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character of the apostle Paul differed as much from that of the apostle John, after their conversion, as before. It is difficult to see that the phrenologist goes a step further towards any dangerous consequences, when he makes these elementary faculties dependent on material organs. We should distinguish the legitimate tendencies of the science itself from the use which individuals may have made of it. Phrenologists, too, like all other men, are apt to go to extremes-to take partial viewsto exaggerate that which has occupied their attention, and lose sight of other things. Thus they may place all sin in the violation of organic laws, overlooking our relation to God as a moral governor-they may think so much of the influence of the body on the mind as to forget other more important influences of a moral nature-or they may be so confident in the efficacy of a proper discipline and training of the faculties, that they may think little of the necessity of divine influence. In doing so, they err by taking truth which is important in its place, and giving it a universality which does not belong to it. The candid and intelligent inquirer will admit the truth and reject the error.

More than three hundred persons have attended this course of lectures. At the conclusion of the course, some resolutions, complimentary to Mr. Combe, were offered by Gov. Edwards, and seconded by Prof. Silliman, and unanimously adopted by the class. This is the last course of lectures which Mr. Combe delivers in this country. The set of casts which he used were purchased by the class, and are to be deposited in the Medical College.

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Moral Agency. In our first volume, two articles were presented on the subject of "Phrenology in relation to Fatalism, Necessity, and Human Responsibility." It appears that there were certain views advanced in those articles, which prove unsatisfactory to some friends of the science, and which, in their opinion, interfere with the Scripture doctrine of moral agency. We do not deem it judicious, or profitable, to enter into any discussion or controversy on this subject in the Journal; but, at the same time, we take pleasure in acceding to the request of those friends by copying the following remarks on this subject, which are from the pen of Mr. Joel Barlow, of New York, and were published in Zion's Watchman, Sept. 21, 1839.

Moral character, or the virtue and vice of mankind, supposes the moral liberty of man; or, in other words, man is a moral agent. It would be useless to state the objections to this doctrine, or the general arguments by which it is supported. I shall attempt a definition which will be the least objectionable. It is the ability of men to choose between motives, to select motives, and to act according to their choice. I do not believe that any other science but phrenology can fairly illustrate or satisfactorily prove this proposition. With this conviction, I shall proceed to give phrenological arguments, and if I am able to convey my ideas to others in my own language as clearly as I understand them myself, I believe the argument will be perfectly satisfactory to all.

Phrenology establishes the existence, and illustrates the function, of the organ of Language. It is that primary faculty which applies specific sounds to the things perceived by the mind; both when it apperceives its internal states, and when it uses the senses on the external world. Its function is correlative, and necessary in the inseparable connection, and organic action of mind and matter; and its terms are specific and well known beyond the possibility of self-deception. The thing expressed must first be a matter of consciousness, before any term can be

applied to it; and whatever thus receives a term, general in its use, and specific in its meaning, cannot be denied an existence.

Now the term liberty, and its correlatives, freedom, choice, and agency, has a specific meaning in mental philosophy, is used by all mankind, and is alike understood by the child and the philosopher. The sense of liberty, to which the term is given which we feel to be what the term expresses, must be a state of mind inseparable from the mental constitution, or the term never could have existed. And the apprehension of the term is as general as the consciousness of the state it expresses; so that the term, either written or spoken, as necessarily awakens our consciousness of the state, as does the consciousness of the state originate the term, or necessitate Language to give it the term. Thus the phrenological argument is, that man must be a free being, and that the freedom expressed in the term liberty, as applied to choice of, and motives between, is inherent in his nature, of which he cannot be divested, and which is self-determined by the consciousness it endures; for the term liberty is applied to every mental operation, and to each action of life. Then man is necessarily free, not from choice, and he who denies this, must deny the very necessity which he would prove by denying the liberty in question.

There is yet another phrenological argument which proves this free agency of man. The terms approval and disapproval, which express two of the strongest states of mind, and which express half our happiness or misery, could never have been applied, if we did not know ourselves able to choose between the motives which urged us to the action, respecting which we feel innocent or guilty. All men, then, are free to choose between motives, and able to act according to their choice. But this liberty differs in men, according to the strength and activity of the fundamental faculties. Now, since the faculties can be educated, so also can liberty be educated to good or bad choices; and a man is as much to blame for choosing wrong as for acting wrong.

But it will be objected that "your moral liberty is, in itself, necessity, and man is free to be what he is, and nothing else." I reply that a necessity to be free, as he is, also involves a necessary freedom to be something else. Man is, indeed, necessarily free; but it is the necessity which makes the freedom, and this is the thing contended for. All the disputes which have agitated the philosophic world, have been more about the laws of phenomena than about the phenomena themselves. This is eminently true of moral agency. The world admits this state of mind, and acts accordingly; none but minds partially organised will deny it. The phrenologist must admit it, or destroy his system of induction, based on the evidence of consciousness.

Material Instruments for Mental Manifestations.-A friend has placed in our hands the following curious extract from the work of Jeremy Taylor, on the Nativity:-"For if the soul of man were put into the body of a mole, it could not see nor speak, because it is not fitted with an instrument apt and organical to the faculty; and when the soul hath its proper instruments, its music is pleasant or harsh, according to the sweetness or unevenness of the string it touches; for David himself could not have charmed Saul's melancholic spirit with the strings of his bow, or the wood of his spear. And just so are the actions or dispositions of the soul, angry or pleasant, lustful or cold, querulous or passionate, according as the body is disposed by the various intermixtures of natural qualities."

Phrenological Society at Albany, N. Y.-About the middle of March, a society was formed in this city for the cultivation and advancement of phrenology, and the following gentlemen appointed officers-Thomas W. Olcott, President; Rufus W. Peckham, Vice-President; John Newland, Secretary; William Combe, Treasurer; Amos Dean, W. A. Hamilton, and Amos Fish, Executive Committee. We would here correct a mistake made in our sixth number, page 238, in the notice of Mr. Combe's lectures at Albany. It should have read "Combe on Physiology," instead of "Combe on Phrenology," that was used as a textbook in the Albany Female Academy.

Phrenology in the Family.-This little work on the Application of Phrenological Principles to Early Domestic Education, by Rev. J. A. Warne, seems to be very favourably received by those who are competent to judge of its real merits. We recently received from a gentleman connected with the Canadian government, a letter, dated Toronto, U. C., March 13th, 1840, in which the writer speaks of Mr. Warne's book, and another work, titled "Woman's Mission," in the following manner:MR. EDITOR,

Sir, On the first day of June last I embarked at New York in the packet ship which sailed that day for London, having that morning purchased, and carried on board with me, a small work on education entitled "Phrenology in the Family," addressed especially to mothers, and written by the Rev. Joseph A. Warne, of Philadelphia.

From my youth upwards, my mind has been more earnestly employed in reflecting on the various modes of improving the human mind than on any other subject whatever. I have read with the most earnest attention, all I found written on the subject for the last forty years, and I have exercised myself much in communicating knowledge to children and to adults during nearly the whole of that period.

The value of this book appeared to me so great, that, after my arrival in London, I went to an eminent publisher and offered him the book if he would republish it. After keeping it for twenty-four hours, he returned it to me, declining to print it. From day to day I offered it to six other publishers, the last of whom accepted the book and promised to republish it, and I have since learned that he did so. This was Mr. Hodgson, No. 111 Fleet street.

On returning to New York in September, I purchased another copy, and have since perused it again with more interest than ever.

While in London, I saw and purchased a small work, also on education, just then published, and addressed especially to mothers, entitled "Woman's Mission," and written, as I was told, by a Miss Lewis. This last is a book of general principles, whilst the former is one of details; together, I think them absolutely invaluable. During my stay in that city, I was many times on the point of addressing a letter to the editor of the Times, subscribed with my proper name, and calling upon every woman in Britain to purchase and study these two works, and devote themselves to the duties and practice recommended in them, with all the zeal of affectionate mothers. But the fear of ridicule, and certain peculiar circumstances in which I was then placed, constrained me to silence.

On arriving in New York, I called on an eminent publisher there with "Woman's Mission," and recommended him earnestly to republish it, and he said he would. He did not, however, do so; but I now learn that Messrs. Wiley and Putnam have republished it, and that Bishop Onder

donk, of New York, has published a letter highly recommending it to the public. I have personally recommended and requested of many booksellers in both the Canadas to import and sell these books, and some of them I know have done so, and it may be that all have. If they have not, I now, more earnestly than ever, recommend them to do so on the opening of the navigation.

Many months have since elapsed, and my mind has become more deeply impressed than ever with the vast importance of having those books studied forthwith by every human being at all capable of appreciating their value, and of acting in furtherance of the views of the benevolent writers.

Should any of the readers of this letter entertain opinions unfavourable to phrenology, I nevertheless request of them to give Mr. Warne's book one perusal, at least, and this, I very confidently hope, will convince them that the writer is a sincere Christian, that the book teaches a truly Christian doctrine, and that the lessons given in it, if followed assiduously, will produce results the most happy and delightful to a fond parent.

And here let me add, by way of parenthesis, that in the first ten years of life must the foundation be laid of what is usually called good temper; by giving due exercise to benevolence, justice, and to all the moral sentiments, and by watchfully keeping inactive the animal propensities until they shall become duly enfeebled, and perfectly subjected to the control of the moral sentiments and intellectual faculties. The wellinstructed mother and nurse can best accomplish this highest and most important of all duties. Thus will mothers be hereafter the great formers of human character, and, with Divine aid, they will become the chief benefactors of our race. A few plain lessons to uneducated mothers, even, will suffice to enable them to do much towards bringing up their infant children in love to God, and love to one another.

I verily believe that by the universal circulation and perusal of these two small books, now selling at half a dollar each, an amount of good would be done to the rising generation, and even to the parents themselves, which would exceed all my expectations, sanguine as I confess I am on this very important subject, to our hitherto discordant and wrongly educated fellow-beings.

I earnestly call on every gentle, generous, noble-minded man and woman to turn their immediate attention to these books-to read them, to study them; and if they shall appreciate them as highly as I hope and believe they must, I am sure they will exert their best energies in recommending them to the rich, and also in employing their money in procuring them for such as can make use of, but may not be able to purchase them.

I entreat of every man, who desires the improvement and happiness of those he loves, and the advancement in goodness of all mankind, to purchase and read these books, even by way of experiment; the cost is small, and the mere amusement will amply repay it. Let benevolent inen every where come out from themselves, if I may so speak, and strive to turn the young every where from the ways of vice to the paths of virtue. If there be a duty which may, above all others, be characterised as God-like, it is surely this.

Morbid Activity of Destructiveness.-An interesting article on Insanity, by Dr. Milligen, is published in the last number of the (English) Polytechnic Journal, from which we make the following extracts:

There cannot be the least doubt that many a murderer has forfeited his life on a scaffold, when he should have been confined in a lunatic asylum. For such is the character of this terrific form of insanity, that the culprit appears of sound mind on every other subject, without any other appreciable disorder of mind or body.

A young German girl, in the family of Baron Humboldt, begged to speak to her mistress, when, falling upon her knees, she supplicated her to turn her out of the house, or otherwise she felt convinced that she would tear her infant to pieces; she added, that it was the whiteness of the child's skin that inspired her with the horrible desire.

Marc relates the case of a young lady who, on the approach of this dreadful propensity to shed blood, begged to have a strait-waistcoat put on; and Mr. R, a distinguished chemist, committed himself a prisoner in an asylum, to avoid the commission of some murder. He would often prostrate himself at the foot of the altar, and implore the Divine assistance to resist this atrocious propensity. When he felt the desire for blood, he always requested the medical attendant to tie his hands together. This unhappy man at last endeavoured to kill one of his friends, and died in a paroxysm of fury.

Dr. John Abernethy.-This celebrated physician, after a candid and thorough examination of the principles involved in phrenology, made this public statement:-"I readily acknowledge my inability to offer any rational objection to Gall's and Spurzheim's system of phrenology, as affording a satisfactory explanation of the motives of human action."

Organ of Watchfulness.-In Vol. I, page 467, of this Journal, we presented an article containing remarks by Dr. Powell on this organ. We have since received two communications commenting on Dr. P.'s views, and suggesting additional considerations. One writer (W. R.) attributes chiefly to Wonder, the functions which were ascribed by Dr. P. to Watchfulness; the other writer (O.) communicates some remarks favouring the existence of a new organ as described by Dr. P., but regards his views of its functions as incorrect in part, and offers sundry considerations for calling it the "organ of Discovery." The reasoning in both these communications is too speculative and hypothetical, and not sufficiently supported either by positive facts or extended observations; and we cannot conceive that the interests of the science will be promoted by their publication.

Presentation of a Vase to Mr. Combe.-The personal labours of Mr. Combe in behalf of phrenology in this country have closed. The science is greatly indebted to the influence of his lectures and writings. We are highly gratified that some individuals in New York have united in procuring and presenting Mr. Combe with a beautiful silver vase, as a testimonial of their respect. The New York Signal of March 27th gives the following account of its presentation :

The exquisite vase, subscribed for by the class in attendance on Mr. Combe's phrenological lectures in this city, was presented to the distinguished writer and lecturer, on Monday evening, 23d March, at Howard's Hotel, in presence of the subscribers, by a committee consisting of the following gentlemen:-Mr. E. P. Hurlbut, Rev. T. J. Sawyer, Dr. Foster, Dr. Boardman, Mr. S. W. Dewey, Mr. E. G. Benedict. And as

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