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of business. The organs of these faculties are located directly above the eyes—their principal medium of communication with the external world-and when large, cause the lower portions of the forehead, above the eyes, proportionally to protrude; but when these organs are small, this portion of the forehead is depressed.

We have now analysed all those faculties which have to do with the essential and inherent properties of matter, and, what is somewhat remarkable, we have found a phrenological faculty adapted to every inherent property of matter, and, vice versa, every inherent property of matter adapted to some phrenological faculty. And we question whether any naturalist or philosopher can point out a single elementary property of matter which has not its counterpart in some mental faculty, as proved and described by phrenology. Again: Natural philosophy recognises the following inherent properties of matter, viz. "impenetrability," (Locality,) "extension," (Size,) "figure," (Form,) "divisibility," (Individuality,) "inertia," (Weight,) and "attraction," which is only the principle of weight applied to the integral particles of matter, and of which the faculty of Weight would naturally take cognisance. In this catalogue, Colour, Order, and Number, are omitted, and we would confidently appeal to every philosopher, whether colour is not as much an inherent property of matter as extension or figure-whether the numerical relations of one, two, three, and four, are not also inherent-and whether order is not necessarily a constituent element of matter; or whether it is possible, in the very nature of things, for us to have clear and definite conceptions of material bodies, without these three last conditions, viz. colour, order, and number, to each of which the faculties, Colour, Order, and Calculation, are severally adapted. And how, we would ask, can these facts be explained upon any other system of mental philosophy but phrenology?

32. Eventuality.-Observation and recollection of action, phenomena, occurrences, what has taken place, and circumstantial and historical facts; desire to witness and institute experiments; thirst for information, and the news of the day; desire to hear and relate anecdotes, and to find out what is, and know what has been, and see what will be. Adaptation:-Nature is one great theatre of action, motion, and change. These changes, called phenomena, are almost infinite in number and variety. The whole vegetable and animal creation is constantly passing through successive changes; and human life, from the cradle to the grave, is made up of action and change. Innumerable changes and events are constantly transpiring in the state of society, as well as in the advancement of knowledge. Now, the

faculty of Eventuality adapts man to such a state of things, and greatly favours his mental improvement.

33. Time.-Cognisance and recollection of the time when, of duration, of the lapse of time, the succession of events; of dates; keeping the beat in music and dancing, &c. Adaptation:-Man, instead of existing in a monotonous now, is the creature of succession. One event happens before or after another, and Time is adapted to this arrangement.

34. Tune.-Tone; disposition to sing; the musical faculty; sense of melody and musical harmony; ability to learn tunes by note, and to detect agreement or discord by the ear. Adaptation :-There are certain sounds, called octaves, which are musical in themselves, and blend together harmoniously, producing melody, in a greater or less degree, to the ears of all. What is melody to the savage Indian, and to the wild Hottentot, is also melody to the Swiss peasant and to the musical Italian, as well as to the Anglo-Saxon. Even the feathered songsters employ the same octave that man employs, using notes that are melodious to the human ear. Now, these musical laws or sounds exist, by means of which man's happiness is greatly promoted; and we find the faculty of Tune adapted to this delightful arrangement in

nature.

35. Language.-Power of communicating one's ideas by means of written and spoken language; memory of words; copia verborum; volubility; versatility of expression; ability to learn spoken languages, and to use such words as precisely express one's meaning. Adapted to the exchange or intercommunication of ideas between man and man, thereby greatly promoting human happiness and improvement.

These faculties, called the Semi-Perceptive, perform a class of functions intermediate between those exercised by the perceptive, and those by the reasoning, faculties; and the location of their organs corresponds with their character. The perceptive faculties take cognisance of material objects, and their various physical properties, such as their form, size, weight, colour, &c.; whereas, the semi-perceptive are of a more subtle nature, having to do with facts, and the various phenomena produced by physical objects, and form, as it were, a stepping-stone to the reasoning organs. Eventuality, for example, takes cognisance, not of physical objects, but their actions, and the incidents and events thus produced; Time, of the particular period in which these events occur; Language, of the vocal sounds employed to name these objects; and Tune, of the melody of sounds produced by them; and thus both the perceptive and semi-perceptive faculties are employed as the subordinate agents of the reasoning

faculties, furnishing them with materials to scan, digest, and reflect and reason upon. Hence it would appear, that, in the mental economy, the functions of the semi-perceptive faculties are no less important than those of the perceptive, especially if we consider that they constitute as essential a part of the intellectual machinery, when viewed as a whole.

36. Causality.-Power of perceiving and applying the principles of causation; ability to plan, contrive, invent, adapt means to ends, take the advantage of circumstances, &c.; to create resources; to apply power most advantageously; to discover first principles, and trace out the connections and relations existing between causes and effects; to reason by drawing conclusions from given premises; to predict the result of given measures; disposition to investigate, and to seek the why and wherefore of subjects; a leading element of common sense; the therefore and wherefore faculty. Adaptation:-Every effect must have its cause, and every cause must have its effect. Like causes produce like effects. Without some power of perceiving and applying these laws of causation, man could not exist. Causality supplies this power, and is adapted to the arrangement of nature, called causation.

37. Comparison. Power of induction and generalisation; of classifying phenomena, and perceiving and applying the principles of analogy; ability to discover the unknown from its resemblance to that which is known; and, also, error from its incongruity with truth, or from its opposition to facts; critical acumen; power of illustrating and explaining one's meaning; of referring to parallel cases, and of using comparisons, similes, figures of speech, &c. Adaptation:-In all the operations of nature, perfect uniformity exists. On account of the resemblance which one thing, or one set of things, bears to another, most of the phenomena of the natural world are capable of being grouped together into classes. That the principles of analogy really exist in nature, is demonstrated by every day's observation and experience. Hence we infer the necessity of a primary power of the mind, whose proper function it is to perceive and apply these principles.

Causality and Comparison are called the Reflective or Reasoning Faculties. They impart to the mind an intellectual power of a higher order than that given by the perceptive and semi-perceptive faculties, enabling man to invent, to think, and reason to ascertain those abstract relations and bearings of things which neither observation nor any other mental power can reach. Most of the other intellectual faculties are possessed, in a greater or less degree, by some species of the lower order of animals, and some of them to a far greater extent than by man, yet none of these animals can originate

and invent, or to any considerable extent adapt means to ends. It is Causality and Comparison which emphatically render man an improvable being-which give him the capacity and power of constantly progressing in knowledge and civilisation.*

MISCELLANY.

Pathological Facts.-The St. Joseph's Times, of Florida, contained recently an account of the trial of a negro woman named Maria, charged with the crime of killing her overseer. In the report of the trial, we find this statement:

"The death-bed declarations of the deceased, were also sought to be used in evidence. He had received two severe blows with an axe on the top of the head, cutting through the skull into the brain. The cuts into the brain were each about four inches long, and so near together, that the skull was broken between them. Deceased survived, notwithstanding, about five weeks. During this period, he conversed intelligibly at times, but though he could express his wants and recognise objects, he had lost the power of calling names. He would say, 'I want to drink,' but he could not say water. He was in the habit of drinking water, tea, coffee, and milk, but never referred to either by name. The only individual he attempted to name, was his wife, and he uniformly called her Peter, though he had never done so before his misfortune. When asked who it was that struck him, he replied, 'call over some names,' and when Maria and her mother were named, said they did it. What organ of the brain is essential to the recollection or calling of proper names? We throw the question to the phrenologists."

This fact we would respectfully submit for solution, to those antiphrenologists who profess to believe that the brain, as a whole, is the organ of the mind, or that the functions of the former have no connection with the manifestations of the latter. Its solution, we think, will be rather difficult on either hypothesis.

"There is residing in the city of Washington," says the Alexandria Gazette, "a highly respectable and intelligent lady, rather advanced in life, who, in 1837, experienced a slight shock of apoplexy. Up to that time she possessed rather uncommon powers of conversation; was fluent, and had a ready command of fine language. She had prominent eyes, and her conversation indicated that the organ of Language, as the phrenologists would say, was well developed. The attack of apoplexy

*In the first volume of the Journal, we presented two articles on the Elementary Principles of Phrenology, intending ere this to have resumed the subject; and per. haps the series of articles then commenced may still be continued. We are well aware that the numbers of the present volume have not been sufficiently elementary and practical, and it is therefore with pleasure that we are now able, in part, to supply this deficiency in the presentation of the above article. Mr. Fowler's manner of treating the subject is very simple and lucid, and his views are the result of extensive observations on the science.-ED.

destroyed all power of calling proper names, with a single exception, and which she has never recovered. She still converses fluently, so far as proper names are not concerned; but whenever a proper name occurs, she is arrested in her conversation, and cannot proceed until the name is suggested, when she instantly recognises the person or thing, and is enabled to go on. From this fact, would it not appear that man is endowed with two independent organs of Language, one for common words, and another for proper names?"

As phrenologists, we acknowledge our inability to give a satisfactory explanation to this fact. Some advocates of the science have considered the organ of Language as including in its functions names or nouns, which were both common and proper; others have thought that the use of proper names was connected with some other faculty. Farther observations, we doubt not, will throw additional light on this point, and reconcile any apparent discrepancies.

Antiquity of Phrenology.-The New Haven Record, Ct., of February 15, contained an article with this caption. It will be found, on a careful examination, that Dr. Gall was the sole discoverer of the true functions of the brain, and he alone should receive the merits. Still, many facts and opinions existed previous to his day, which harmonise most perfectly with his discoveries, such as the following, copied from the Record:

"It is the common opinion that the science of phrenology is entirely of modern date; it is often claimed as a recent discovery which is to confer great benefit upon mankind. A classical friend at our elbow maintains that this is altogether a mistake-that the science is at least as old as the bard of Scio. Homer, he observes, distinctly tells us that Thersites had a conical head, and Jupiter had a wonderful forehead. Accordingly, the former was the most noisy, the most impudent, and the most self-conceited warrior, that ever went to Troy to fight for Helen: and the latter was the king of gods and men, and the highest counsellor. (See Ill. I. 528: II. 211-42, 478.)

"Aristotle, also, was undoubtedly very deeply versed in the science of skulls. In his treatise on physiognomy (Chap. VI.) he is of opinion that a conical head is a sign of impudence; and in this he perfectly agrees with his great predecessor Homer, and successor Gall.

"It would seem that Homer and Aristotle confined their observations to the anterior and upper portions of the human skull. But it was reserved for Apollonius of Rhodes to penetrate into the region of the passions. In his Argonautics, (Lib. III. 761-65,) he informs us that when Medea fell in love with Jason, the captain of the Argo, she felt a curious kind of uneasiness in the back part of the head, which, according to Apollonius, is considerably agitated when Cupid enters the heart, and which, according to Gall, is the seat of the tender affections."

Examination of a Skull.-The Worcester Banner, of March 3d, published at Snow Hill, Md., in giving an account of Mr. L. N. Fowler's phrenological examinations in that place, contained the following fact:

"A human skull was handed him, and he was requested to state the character of its former owner, as developed by the various organs. The following we believe to be a correct report of his remarks.

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