coral rocks appear above the surface. Be neath this mould is a red loam four or five inches thick; next is a very strong blue clay in small quantities; and in some places has been found a black earth, which emits a very fragrant smell resembling bergamot, but it soon evaporates when exposed to the air. The air is pure and whole some, much sharper in the winter than might be expected, especially when the wind is from the southward. The island is in many parts high; the plantations, in the midst of which the principal houses are placed, being also very neatly inclosed. At a distance the surface seems entirely clothed with trees of various sizes; some of which are very large. But above the rest the tall cocoa-palms always raise their tufted heads; and are a very considerable ornament to any country that pro duces them. The boogu, which is a species of fig, with narrow pointed leaves, is the largest sized tree of the island. The winds are for the most part from some point be tween south and east and when moderate, are commonly attended with fine weather. Of cultivated fruits, the principal are plantains, of which they have fifteen different sorts or varieties; bread-fruit; two sorts of frait found at Otaheite, and known there under the name of jambo and eevee, the latter a kind of plumb; and a vast number of shaddocks, which, however, are found as often in a natural state as planted. The roots are yams, of which there are two sorts; one black, and so large that it often weighs 20 or 30 pounds; the other white and long, seldom weighing a pound; a large root, called kappe; one not unlike our white potatoes, called mawhaha; the taro, or coccos of other places; and another named jeejee. There are several plants at Tongataboo not known at Otaheite; especially shaddocks, and a new species of Jesuits' bark, likely, it is said, to equal that of Peru, in medicinal virtue. The only quadrupeds, besides hogs, are a few rats, and some dogs which are not natives of the place, but produced from some left by captain Cook, in the year 1773, and by others got from Fejee. The cattle left by captain Cook were all destroyed after he left the island. The horse and the mare having been gored by the bull, gave the natives an idea of his furious tem per, and put them in terror for themselves. To prevent any accident, therefore, they destroyed him, with the cow and three young ones, which they informed the missionaries from the ship Duff, were all they had produced. Fowls, which are of a large breed, are domesticated here. Amongst the birds are parrots, somewhat smaller than the common grey ones, of an indifferent green on the beck and wings, the tail bluish, and the rest

of a sooty or chocolate brown; parroquets not larger than a sparrow, of a fine yellowish green, with bright azure on the crown of the head, and the throat and belly red; besides another sort as large as a dove, with a blue crown and thighs, the throat and under part of the head crimson, as also part of the belly, and the rest a beautiful green; cuckoos, king-fishers, and a bird of the thrush kind. The other land birds are rails, fly-catchers, and three sorts of pigeons. There are also bats in great num bers, and some of such magnitude, that the tips of their wings, when extended, are from three to four feet apart. Of waterfowl, and such as frequent the sea, are ducks, blue and white herons, tropic birds, noddies, and white terns. The only noxi, ous or disgusting animals of the reptile or insect tribe are sea-snakes, scorpions, and centipedes. The sea abounds with fish, though the variety is less than might be expected. The most common sorts are mullets, several sorts of parrot-fish, silver fish, and albicores; some sharks, rays, pipe-fish, a sort of pike, and some curious devil-fish. The many reefs and shoals on the north side of the island afford shelter for an endless variety of shell-fish; amongst which are many that are esteemed precious in Europe, such as the hammer oyster, of which, however, none could be obtained entire; a large indentated oyster, and several others, but none of the common sort; paramas; cones; a sort of gigantic cocle, found also in the East Indies; pearl shell oysters, and many others. There are likewise several sorts of sea-eggs, and many fine star-fish, besides a considerable variety of corals, amongst which are two red sorts, the one most elegantly branched, the other tubulous; and there is no less variety amongst the crabs and cray-fish, which are very numerous; to which may be added, several sorts of the sponge, the sea-hare, and the like.

The inhabitants usually go unarmed, but they have weapons of a very formidable nature, their spears being barbed in a dangerous manner, and their clubs very curiously carved. Their war weapons consist of the bow and arrow, spear, and club. Their canoes are numerous, and variously constructed: those used for the ordinary purposes of ferrying and fishing are small, but dexterously managed; and their ware boats, which possess much regularity of form, are very large and commodious. One of these was launched during the short period of the Union's stay, and was re ported to be capable of carrying 300 men, According to the accounts of the mission aries, the people possess many excellent qualities. They are said to be honest to

each other; though in regard to stran gers they pilfer from them all they can. The manners of the lower classes are licentious in the extreme, though among the higher classes adultery is said to be punished. Captain Turnbull, who visited this island, represents the inhabitants in a very unfavourable light; and this agrees with the experience of others who have resided on the island, and with the general character indeed of all savages. They are stated to be cruel, treacherous, and selfish. It is their practice to lie in wait for vessels which touch at the island; and in an unguarded moment to attack and murder the crew, and to seize on the vessel. They are often at war with the neighbouring islands, and their hostilities are carried on with all the cruelty of savages. Some navigators represent them to be cannibals; but this account is not sufficiently authenticated.

This island was discovered 27th January 1643, by Abel Jansan Tasman, a Dutch navigator. The inhabitants came unarmed on board his ships, without the least apparent design or appréhension of mischief. They exchanged hogs, fowls, and fruits, for European articles, which they also pilfered as they found opportunity; but in other respects they behaved in the most courteous and friendly manner. Tasman anchored in the roadstead, and sent his boats, to search for fresh water, into a bay. To the former he gave the name of Van Diemen, and to the latter that of Maria, in honour of the person then governor of the Dutch East Indies, and his lady. It has since been visited by different navigators, by captain Cook in 1773, and in 1777 by Perouse; in 1787, captain Edwards; in 1791, Messrs D'Entrecasteaux and Huon; in the French sloops La Recherche and L'Esperience in 1793; and by the missionary ship Duff in 1797. Several missionaries were at that time left on the island, to instruct the natives in the doctrines of Christianity. But this mission did not succeed; and the missionaries, in the course of the war which broke out, were in danger of their lives. Three of them were murdered at the instigation, according to Mariner, who lived on the island, of one Morgan, a felon who had escaped from Botany Bay, and was residing in Tongataboo. No missionaries have since been sent to this island. Long. of the middle of the island, 175. W. Lat. 21. 11. S.

TONGE, a village of England, in Kent, 1 mile E. of Milton. Here are the ruins of a castle, which is said to have been built in the year 450 by Hengist the Saxon geperal, pursuant to a grant from Vortigern,

of as much ground to build a seat or castle on, as he could inclose with an ox's hide, which he therefore cut into small thongs. Several Saxon antiquities have been dug up within the walls.

TONGE, a hamlet of England, in Lancashire, 2 miles N. E. of Great Bolton. Po pulation 1226.

TONGE, a township of England, in the same county, 5 miles N. N. E. of Manchester. Population 1402.

TONGE, a hamlet of England, in Leices tershire, 5 miles N. E. of Ashby-de-laZouch.

TONGE, a parish of England, in Salop, miles E. by S. of Shiffhall. Population 468.

TONGE, OLD and New, two villages in the south of Holland, in the island of Over flakee; the former containing 1400, the lat ter 600 inhabitants. 4 miles S. E. of Sommelsdyk.

TONGE CASTLE, a parish of England, in the county of Salop, 3 miles from Shiffnall. Here is an ancient castle; and the pa rish church near it is a much admired piece of antiquity. It has one of the larg est bells in England, and contains many rich and elegant monuments.

TONGELRE, an inland village of the Ne therlands, in North Brabant. Population 800. 2 miles N. E. of Eyndhoven, and 18 S. S. E. of Bois le Duc.

TONGERLOO, a petty town of the Netherlands, 22 miles W. S. W. of Antwerp. Population nearly 1000.

TONGERN, or TONGRES, an inland town of the Netherlands, in the province of Linburg, situated on the small river Jaar. It contains nearly 4000 inhabitants, and is said to have been in ancient times a place of importance, the chief town of Gallia Belgica. Roman coins and other remains of antiquity are still found in the neighbour hood; and the mineral springs of Tongern mentioned by Pliny are said at present to rank only next after the Spa waters. 9 miles N. N. W. of Liege, and 10 W. S. W. of Maestricht. Long. 5. 27. 43. E. Lat. 50. 47. 7. N.

TONG-GIN, a city of China, of the first rank, in Koei-choo, on the borders of Hou quang. In the environs are gold and cop per mines. 850 miles S. S. W. of Peking. Long. 108. 37. E. Lat. 27. 89. N.

TONGHAM, a township of England, in Surrey, 4 miles N. E. by E. of Farnham. TONG-HIANG, a town of China, of the third rank, in Tche-kiang.

TONG-HIEU, a town of China, of the third rank, in Honan.

TONGHO, an extensive and fertile district of the Birman empire, constituting the principality of one of the king's sons. It

is situated about the 19th degree of northern latitude, and between the 96th and 98th degrees of eastern longitude. It produces all kinds of grain, sugar, cotton, and the best betel-nut in the empire; and the inhabitants also excel in the manufacture of cotton cloth, the whole of which is woven by women. The men are brave, but quarrelsome, and undisciplined as soldiers.

TONGHO, a celebrated fortress, and capital of the above district. It contains the palace of the prince; but the jealousy of the court seldom permits him to reside in it. The houses are built of wood, and the fortifications a stockade, surrounded by a deep ditch. Long. 96. 40. E. Lat. 18. 50, N. TONG-HOEL, a town of China, of the third rank, in Chan-si.

TONGKEEL, one of the Sooloo islands. Long. 121. 50. E. Lat. 6. 2. N.

TONG-KIANG, a town of China, of the third rank, in Sechuen,

TONG-KING, a town of China, of the third rank, in Sechuen.

TONG-KIN-TSIN-FOU, a town of Corea, miles W. S. W. of King-ki-tao, TONG-LAI, a town of Corea, 70 miles S. of Koang-tcheou.

TONG-LAI, a town of China, of the third tank, in Quang-tong.

TONG-LAN, a town of China, of the seond rank, in Quang-see. Long. 106. 26. E. Lat. 24. 27, N.

TONG-LEANG, a town of China, of the Third rank, in Sechuen.

TONG-LEOU, a town of China, of the third rank, in Kiang-nan, on the Yang-tse tang river.

TONG-LIU, a town of China, of the third ank, in Kiang-nan.

TONG-LU, a town of China, of the third tank, in Tche-kiang.

TONG-MING, a town of China, of the third rank, in Pe-che-lee.

TONG-NGAN, a town of China, of the third rank, in Fo-kien,

TONG-NGAN, a town of China, of the third rank, in Hou-quang,

TONG-NGAN, a town of China, of the third rank, in Quang-tong.

TONGOI-PATCHI, a town of Tibet, 30 miles N. of Oramtchi Hotun.

TONG-PA, a town of China, of the third rank, in Honan.

TONG-PIN, a city of China, of the second rank, in Shan-tung, on the river Ta-tsin. 180 miles S. of Peking. Long. 115. 56. E. Lat. 36. 6. N.

TONG-PUAN,' a town of China, of the third rank, in Chan-si.

TONG QUAN, a town of China, of the third rank, in Pe-che-lee.

TONG-TAO, a town of China, of the third ank, in Hou-quang.

TONG-TCHANG, a city of China, of the first rank, in Shan-tung, on the grand canal. It carries on a great trade, and abounds in grain and fruits. 212 miles S. of Peking. Long. 115. 40. E. Lat. 36. 34. N.

TONG-TCHING, a town of China, of the third rank, in Kiang-nan.

TONG-TCHING, a town of China, of the third rank, in Hou-quang.

TONG-TCHOUEN, a city of China, of the second rank, in Sechuen. Long. 114. 44. E. Lat. 31. 6. N.

TONG-TCHOUEN, a city of China, of the first rank, in Sechuen. This city being on the Tartar frontier, is strongly fortified, and is called a military city, because the inhabitants are all soldiers, the profession descending from father to son. Besides their pay, they have land assigned them around the city. Long. 103. 2. E. Lat. 26. 20. N. TONG-TCHUEN, a town of Corea, 85 miles E. N. E. of King-ki-tao.

TONG-TSE, a town of China, of the third rank, in Sechuen.

TONGLAND, OF TONGUELAND, a parish of Scotland, in the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, of a triangular figure, 8 miles long and 4 broad. Population 802.

TONGOI, a river of Chili, in the province of Coquimbo, which is small and shallow. It rises in the Cordillera, and runs south into the Pacific ocean. At its mouth is a port. Lat. 30. 17. S.

TONGORA, a small unsheltered port of Peru, and of shallow bottom, on the coast of the province of Piura, 5 leagues W. S. W. from Sechura. Lat. 5. 41. S.

TONGUE, a parish of Scotland, in Sutherland, 11 miles long, and nearly of the same breadth. Population 1493,

TONGUE RIVER, a river of North America, which, after a course of about 500 miles, falls into the Yellowstone. It is formed of two branches, one having its source near the head of the Cayenne, the other with one of the branches of the Bighorn. It has a very wide bed, and a channel of water 150 yards wide. But the water is of a light brown colour, very muddy, and nearly milk warın. It is shallow, and its rapid current throws out great quantities of mud, and some coarse gravel Near the mouth is a large proportion of timber; but the warmth of the water would seem to indicate that the country through which it passed was open, and without shade.

TONGUETHWAITE, a hamlet of England in the parish of Westward, Cumberland. TONG-VOAN, a town of China, of the third rank, in Quang-tong.

TONGUSES. See Tunguses. TONG-YANG, a town of China, of the third rank, in Kiangsee.

TONG-WANG, & town of China, of the third rank, in Tchekiang.

TONG-YANG, a town of China, of the third rank, in Sechuen.

TONIATA, a small island of the St Law rence. Long. 75. 53. W. Lat. 44. 30. N. TONIBAI, a port of Mexico, in the province of Sonora, very dangerous, and of difficult access.

TONIKAKY, an island in the Eastern seas, Hear the north coast of Celebes. Long. 99. 31. E. Lat. 5. 31. N.

TONISKA, a village of Irkoutsk, in Asia tic Russia, 40 miles E. S. E. of Stretensk. TONK RAMPOORA, a town of Hindostan, province of Ajmeer, formerly belonging to the Mahratta chief Jeswunt Row Holkar. It was taken by the British in 1804, but restored at the peace of the following year. In 1818 it was ceded, with its territory, valued at L.40,000 per annum, to the British. Long. 75. 38. E. Lat. 26. 12. N.

TONNA. See Grafentouno.

TONNANCOUR, or POINTE DU LAC, a seigniory of Lower Canada, in the county of St Maurice, with Lake St Peter and the St Lawrence in front.

TONNAY BOUTONNE, a small town in the west of France, department of the Lower Charente, situated on the small river Boutonne. Population 900. 9 miles W. of St Jean d'Angely.

TONNAY CHARENTE, a small town in the west of France, department of the Lower Charente, situated on the right bank of the river of that name. It has a castle and 2400 inhabitants, with a safe and commodious harbour, capable of receiving vessels of 800 or 900 tons. Its trade is consequently considerable, consisting in the export of brandy (Cognac) and wine, chiefly to England. It exports also salt manufactured on the coast, and paper made at Angouleme and other parts of the interior. Its imports consist of colonial goods and manufactures for the consumption of the adjacent departments. 4 miles E. of Rochefort.

TONNEINS, a considerable town in the south-west of France, department of the Lot and Garonne, situated on the Garonne, and containing upwards of 6000 inhabitants. Its manufactures are of snuff, and of the wery different articles of woollens and cordage. From its situation on the Garonne, it has a considerable transit trade. 55 miles S. E. of Bourdeaux.

TONNERRE, MONT, a great mountain in the west of Germany, on the left bank of the Rhine, 10 miles from Worms, and 25 from Mentz. It is nearly 2300 feet above the level of the Rhine, and bas, about half way up its side, a village called Donnersfeld. The French gave the name of this moup

tain to a department which comprehended the greater part of the electorate of Mentz, the Lower Palatinate, the bishoprics of Spires and Worms, with several counties and lordships. Its extent was 2700 square miles; its population 430,000. At the congress of Vienna, it was divided between Austria and Hesse-Darmstadt; the latter receiving the northern part, with a popula tion of 150,000; the former the southern or larger division, which was ceded soon after to Bavaria, and forms an important part of the Bavarian circle of the Rhine.

TONNERRE, a town in the central part of France, department of the Yonne, situated on the Armençon. It contains manufac tures of glass, pottery, and hats; and has also a traffic in the wine of the vicinity, known by the name of Vin de Tonnerre. It is still surrounded with a rampart, and has a population of 4400. 20 miles E. by N. of Auxerre.

TONNEWANTA, a river of the United States, in New York, which runs west, and enters Niagara river, opposite Grand island, 10 miles N. of Black Rock. It is 90 miles long, and is navigable for boats 30 miles.

TONNINGEN, a small town of Denmark, in Sleswick, near the mouth of the Eyder. It contains only 2000 inhabitants, but has become, since the termination of the canal of Kiel, a place of uncommon activity, being the harbour where all vessels stop at the western extremity, as Kiel at the cast ern. Many vessels from the Baltic are also laid up here for the winter. The depth of water in the harbour is 12 feet, and it has several wharfs. The town has also a pretty active traffic in corn, and other country produce raised in the surrounding district, called the Eiderstedt. 46 miles E. by N of Heligoland, and 30 W. S. W. of Śles wick. Long. 8. 48. 45. E. Lat. 54. 19% 25. N.

TONNOMAIA, one of the smaller Friendly islands, 11 miles S. of Annamooka.

TONORA, a small river of the Caraccas, which runs east, and enters the Guanipa.

TONORU, an ancient city of the south of India, province of Mysore. Some parts of the fortification still remain. It is, how ever, most celebrated for its magnificent reservoir, which is formed by a lofty mound,_constructed between two mountains. Tippoo Sultan cut down part of the mound, in order to destroy this useful monument of antiquity, being 800 years old. It has since been repaired, and the town is yearly increasing in size and population. Lat. not ascertained.

TONOUWAH, a name given by Mr Lucas, in the proceedings of the African Associa tion, to the kingdom of Ashantee; whichses