

in the Louisiana question. Preparations for the French occu-

pation of the ceded territory. Livingston advises taking

forcible possession of the mouth of the Mississippi. Objec-

tion to French control. Purchase of New Orleans author-
ized. "Right of deposit" abrogated. A mission to France.
Threat of war. Instructions to the envoys. Preparations for
seizure of New Orleans. France offers the entire territory of
Louisiana. Napoleon's views. Opposition of his ministers.
Negotiations with the American envoys. Treaty of purchase
concluded. The French debts. Extent of territory pur-
chased. Doubts as to the constitutional right of purchase.
The President's difficulty. Attacks on the treaty in Con-
gress. Provisional government established. Transfer of
Louisiana to the United States. Results of the purchase.

XIX FOREIGN AFFAIRS

• 421-440

The Barbary pirates and American commerce. Negotiations
as to tribute. Strengthening the navy. Punishment of the
Tripolitan pirates. Aggressions by Great Britain and France
on American commerce. Impressment and the right of search

CHAPTER

insisted on by Great Britain. French and British decrees

against neutrals. Retaliatory measures of the combatants.

American ships captured and sailors impressed. Jefferson's

navy. A treaty with Great Britain. Non-Importation Act

passed but soon suspended. The incident of the Chesapeake

and the Leopard. War clouds. The Embargo Bill. Its

disastrous effects on domestic commerce. France's and Great

Britain's attitude toward the embargo. Failure of Jefferson's

policy. Non-Intercourse Act passed. The Florida purchase

measure.

XX DOMESTIC AFFAIRS

PAGES

• 441-456

Aaron Burr's conspiracy. His plans. The President's

proclamation against Burr's schemes. Intrigues with foreign

powers. Burr arraigned. Slave trade abolished. Explora-

tion of the northwest by Lewis and Clarke. Internal im-

provements. The Cumberland Road. Jefferson's Cabinet.

His views on a third presidential term. Madison chosen

President. Summary.-Defects of the Articles of Confed-

eration. Difficulties attending the adoption of the Constitu-

tion. Formation and attitude of parties. The working of

the Constitution.

APPENDIX I.