Population 1700. 25 miles W. of Issoire.

Toun and TAXIS, or THURN and TASSIS, the name, in a former age, of two small counties of Italy, in the Milanese. The title of prince of Tour and Taxis is still held by a German fainily of rank, remarkable for having established the use of posts in the empire. They are still at the head of the post-office in several states of Germany.

TOUR DES BALEINES, LA, a tower and light-house in the west of France, on the western extremity of the isle of Rhe.

TOUR LANDRY, a small town in the west of France, department of the Maine and Loire. Population 1700. 9 miles N. E. of Cholet, and 22 S. S. W. of Angers.

TOUR DE PEIL, LA, a small town in the west of Switzerland, on the lake of Geneva, near Vevay. Population 700.

TOUR DU PIN, LA, a small town in the south-east of France, department of the Isere. It is situated on the Bourbre, and has a population of 1600. 22 miles W.S.W. of Chamberri.

TOUR DE ROUSSILLON, à small town in the south of France, in the Eastern Pyrenees, on the river Gly. It has a population of 900, occupies the site of the ancient Ruscino, and is 3 miles E. of Perpig

nan.

TOUR LA VILLE, a small town in the north-west of France, department of La Manche. Population 3400. It is remarkable for an extensive manufacture of looking-glasses, and is situated 4 miles from Cherburg.

TOUR LA VILLE, or TOUR DE TREME, a small town of Switzerland, in the canton of Friburg, 2 miles N. of Gruyeres.

TOURA, a town of Upper Egypt, anciently called Troja.

TOURADJA, an extensive inland district of Celebes, inhabited by mountaineers, and also by a race of people called Biajoos, who are itinerant fishermen.

TOURAINE, an inland province of France, bounded by the provinces of Maine, the Orleannois, Berri, Poitou, and Anjou. It is watered by the Loire, the Cher, the Indre, and the Vienne. It is not of great extent, being only 50 miles each way; but its fertility and beauty of scenery have obtained for it the name of the Garden of France. It now forms the department of the Indre and Loire, which see. Tours is the capital.

TOURATTEA, & Country of Celebes, extending from the river Tjeeko along the sea coast, to the south and east, to the river Tino. It is bounded on the north by Macassar, and on the west and south by the sca, In ancient times it was inhabited by

a free people, living under several independent princes.

TOURBE, a small river in the north-east of France, department of the Marne. It falls into the Aisne near Servan.

TOURCOING, in French Flanders. See Turcoing.

TOURINA, CAPE, a promontory in the north-west of Spain, on the west coast of Galicia. Long. 9. 20. W. Lat. 43. 3. N.

TOURMALET, one of the passes of the Pyrenees, in the central part, near Bareges The mountain of that name is 7500 feet in perpendicular height.

TOURMENTE, CAPE, a bold bluff point on the north bank of the river St Lawrence, rising more than 1800 feet above the river. It is 7 miles below the island of Orleans.

TOURNAGHAUT, a celebrated pass of the south of India, leading from the western coast called the Concau, into the interior of the country. Long. 73.25. E. Lat. 17.47. N.

TOURNANS, a small town in the north of France, department of the Seine and Marne, with 1600 inhabitants. Here are a fine castle and park. 14 miles N. by E. of Melun, and 17 S. S. W. of Meaux.

TOURNAY, a small town in the southwest of France, department of the Upper Pyrenees. Population 800. 12 miles S. E of Tarbes.

TOURNAY, a large town of the Nether lands, the chief place of a district in the province of Hainault. It adjoins the frontier of French Flanders, and is traversed by the Scheldt, which has here more the appearance of a canal than a river. On one side of it is a broad and handsome quay, almost the only embellishment of the town, which in general is ill built and gloomy. Of public buildings, it has to boast only a cathedral, the abbey of St Martin, and an hospital: it has, however, a lycee, a central school, and a public library. Its population, amounting to 22,000, are employed in various branches of manufacture; carpets, stockings, caps, with woollen and cotton stuffs generally. It is a place of antiquity, the Civitas Nerviorum of the Romans, and has, in the course of its history, suffered as much from military operations as any town in Flanders. It was formerly strongly fortified, and had one of the finest citadels in Europe, which was levelled by the French in the middle of the 18th cen tury. In 1792, on the commencement of the war, there took place here an action between the Austrians and French; and in May 1794, a more serious conflict between the latter and the allied troops under the duke of York. This was soon followed by the evacuation of Flanders, and Tournay remained in possession of the French until February 1814.

TOURNETTE, a mountain of the Alps, in Savoy, near Annecy. Its height is nearly 7200 feet above the level of the sea. TOURNON, a small town in the south-east of France, department of the Ardeche, situated on a declivity near the Rhone. It has a population of 3500, and a traffic in wine, wood, silk, and corn; likewise some manufactures of silk and stuffs. Here is a central school on a large scale; and on the opposite bank of the Rhone is cultivated the well known wine called hermitage. 12 miles N. by W. of Valence, and 60 S. E. of Lyons.

TOURNON, a small town in the southwest of France, department of the Lot and Garonne, with 1100 inhabitants. 14 miles E. of Villeneuve, and 22 N. E. of Agen. TOURNUS, a small town in the east of France, department of the Saone and Loire, situated on the Saone." It carries on a traffic in corn, wine, and wood, and was formerly the seat of a richly endowed abbey. Population 5200. 17 miles S. of Chalons, and 20 N. of Macon.

TOUROUVRE, a small town in the north of France, department of the Orne. Population 1700. 7 miles N. E. of Mortagne, TOURS, a small town in the central part of France, department of the Puy de Dome. Population nearly 2000. 25 miles E. by S. of Clermont.

TOURS, a considerable town in the central part of France, the capital of the department of the Indre and Loire. It is situated in a delightful plain, in one of the finest parts of France. It stands on the south or left bank of the Loire, a little above the spot where that river is joined by the Cher. The city is of an oblong form, and lies parallel to the course of the Loire. Including its fine small suburbs, it has a population of 22,000, a number by no means proportioned to the large extent of ground inclosed by the walls; but part of the houses are low in structure. Another part is very different, having been rebuilt in a beautiful manner, and partly by aid from government, after a fire that took place in the early part of the reign of Louis XVI. This part includes the Rue Neuve, or Rue Royale, a street of great elegance: the houses in it are built of stone, like those of Bath, and on a uniform plan, which in a continental town is rare. This street is in a line with the bridge over the Loire, a celebrated structure, no less than 1400 feet in length, and 45 in breadth. It consists of 14 arches, each of 75 feet in width, and ranked among the finest bridges in Europe, until the late erections at Bourdeaux and London. At some distance, but in the same line, is the bridge over the Cher; and as the great walk called the Mail ex

tends in a line with the bridges and the Rue Neuve, nothing can be finer than the entrance into Tours, either from the north or south. The approach is by long avenues bordered with trees, and the length of the whole avenues, street, and bridges, is not short of five miles.

So far Tours is an elegant town; but the smaller streets to the right and left of the Rue Neuve, are as narrow and gloomy as in other French towns. It is, and has long been, the seat of an archbishop. Its metropolitan church is remarked for its lofty, spires, its ingenious clock, and its library. Though there are great exaggerations as to the former population of Tours, it certainly has been a place of note since the early ages of the French monarchy. It was the scene of the repulse of the Saracens by Charles Martel in 732; and in subsequent ages, its castle, built in a rock, served more than once as a place of refuge for the royal family in times of commotion. The hotel de ville and the theatre are good provincial buildings; the other public structures are the residence of the archbishop, the hotel de l'intendance, the Jesuits' college, the Benedictine abbey. Here are also a race course, a botanical garden, and museum,

Of the manufactures of Tours, the prin cipal is silk, which was introduced here earlier than in any other town of France, by workmen brought from Italy in the 15th century. Their number increased in the course of the 16th, to 20,000; but the competition of Lyons, situated in a climate more favourable to the silk worm, was not to be withstood, and the persons employed on the silk manufacture in Tours and its neighbourhood does not now exceed a third of the number just mentioned. The other manufactures of the place are woollens and leather: some wine and brandy are made from the vines of the neighbourhood; but altogether the trade of the town, notwithstanding the vicinity of two navigable rivers, is inconsiderable. The great advantage of Tours is its attraction to travellers, as well from the elegance of the town as the beauty of the surrounding country. It has consequently been a favourite place of resort for our countrymen since 1814. The expence of living, though not so moderate as represented in certain books of travels, is not greater than in Flanders or Normandy, and is less by a fourth than in most provin cial towns in England. The climate is considerably warmer than in Britain during summer; the winters are not long, but at intervals sharp. Tours being the capital of a department, contains a prefecture, and the different offices connected with it. Its environs contain a greater number of neat country houses than is common in French

of a slender octagonal tower, now ruinous. It stands in a barren muir, but its use is unknown.

TOWERSEY, a parish of England, in Buckinghamshire, 9 miles S. W. of Ayles

bury.

TOWIE, or TOWIE KINBATTOCK, a parish of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, about 3 miles long, and 2 broad, watered by the Don. Population 585.

TOWLSTON, a township of England, West Riding of Yorkshire, 2 miles W. of Tad

caster.

TOWNSHEND, a post township of the United States, in Middlesex county, Massachusetts, 44 miles N. W. of Boston. Population 1246.

TOWNSHEND, a post township of the United States, in Windham county, Vermont, 40 miles S. S. W. of Windsor. Population 1115.

TOWNSHEND, CAPE, a cape on the northeast coast of New Holland. Long. 209. 43. W. Lat. 22. 15. S.

TOWNSHEND ISLAND, an island on the east coast of New Holland, which captain Cook thought was part of the mainland. Captain Flinders discovered that it was separated from the continent; and he gave the name of Townshend to the island, which captain Cook gave to the cape, supposing it to belong to the mainland. Long. of the ape, 159. 29. E. Lat. 22. 13. S.

TOWNSHEND, POINT, a cape on the south-east coast of Admiralty island, in the North Pacific ocean. Long. 225. 57. E. Lat. 57. 7. N.

TOWNSTALL, a parish of England, in Devonshire, near Dartmouth. Its church is situated on a hill, and has a tower 69 feet high, which serves as a land-mark at sa. Population 987.

TOWTHORPE, OF TOULTHORPE, a township of England, East Riding of Yorkshire, 9 miles W.N. W. of Great Driffield.-A township in the North Riding of the same county, 5 miles N. by E. of York.

ToWTON, a village of England, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, 3 miles S. E. of Tadcaster. It is famous for a sanguinary battle fought here between the forces of the houses of York and Lancaster, on Palm Sunday 1461. The Yorkists gained a complete victory; and 36,000 men, of whom nine were noblemen, besides many knights and esquires, fell in the battle and in the pursuit.

Towy. See Tive or Twyvy. TowYN, a parish of Wales, in the county of Merioneth, situated on the river Towynmy, 11 miles from Barmouth, and 217 from London. The houses are chiefly built of a coarse stone, and the village has a very respectable appearance. In the church-yard

is a huge pillar, supposed to have been erected to the memory of St Cadvan. The church contains, besides, some good monuments. The town commands a fine view of the sea and neighbouring country, and of late years has been much frequented as a bathing place. Population 1941.

TOWYNMY, a river of Wales, in Montgomeryshire, which runs into the Dowy, 5 miles N. E. of Machynleth.

TOXTETH PARK, a township of England, in Lancashire, 3 miles S. E. of Liverpool. Population 5864.

TOYNTON, HIGH and Low, adjoining parishes of England, in Lincolnshire, 2 miles E. of Horncastle.

TOYNTON, ALL SAINTS and ST PETER's, adjoining parishes in the above county, 2 miles S. of Spilsby.

TOZER, a large village of the Bled-el Jereede, to the south of Tunis. It is the principal market for dates in that neighbourhood, and carries on a considerable trade with the Niger. It is the ancient Tisurus. 50 miles S. S. W. of Gafsa.

TRAARBACH, a small town, or rather village, of the Prussian province of the Lower Rhine, on the Moselle. It is a small place, containing only about 1200 inhabitants, including the adjoining village of Traben, but was formerly a fortress of strength. miles N. E. of Treves.

24

TRABA, a small seaport of European Turkey, in the island of Candia.

TRACADUCHE, or CARLETON, a settlement on the north side of Chaleur bay, in Lower Canada.

TRACHENBERG, a small town of Prussian Silesia, 24 miles N. of Breslau. It has nearly 2000 inhabitants, and is the chief place of a principality belonging to the family of Hatsfield.

TRACK, one of the Nicobar islands. Long94. 6. E. Lat. 7. 30. N.

TRACKEHNEN, a village of Prussian Lithuania, with a large stud of horses belonging to government. 15 miles S. S. W. of Gumbinnen.

TRACY'S LANDING, a post village of the United States, in Ann Arundel county, Maryland.

TRADATE, a small town of Austrian Italy, in the Milanese, 20 miles N. W. of Milan.

TRADEWATER, a river of the United States, in Ohio, which has its rise in Christian county, and running a north-west course, falls into the Ohio 200 miles below the mouth of Green river. It is about 70 yards wide at its mouth, and 80 miles long.

TRAETH BICHAN, a bay of the Irish sea, on the west coast of Wales, in the county of Merioneth. 2 miles N. of Harlech.

TRAETH COCH. See Redwharf Bay.

TRAETH MAWER, a bay of the Irish sea, on the west coast of Wales, between the counties of Merioneth and Caernarvon. 4 miles N. of Harlech.

TRAETTA, a small town of Italy, in the north-west part of the kingdom of Naples, in the Terra di Lavoro. It has 3500 inhabitants, and stands on the river Garigliano, occupying the site of the ancient Minturna.

TRAFALGAR, a cape of Spain, on the coast of Andalusia, at the entrance of the straits of Gibraltar, opposite to Cape Esparte, on the coast of Africa. On the 21st October 1805, the British fleet, commanded by lord Nelson, obtained a complete victory over the combined fleets of France and Spain off this cape. The enemy's force consisted of 33 sail of the line, (18 French and 15 Spanish) under the command of Villeneuve, an officer of talent, who ascribing the former defeats of the Continental fleets to the want of concentration and mutual support, formed his vessels into a double line. He thus hoped that the breaking of his line would be impracticable, or, if partially accomplished, would be purchased by a ruinous sacrifice. Nelson, apprized by signal on the 19th, of the sailing of the enemy, and on the 20th of their progress to the westward, came in sight of them on the 21st, when the enemy could not, had they desired it, have avoided an encounter. While yet distant, he perceived their compact order, and understood its object; but satisfied that no concentration in the open sea could prevent the British vessels from bringing them to close action, he made very little alteration in his previous plan. He directed his fleet to advance in two divisions, and to force their way through the enemy's line, intersecting it in parts which should give them somewhat less than an equal number of vessels to encounter at a time. That done, this great engagement exhibited no other manœuvre. The talents of the admiral had been called into exercise in planning the order of battle, and carrying it into effect at the earliest opportunity; but the conflict once begun, success was left to depend on the superiority of the British officers and seamen. It was in fact a conflict of ship to ship-a triumph of skill, steadiness, and discipline-a triumph accomplished in every instance in a comparatively short time; for the fighting, begun at noon, did not become general for half an hour, and was over at or before four o'clock.. Our loss did not exceed 1600 men; that of the enemy approached to as many thousands, for 19 sail of the line were taken. Unfortunately gales of wind after the action wrecked part of our prizes, and necessitated the destruction of others. Four sail

of the line, however, were preserved, and four more which had escaped, were met on their northward course, and captured on the 2d November, off Cape Ortegal, making the total loss of the enemy 23 sail of the line. Nelson survived long enough to learn that his victory was decisive. Long. 68. W. Lat. 36. 10. N.

TRAFFORD, BRIDGE, a township of England, in Cheshire, 4 miles N. E. by E. of Chester.

TRAFFORD, MICKLE, a township in the same county, 3 miles N. E. of Chester.

TRAFFORD, WIMBOLDS, another town. ship of England, in Cheshire, 6 miles N. E by N. of Chester.

TRAGARTH, a river of Wales, in Brecknockshire, which runs into the Melta, above Istrad welthy.

TRAGEN, a place of Fezzan, in Africa, 25 miles E. of Mourzouk.

TRAGHAN, a town of Fezzan, in Africa, once considerable, but now reduced to 300 or 600 inhabitants. It contains four mosques, and the ruins of a castle. Many of the principal houses are now in ruins. The country round is highly cultivated, and filled with gardens and date groves. 100 miles N. of Mourzouk.

TRAGONISI, a small uninhabited island of European Turkey, in the Grecian archi pelago, 2 miles from Myconi. It affords secure anchorage to vessels, but produces nothing but a little pasturage, the property of the inhabitants of Myconi.

TRAHIGUERA, a small town of the east of Spain, in Valencia, with 2000 inhabit ants. 16 miles N. W. of Peniscola.

TRAHONA, a small town of Austrian Italy, in the Valteline. It is situated in a valley, to which it gives name. 12 miles S. of Chiavenna.

TRAILFLAT, a parish of Scotland, united to Tinwald in 1650; which see.

TRAINA, an inland town in the northeast of Sicily, in the Val di Demona, situ ated on the river Traina. It contains a po pulation of 6300, but they are in general in great poverty; and this, like most of the inland towns of Sicily, offering little interesting, is seldom visited by travellers. 30 miles W. N. W. of Catania, and 60 S. W. of Messina.

TRAINEL, a small town in the north-east of France, department of the Aube, with 1100 inhabitants. 6 miles S. of Nogentsur-Seine, and 27 W. of Troyes.

TRAISKIRCHEN. See Draskirchen.

TRAITORS' COVE, a harbour on the western side of the island of Revilla Gigedo, in the North Pacific ocean, so called by captain Vancouver, from his having here been exposed to an attack of the natives, who resisted all his efforts to conciliate them.