peds in particular are very scarce, amounting only to five, a rat, a small bat, the seabear, or ursine seal; the fourth, the animal called by lord Anson the sea lion; and the guana or lizard. The birds, though not so numerous as in some other parts, are still deserving of consideration, some of them possessing both a melodious voice and a beautiful appearance. The poc, with its pendent tufts of white feathers, charms with its delightful notes, the romantic wilds of New Zealand. The parrot and parroquet are also to be seen, of different species; also a small bird resembling the sparrow; and a singular species of duck, having the beak, legs, and feet, of a bright red, the eyes encircled with a rim of the same colour, and the body of a fine glossy black. The wild duck was observed in the marshy grounds, and on the banks of the rivers; also some small birds of the most beautiful plumage. The feathers of the cassowary were also seen on the garments of some of the chiefs; but the bird itself was not seen by the missionaries. Among the seafowl which are generally to be met with upon the coast, were observed the shag, the gannet, the albatross, and three or four species of the petrel. In Dusky bay, the small birds are represented as being exceed ingly numerous; and they were found by captain Cook's party, so very tame and unacquainted with the presence of mankind, that they betrayed no distrust whatsoever, and even hopped on the ends of the fowlingpieces. There was shot in this bay a white heron, that answered exactly to the description given by Pennant, in his British Zoology, of a bird formerly found in England. Towards the southward there are also water hens of a large species, rails in vast numbers, cormorants, oyster-catchers or sea-pies, penguins, and some other sorts of aquatic birds. From this part of New Zealand 37 new species of birds were brought away on the return of captain Cook. The country will now have to boast of every species of domestic fowl known in Europe; for the missionaries, who have now established themselves in the island, took with them great numbers of turkeys, geese, ducks and common fowl; so that, in the course of a few years, these will be numerously propagated, and supply the natives with a new article of diet. The insects are not supposed to be numerous. Those observed were the beetle, the flesh-fly, the common fly, and a small sand-fly, which proved exceedingly troublesome. Few mosquitoes were to be seen. Around the coast there was the most remarkable abundance of fish; nor is the profusion more remarkable than the varie ty. Every creek swarms with fish, which

are not only wholesome, but equally delicious with those of Europe. The ship seldom anchored (says captain Cook) in any station, or, with a light gale, passed any place that did not afford us enough with hook and line to serve the whole ship's company, especially to the southward: when we lay at anchor, the boats with hook and line, near the rocks, could take fish in any quantity; and the seine seldom failed of producing a still more ample supply; so that both times when we anchored in Cook's strait, every mess in the ship, that was not careless and improvident, salted as much as lasted many weeks after they went to sea. Of this article the variety was equal to the plenty: we had mackerel of many kinds, among which, one was exactly the same as we have in England. These came in immense shoals, and were taken by the natives in their seines, who sold them to us at a very easy rate. Besides these, there were fish of many species which we had never seen before; but to all which the seamen very readily gave name; so that we talked here as familiarly of hakes, bream, cole fish, and many others, as we do in England; and though they are by no means of the same family, it must be confessed that they do honour to the name. But the highest luxury which the sea afforded us, even in this place, was the lobster, or sea cray-fish, which are probably the same that, in the account of Lord Anson's voyage, are said to have been found at the island of Juan Fernandez, except that, although large, they are not quite equal in size. They differ from ours in England in several particulars; they have a greater number of prickles on their backs, and they are red when first taken out of the water. These we also bought every where to the northward, in great quantities, from the natives, who catch them by diving near the shore, and finding out where they lie with their feet. We had also a fish that Fregier, in his voyage to the Spanish Main in South America, has described by the names of elefant, pejegallo, or poison coq, which, though coarse, we ate very heartily. Several species of the skate, or sting-ray, are also found here, which are still coarser than the elefant; but as an atonement, we had, among many kinds of dog-fish, one spotted with white, which was in flavour exactly similar to our best skate, but much more delicious. We had also flat-fish, resembling both soles and flounders, besides eels and congers of various kinds, with many others, of which those who shall hereafter visit this coast will not fail to find the advantage; and shell-fish in great variety, particularly clams, cockles, and oysters." New Zealand is supposed to have been

peopled from some of the numerous islands scattered throughout the Indian ocean. The people are savage in their manners, and are addicted to all the vices belonging to their barbarous mode of life. Their government is a complete despotism. The chiefs rule over the multitude with the most despotic sway; they are also oppressed by their chiefs, who hold them in complete vassalage. The females, as in most savage countries, are held in a most degraded state, compelled by the men to undergo every sort of laborious drudgery, while they themselves loiter away their time in idleness. They have many gross and revolting superstitions. No sooner does a person arrive at a certain stage of illness among them, than they place the unhappy creature under the wrath of the Etua; and, incapable of accounting for the disease with which he is afflicted, as of applying a remedy to it, they can only consider it as a preternatural visitation of retributive justice, which it would be impious to resist by any human expedient. Many a poor sufferer who, with a little ordinary attention, might be soon restored to health and vigour, is devoted by this horrid superstition to perish in the very midst of his kindred, without a single effort being made for his recovery. But his death is not the only loss which the community sustains at the time it happens; his wife, though she durst not administer that simple aid which might have rescued him from a premature grave, is obliged to immolate herself at his dissolution, as an indispensable test of her faithful attachment. The islands being divided among a variety of petty chiefs, are continually involved in the most barbarous dissentions and bloody wars, carried on with all the malignity of savages. Being divided into rival associations, they are taught from their infancy to cherish a spirit of ferocious hostility against each other, and implacable yengeance becomes a necessary duty, to which they are reconciled by habit, while they indulge it without remorse. The New Zealanders, according to captain Cook, must live under perpetual apprehensions of being destroyed by each other; there being few of their tribes that have not, as they think, sustained wrongs from some other tribe, which they are continually upon the watch to revenge; and perhaps the desire of a good meal may be no small incitement. They will even preserve their enmity from father to son; and the son never loses sight of an injury done to his father.

The

method of executing their horrible designs is by stealing upon their enemies in the night; and if they find them unguarded (which, however, is but seldom the case) they kill every one indiscriminately, not

even sparing the women and children; the dead bodies they either devour on the spot, or carry them home for that purpose. If they are discovered before they can execute their bloody purpose, they generally steal off; and sometimes are pursued and attacked by the other party in their turn. They never give quarter, or take prisoners. This perpetual state of warfare reuders them so circumspect, that they are never off their guard, either by night or day. According to their system of belief, the soul of the man whose flesh is devoured by the enemy, is doomed to perpetual fire; while the soul of him whose body has been resscued, as well as those who die a natural death, ascend to the habitation of the gods. They do not eat the bodies of their friends who have been rescued. Their common method of disposing of the dead is by burying in the earth; but if they have more of their slaughtered enemies than they can eat, they throw them into the sea. They have no such thing as morais, or other places of public worship; nor do they ever assemble together with this view. But they have priests who alone address the gods in prayers for the prosperity of their temporal affairs. Their dress is formed of the leaves of the flag, split into slips, which are interwoven, and made into a kind of matting, the ends, which are seven or eight inches in length, hanging out on the upper side. One piece of this matting, being tied over the shoulders, reaches to the knees; the other piece, being wrapped round the waist, falls almost to the ground. These two pieces are fastened to a string, which, by means of a bodkin of bone, is passed through, and tacks them together. The men wear the lower garment only at particular times. What they consider as the most ornamental part of their dress, is the fur of dogs, which they cut into stripes, and sew on different parts of their apparel. As dogs are not in plenty, they dispose these stripes with great economy. have a few dresses ornamented with feathers; and one man was seen covered wholly with those of the red parrot. The women never tie their hair on the top of their head, nor adorn it with feathers; and are less anxious about dress than the men. Their lower garment is bound tight round them, except when they go a-fishing, and then they are careful that the men shall not see them. The ears of both sexes are bored, and the holes stretched so as to admit a man's finger. The ornaments of their ears are feathers, cloth, bones, and sometimes bits of wood; a great many of them use nails, which were given them by the English for this purpose; and the women sometimes adorn their ears with the white down of the albatross,

They

which they spread before and behind the hole, in a large bunch. They likewise hang to their ears by strings, chissels, bodkius, the teeth of dogs, and the teeth and nails of their deceased friends. The arms and ancles of the women are adorned with shells and bones, or any thing else through which they can pass a string. The men wear a piece of green tale, or whalebone, with the resemblance of a man carved on it, hanging to a string round the neck. They anoint their hair with oil, melted from the fat of fish or birds. The poorer people use that which is rancid, so that their smell is very disagreeable; but those of superior rank make use of that which is fresh. They wear combs, both of bone and wood, which are considered as an ornament, when stuck upright in the hair. The men tie their hair in a bunch on the crown of their head, and adorn it with the feathers of birds, which they likewise sometimes place on each side of the temples. They commonly wear short beards; the hair of the women sometimes flows over the shoulders, and sometimes is cut short. Both sexes, but the men more than the women, mark their bodies with black stains called Amoco; in general the women stain only the lips, but sometimes mark other parts with black patches; the men, on the contrary, put on additional marks from year to year, so that those who are very ancient, are almost covered. Exclusive of the Amoco, they mark themselves with furrows: these furrows make a hideous appearance, the edges being indented, and the whole quite black. The ornaments of the face are drawn in the spiral form, with equal elcgance and correctness, both cheeks being marked exactly alike, while the painting on their bodies resembles filagree work, and the foilage in old chased ornaments; but no two faces or bodies are painted exactly after the same model. These Indians likewise paint their bodies, by rubbing them with red ochre, either dry or mixed with oil. The houses are from 16 to 24 feet long, 10 or 12 wide, and 6 or 8 in height. The frame is of slight sticks of wood, and the walls and roof are made of dry grass, pretty firmly compacted. Some of them are lined with bark of trees, and the ridge of the house is formed by a pole, which runs from one end to the other. The door is only high enough to admit a person crawling on hands and knees; and the roof is sloping. There is a square hole near the door, serving both for window and chimney, near which is the fire-place. A plank is placed near the door, adorned with a sort of carving, and this they consider as an ornamental piece of furniture. The side walls, and roof, projecting two or three feet beyond

the walls at each end, form a sort of portico, where benches are placed to sit on. The fire is made in the middle of a hollow square in the floor, which is inclosed with wood or stone. They sleep near the walls, where the ground is covered with straw for their beds. Besides the fern root, which serves them for bread, they feed on albatrosses, penguins, and some other birds. Whatever they eat is either roasted or baked, as they have no vessels in which water can be boiled. They saw no plantations of cocoas, potatoes, and yams, to the southward, though there were many in the northern parts. The natives drink no other liquor than water, and enjoy perfect and uninterrupted health. When wounded in battle, the wound heals in a very short time, without the application of medicine; and the very old people carry no other marks of decay about them, than the loss of their hair and teeth, and a failure of their muscular strength, but enjoy an equal share of health and cheerfulness with the youngest. The canoes of this country are not unlike the whale boats of New England, being long and narrow. The larger sort seem to be built for war, and will hold from 30 to 100 men: one of these measured near 70 feet in length, 6 in width, and 4 in depth. It was sharp at the bottoin, and consisted of three lengths, about two or three inches thick, and tied firmly together with strong plaiting: each side was formed of one entire plank, about 12 inches broad, and about an inch and a half thick, which were fitted to the bottom part with equal strength and ingenuity. Severai thwarts were laid from one side to the other, to which they were securely tastened, in order to strengthen the canoes. These vessels are rowed with a kind of paddles, between five and six feet in length, the blade of which is a long oval, gradually decreasing till it reaches the handle; and the velocity with which they row with these paddles is surprising; their sails are composed of a kind of mat or netting, which is extended between two upright poles, one of which is fixed on each side. Two ropes fastened to the top of each pole, serve instead of sheets. The vessels are steered by two men, having each a paddle, and sitting in the stern; but they can only sail before the wind, in which direction they move with considerable swiftness. These Indians use axes, adzes, and chissels, with which last they likewise bore holes. The chissels are made of jasper, or of the bone of a man's arm; and their axes and adzes of a hard black stone. Their tillage of the ground is excellent, owing to the necessity they are under of cultivating, or running the risk of starving A long narrow stake, sharpened to an edge

at bottom, with a piece fixed across, a little above it, for the convenience of driving it into the ground with the foot, supplies the place both of plough and spade. The soil being light, their work is not very laborious; and with this instrument alone they will turn up ground of six or seven acres in extent. Their fish-hooks are of shell or bone; and they have baskets of wicker-work to hold the fish. Their warlike weapons are spears, darts, battle-axes, and the patoopatoo. The spear, which is pointed at each end, is about 26 feet in length, and they hold it in the middle, so that it is difficult to parry a push from it. Whether they fight in boats or on shore, the battle is hand to hand; their contest must be bloody.

Several missionary stations have been established in New Zealand, for the double purpose of civilising the ignorant natives, and instructing them in the truths of the Christian religion; and the missionaries continue still struggling against the serious obstacles opposed to their progress, from the ferocious habits and superstitions of the natives, by whom they are frequently ill-treated and abused. It was in the year 1814 that the first missionary settlers were established among the New Zealanders, on the Bay of Islands, by the Rev. Samuel Marsden, well known for his unwearied perseverance in this enterprise, and for the skill with which he has conducted it. Many difficulties were encountered; but the settlers still continued their efforts. The settlements were again visited in 1819 by Mr Marsden, when a track of land, consisting of 13,000 acres, was purchased from one of the chiefs, and the missionaries were settled on it. He also undertook a journey across the island, on which he discovered a large river, making its way, with its tributary streams, into the sea, on the opposite shore. This river he named Gambier. He has since visited the settlements, for the purpose of superintending and encouraging the missionaries. And several New Zealanders, who were brought to New Holland, and had there an opportunity of witnessing the arts and improvements of civilised life, have been of great service to the missions. On the part of the missionaries there has been no want of perseverance or of courage. But the warlike habits and savage manners of the natives oppose great obstacles to their exertions. They are in all respects savages, possess their characteristic cruelty, improvidence, and brutality—their hatred of industryand their disposition to rob and steal wherever they can. The missionaries having, of course, no force to oppose for their protection, are frequently maltreated by them,

and abused when they refuse to comply with their requests for iron tools, or any other article they may take a fancy to; and their lives do not appear to be in great security, stationed as they are among such a horde of merciless savages. They appear, however, undismayed; and are prosecuting their labours, both spiritual and temporal, with the greatest assiduity. They are cultivating the ground for a subsistence, and have already ample store of excellent wheat; they have also turned their attention to the breeding of cattle, some of which have been imported from New Holland for their use; and they have several of the natives em. ployed in the sawing of wood, in which the country abounds, and which affords an article of export to New South Wales. We cannot expect that, in the present generation, any great impression will be made, or that it will be easy to reclaim them from their inveterate attachment to savage habits: and one great obstacle to the planting of any new community in this country, on the principles of civilised life, seems to be the want of any protection. If an industrious society were beginning to flourish and to grow rich in this wilderness, what security have they against the insatiable cupidity of the wretches by whom they are surrounded? To improve the country, the missionaries ought to be protected; and if they were joined by a band of resolute colonists, who would protect their own rights, and at the same time respect the rights of the natives, this accession of strength would certainly greatly conduce to the steady progress of the settlement. They might then proceed in their labours, both spiritual and temporal, particularly the latter; for if the natives will not listen to their religious exhortacions, it would still be of great importance to instruct them in the arts of civilised life; and by degrees the missionaries might draw to them European colonists, and thus form an industrious and thriving community. The progress they have already made, under so many discouragernents and obstacles, is certainly astonishing. Among other enterprises, they have suc◄ ceeded in reducing to writing the language of the natives, and have constructed a New Zealand grammar, for the benefit of such new missionaries as may be inclined to adventure on this field of missionary enterprise.

The population of New Zealand has been variously calculated, from 100,000 to 150,000.

ZEAMAH, a river of Algiers, which falls into the Mediterranean, & miles S. S. E. of Cullu.

ZEB, or ZIB, a village of Syria, near the sca coast, 9 miles from Acre.

ZEBBEY, a town of the island of Malta, sail to contain 4000 inhabitants.

ZEBDAINEH, a village of Syria, 14 miles N. W. of Damascus.

ZEBEE, a considerable river which flows hrough the south of Abyssinia, and has been supposed to fall into the Arabian sea; out, according to the information obtained by Mr Salt, it is lost in the sands.

ZEBEER, a village of Irak Arabi, 12 miles W. of Bassora.

ZEBEN, a town of Hungary, on the river Tarza or Torissa, 25 miles N. N. W. of Caschau. Population 2100.

ZEBID, a city of Arabia, once the capital of Yemen, and the seat of a most extensive trade; but since its port at Ghalefka has been choaked up, this has been transferred to Mocha, and Zebid has fallen into a state of great decay. It has even become an employment of the people to sell the stones of the old edifices, for the purpose of being employed in new erections elsewhere. The old mosques and minarets still give to the place a magnificent appearance from a distance; and it is still distinguished by an academy, much resorted to by the youth of Yemen, for the prosecution of such sciences as are cultivated among Musulmen. miles N. of Mocha.

52

ZEBU ISLE, one of the Philippine islands, situated about the 123d and 124th degrees of E. loug. It is 108 miles in length, by 24 in breadth. It was here that Magellan fell, in a skirmish with the natives, in

1521.

ZEDDAM, a village of the Netherlands, in Gelderland. Population 1800.

ZEDLETZ, OLD, a town of Bohemia, 5 miles N. W. of Hayd. Population 900.

ZEDROS, a river of New Granada, in the province of Choco, which rises in the province of Popayan, and falls into the Pacific

ocean.

ZEELST, a village of the Netherlands, in North Brabant, with 1000 inhabitants.

ZEEVENBERGEN, a town of the Netherlands, province of Utrecht. Population

2800.

ZEGGO, a town of Central Africa, south of the Niger, on the caravan route from Cashna to Ashantee.

ZEGHAMA, a town of Darfur, 60 miles N. of Cobbe.

ZEGHEN, a poor village of Fezzan, on the southern border of the desert of Soudah, 65 miles N. of Mourzouk.

ZEGMA, a small town of Diarbekir, in Asiatic Turkey, situated on the Euphrates. ZEGZEG, a country and city of Central Africa, situated to the eastward of Agadez. ZEIDEN, a town of the Prussian province of Brandenburg, on the river Muglitz, 46 miles E. N. E. of Berlin. Population 1000.

ZEHDENIK, a town of the Prussian province of Brandenburg. Here is a foundry for casting balls, bombs, and other mili tary stores. Population 1600. 33 miles N. of Berlin.

ZEHISTA, a village of Germany, in Saxony, 3 miles S. of Pirna.

ZEHREN, a village of Germany, in Saxony, on the Elbe, 5 miles N. N. W. of Meissen.

ZEIBO, an island or rock in the Atlantic ocean, near the coast of Yucatan.

ZEIDEN, a town of Transylvania, northwest of Cronstadt. Population 3200.

ZEIDLER, a village of Bohemia, in the circle of Leutmeritz, on the borders of Lusatia. Population 1000.

ZEILA, a seaport, capital of the kingdom of Adel, situated to the south of Abyssinia, It lies on the gulf of Aden, almost immediately beyond the straits of Babelmandel, and on a bay, great part of which is dry at low water. The inhabitants are Mahometans, and dependent upon Yemen. The place is the theatre of a considerable trade; and contains some good houses, though the greater part of the habitations consist of poor cottages. Long. 44. 20. E. Lat. 10.

45. N.

ZEISELMAUER, a small town of Germany, on the Danube, 11 miles N. N. W. of Vienna.

ZEISEN, an island of the Atlantic ocean, on the coast of New Granada, South Ame rica, and province of Carthagena. It is in the bay of Tolu, and lies farthest out of all the islands which form that bay.

ZEISKAM, a village of the Bavarian circle of the Rhine, near Spire. Population 1100. ZEITHAYN, a village of Saxony, on the Elbe, 24 miles N. W. of Dresden.

ZEITLARN, a large village of Bavaria, on the river Regen, 5 miles N. of Ratisbon.

ZEITUN, SEITUN, or ISDIN, a town of Greece, in the sandgiacat of Egribos, at a small distance from the gulf of Zeitun. It is an open town, and contains 1000 inhabitants, who export silk, cotton, and corn, and participate in the transit trade from Larissa and Salonica, to the Morea. To the southward lies the famous pass of Ther mopyla. 48 miles S. by E. of Larissa, Long. 22. 58. E, Lat. 39. 6. N.

ZEITUN, a town in the island of Malta, which, though little known beyond the li mits of the island, contains 3900 inhabit See Malta and Valetta.

ants.

ZEITZ, an ancient town of Prussian Saxony, on the Elster, 16 miles E. S. E. of Naumburg, and 67 W. of Dresden. It contains 5400 inhabitants, and has some small manufactures of woollens, leather, and earthen ware. It is surrounded with a wall, and contains a beautiful castle called Moritz